Neural constraints on learning
... Learning, whether motor, sensory or cognitive, requires networks of neurons to generate new activity patterns. As some behaviours are easier to learn than others1,2, we asked if some neural activity patterns are easier to generate than others. Here we investigate whether an existing network constrai ...
... Learning, whether motor, sensory or cognitive, requires networks of neurons to generate new activity patterns. As some behaviours are easier to learn than others1,2, we asked if some neural activity patterns are easier to generate than others. Here we investigate whether an existing network constrai ...
Neural dynamics of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movement
... that persists even if retinal slip is zero. Cerebellum-mediated gain and time-delay adaptation within a Robinson-type model were also simulated in Arakawa (2003). However, none of these models addressed SAC–SPEM interactions. 2. Model overview The new SAC–SPEM model circuit (Fig. 1) consists of two ...
... that persists even if retinal slip is zero. Cerebellum-mediated gain and time-delay adaptation within a Robinson-type model were also simulated in Arakawa (2003). However, none of these models addressed SAC–SPEM interactions. 2. Model overview The new SAC–SPEM model circuit (Fig. 1) consists of two ...
Comparing functional connectivity via thresholding correlations and
... connectivity is a strong right–left connection between regions close to the auditory cortex, and between left and right occipital regions. An explanation is that the subject might be processing random auditory (such as scanner noise) and visual information that is activating both right and left regi ...
... connectivity is a strong right–left connection between regions close to the auditory cortex, and between left and right occipital regions. An explanation is that the subject might be processing random auditory (such as scanner noise) and visual information that is activating both right and left regi ...
Striatal Plasticity and Basal Ganglia Circuit Function
... and inhibitory synaptic inputs as well as slower modulation by dopamine and other signaling molecules. Whereas the spiking of glutamatergic afferents originates outside of the striatum, inhibitory inputs are controlled within the striatum (Gustafson et al., 2006; Tepper et al., 2004). Synaptic plast ...
... and inhibitory synaptic inputs as well as slower modulation by dopamine and other signaling molecules. Whereas the spiking of glutamatergic afferents originates outside of the striatum, inhibitory inputs are controlled within the striatum (Gustafson et al., 2006; Tepper et al., 2004). Synaptic plast ...
Preferred visually evoked spatial and temporal frequencies in
... Variations in light reflected from all parts of our physical world create an image that is represented and processed in our visual system. In mammals the visual cortex is essential for processing of visual input from the eyes. The region is divided into different areas and this study will focus on t ...
... Variations in light reflected from all parts of our physical world create an image that is represented and processed in our visual system. In mammals the visual cortex is essential for processing of visual input from the eyes. The region is divided into different areas and this study will focus on t ...
Differential Spatial Organization of Otolith Signals in Frog Vestibular
... The differences in function of specific otolith organs in frogs and mammals may provide a test case for examining the determinants of central vestibular organization. Although utricular function seems roughly comparable between these groups, lagenar and saccular functions diverge significantly in wa ...
... The differences in function of specific otolith organs in frogs and mammals may provide a test case for examining the determinants of central vestibular organization. Although utricular function seems roughly comparable between these groups, lagenar and saccular functions diverge significantly in wa ...
Functional territories in primate substantia nigra pars reticulata
... collected at 1 kHz. Spike potentials of single neurons were isolated online using a custom voltage-time window discrimination software (MEX, LSR/NEI/NIH). Identification of CD-SNr and SNr-SC connections. To test if an SNr neuron receives the direct input from CD, we electrically stimulated CD(T) and ...
... collected at 1 kHz. Spike potentials of single neurons were isolated online using a custom voltage-time window discrimination software (MEX, LSR/NEI/NIH). Identification of CD-SNr and SNr-SC connections. To test if an SNr neuron receives the direct input from CD, we electrically stimulated CD(T) and ...
Coordinated Interaction between Hippocampal Sharp
... cingulate cortex (ACC) has been shown to be crucial for expression and likely storage of long-term memory. However, little is known about how ACC activity is influenced by hippocampal ripple activity during sleep. We report here about coordinated interactions between hippocampal ripple activity and ...
... cingulate cortex (ACC) has been shown to be crucial for expression and likely storage of long-term memory. However, little is known about how ACC activity is influenced by hippocampal ripple activity during sleep. We report here about coordinated interactions between hippocampal ripple activity and ...
The functional asymmetry of auditory cortex is reflected
... bathing the slice and photoreleased at the focal spot of an ultraviolet laser beam (see Online Methods and Fig. 1b, left). Photorelease of caged glutamate near the patched neuron evoked a large, short-latency ‘direct response’ (Fig. 1c, left), mediated mainly by glutamate receptors near or on the so ...
... bathing the slice and photoreleased at the focal spot of an ultraviolet laser beam (see Online Methods and Fig. 1b, left). Photorelease of caged glutamate near the patched neuron evoked a large, short-latency ‘direct response’ (Fig. 1c, left), mediated mainly by glutamate receptors near or on the so ...
Neural Correlates of Perceived Brightness in the Retina, Lateral
... (Rossi et al., 1996). Here we will briefly review the key elements of the cortical results and provide additional analysis and comparison with recordings from the LGN and optic tract. Many cortical neurons were found to respond only in stimulus conditions that produced perceptual changes in brightne ...
... (Rossi et al., 1996). Here we will briefly review the key elements of the cortical results and provide additional analysis and comparison with recordings from the LGN and optic tract. Many cortical neurons were found to respond only in stimulus conditions that produced perceptual changes in brightne ...
Social Psychology & Aggression
... In one experiment, researchers placed an electrode in an aggression-inhibiting area of a domineering monkey’s brain. One small monkey, given the button that activated the electrode, learned to push it everytime the tyrant monkey became intimidating. In human, after a woman receives electrical stimul ...
... In one experiment, researchers placed an electrode in an aggression-inhibiting area of a domineering monkey’s brain. One small monkey, given the button that activated the electrode, learned to push it everytime the tyrant monkey became intimidating. In human, after a woman receives electrical stimul ...
Full Text - Cerebral Cortex
... Details of the surgery and recording methods have been described previously (Watanabe, 1990; Hikosaka, 1999). Extracellular recordings ...
... Details of the surgery and recording methods have been described previously (Watanabe, 1990; Hikosaka, 1999). Extracellular recordings ...
American Journal of Public Health Research
... when feelings of anxiety or fear are involved (Roozendaal et al, 2009) while the Hippocampus which is situated just below each amygdala play important role in memory formation (Marsis and Barcim, 2012). During stress the hippocampus is particularly responsible for cognitive processes such as prior m ...
... when feelings of anxiety or fear are involved (Roozendaal et al, 2009) while the Hippocampus which is situated just below each amygdala play important role in memory formation (Marsis and Barcim, 2012). During stress the hippocampus is particularly responsible for cognitive processes such as prior m ...
The Neuroanatomical Basis of Understanding Sarcasm and Its
... Although the right hemisphere is clearly implicated in detection of irony and sarcasm, there are indications that the frontal lobes may also be involved in interpretation of sarcastic utterances. The frontal lobes have long been considered to play a special role in social cognition, with damage in t ...
... Although the right hemisphere is clearly implicated in detection of irony and sarcasm, there are indications that the frontal lobes may also be involved in interpretation of sarcastic utterances. The frontal lobes have long been considered to play a special role in social cognition, with damage in t ...
The effect of spinal cord injury on the neurochemical properties of
... complications such as bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction affect health and quality of ...
... complications such as bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction affect health and quality of ...
PDF - WordPress @ Clark U
... domain code determines subsequent differentiation of neuronal subtypes in discrete regions along the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube (see Fig. 1B, Briscoe et al., 2000, 2001; Ericson et al., 1997). In the spinal cords of mice lacking shh, class II progenitor proteins are not properly induced, a ...
... domain code determines subsequent differentiation of neuronal subtypes in discrete regions along the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube (see Fig. 1B, Briscoe et al., 2000, 2001; Ericson et al., 1997). In the spinal cords of mice lacking shh, class II progenitor proteins are not properly induced, a ...
Duration Sensitivity to Other Response Properties of the Rat
... et al. 2000). Duration-selective neurons have only been found at or above the level of the inferior colliculus (IC) or its homolog in any of the species studied, so this form of neural filtering seems to be an emergent property that results from circuitry operating within the midbrain. The IC is inn ...
... et al. 2000). Duration-selective neurons have only been found at or above the level of the inferior colliculus (IC) or its homolog in any of the species studied, so this form of neural filtering seems to be an emergent property that results from circuitry operating within the midbrain. The IC is inn ...
Sense Making Taste
... sweet and bitter substances appear to be present at birth and to depend on neural connections within the lower brain stem. Animals with their forebrains surgically disconnected and anencephalic human newborns (those lacking a forebrain) show facial responses normally associated with pleasure and dis ...
... sweet and bitter substances appear to be present at birth and to depend on neural connections within the lower brain stem. Animals with their forebrains surgically disconnected and anencephalic human newborns (those lacking a forebrain) show facial responses normally associated with pleasure and dis ...
The neurobiology of Meditation and its clinical effectiveness in
... Meditation is essentially a physiological state of demonstrated reduced metabolic activity – different from sleep – that elicits physical and mental relaxation and is reported to enhance psychological balance and emotional stability (Jevning et al., 1992; Young and Taylor, 2001). In Western psycholo ...
... Meditation is essentially a physiological state of demonstrated reduced metabolic activity – different from sleep – that elicits physical and mental relaxation and is reported to enhance psychological balance and emotional stability (Jevning et al., 1992; Young and Taylor, 2001). In Western psycholo ...
Oxidative stress-driven parvalbumin interneuron impairment as a
... Parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons (PVIs) are crucial for maintaining proper excitatory/inhibitory balance and high-frequency neuronal synchronization. Their activity supports critical developmental trajectories, sensory and cognitive processing, and social behavior. Despite heterogeneity in the et ...
... Parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons (PVIs) are crucial for maintaining proper excitatory/inhibitory balance and high-frequency neuronal synchronization. Their activity supports critical developmental trajectories, sensory and cognitive processing, and social behavior. Despite heterogeneity in the et ...
Brain asymmetry is encoded at the level of axon terminal morphology
... well as having important consequences for social behaviors within populations and for interactions between species [4]. At the neuroanatomical level, asymmetries have been described in the shape and size of comparible regions on the R and L sides of the brain, in subnuclear and cytoarchitectonic org ...
... well as having important consequences for social behaviors within populations and for interactions between species [4]. At the neuroanatomical level, asymmetries have been described in the shape and size of comparible regions on the R and L sides of the brain, in subnuclear and cytoarchitectonic org ...
Mesodermal and neuronal retinoids regulate the induction and
... neuronal retinoids act coordinately to establish and maintain appropriate cohorts of spinal motor neurons that innervate target muscles in the limb. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Retinoids; Motor neuron; Specification; Maintenance ...
... neuronal retinoids act coordinately to establish and maintain appropriate cohorts of spinal motor neurons that innervate target muscles in the limb. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Retinoids; Motor neuron; Specification; Maintenance ...
Essential Tremor Followed by Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
... 9 (81.8%), the duration was 30 or more years. All patients had clear bilateral action tremors in the arms that were moderate or severe, and 8 (72.7%) had tremors involving cranial structures (neck, jaw, or voice). Ten patients (90.9%) had taken one or more medications for ET; 2 (18.2%) had had surge ...
... 9 (81.8%), the duration was 30 or more years. All patients had clear bilateral action tremors in the arms that were moderate or severe, and 8 (72.7%) had tremors involving cranial structures (neck, jaw, or voice). Ten patients (90.9%) had taken one or more medications for ET; 2 (18.2%) had had surge ...
Multiple hypothalamic circuits sense and regulate glucose levels
... responses to extracellular glucose, revealing a strategy for how the brain can directly monitor body energy status (3, 69, 70). Glucose sensing in these glucose-excited and glucose-inhibited neurons was not a general energy-related response, because during examination of a large number of neurons in ...
... responses to extracellular glucose, revealing a strategy for how the brain can directly monitor body energy status (3, 69, 70). Glucose sensing in these glucose-excited and glucose-inhibited neurons was not a general energy-related response, because during examination of a large number of neurons in ...