Neuroscience Newsletter, May 2015 - MSc/PhD/MD
... impulse propagation. However, the underlying mechanisms of myelin wrapping have remained unclear. Using an integrative approach of live imaging, electron microscopy, and genetics, we show that new myelin membranes are incorporated adjacent to the axon at the innermost tongue. Simultaneously, newly f ...
... impulse propagation. However, the underlying mechanisms of myelin wrapping have remained unclear. Using an integrative approach of live imaging, electron microscopy, and genetics, we show that new myelin membranes are incorporated adjacent to the axon at the innermost tongue. Simultaneously, newly f ...
Drugs and the Synapse
... • Endorphin synapses may contribute to certain kinds of reinforcement by inhibiting the release of GABA indirectly. • Endorphin synapses inhibit ventral tagmental neurons that release GABA • Inhibiting GABA indirectly releases dopamine. ...
... • Endorphin synapses may contribute to certain kinds of reinforcement by inhibiting the release of GABA indirectly. • Endorphin synapses inhibit ventral tagmental neurons that release GABA • Inhibiting GABA indirectly releases dopamine. ...
Introductory Entomology – Embryonic development of Insect
... d. Formation of Germ Band Initially Blastoderm forms a thin layer of cuboid cells subsequently they become columnar and thicker in the ventral region. This thickening is called embryonic primordia or germ band (Figure 4) which develops future embryo. The rest blastoderm remains as extra-embryonic me ...
... d. Formation of Germ Band Initially Blastoderm forms a thin layer of cuboid cells subsequently they become columnar and thicker in the ventral region. This thickening is called embryonic primordia or germ band (Figure 4) which develops future embryo. The rest blastoderm remains as extra-embryonic me ...
Exam 5 Study Guide-sp2016
... Explain the structure of an idealized neuron, including the functions of all the parts: cell body, dendrites, dendritic spines, axon hillock, axon, axon collateral, myelin sheath, neurofibril node (node of Ranvier), axon terminal, synaptic knobs. Be able to identify these parts on a diagram or model ...
... Explain the structure of an idealized neuron, including the functions of all the parts: cell body, dendrites, dendritic spines, axon hillock, axon, axon collateral, myelin sheath, neurofibril node (node of Ranvier), axon terminal, synaptic knobs. Be able to identify these parts on a diagram or model ...
Striate cortex increases contrast gain of macaque LGN neurons
... The first such neurons then encountered had ON-Center welllocalized receptive fields, exhibited pronounced chromatic opponency in three-dimensional (3D) color space (Derrington et al., 1984) and were selectively driven by the contralateral eye. With further advance of the microelectrode; we encounte ...
... The first such neurons then encountered had ON-Center welllocalized receptive fields, exhibited pronounced chromatic opponency in three-dimensional (3D) color space (Derrington et al., 1984) and were selectively driven by the contralateral eye. With further advance of the microelectrode; we encounte ...
Synchrony Unbound: Review A Critical Evaluation of
... We will discuss below our doubts about the utility of coincidence detection models for cortical neurons, but suppose for a moment that we grant the existence of these detectors. If there were special detectors configured to detect the coincident activity of particular groups of their input neurons, ...
... We will discuss below our doubts about the utility of coincidence detection models for cortical neurons, but suppose for a moment that we grant the existence of these detectors. If there were special detectors configured to detect the coincident activity of particular groups of their input neurons, ...
The First 21 Days - Medicine at Michigan
... embryos to learn what happens during the first few days of development. Although everything happens faster in mice than in humans, the steps involved in the process are essentially the same in both species. Studying what happens to embryos outside the body is not ideal, however, because there are bi ...
... embryos to learn what happens during the first few days of development. Although everything happens faster in mice than in humans, the steps involved in the process are essentially the same in both species. Studying what happens to embryos outside the body is not ideal, however, because there are bi ...
Japan-Canada Joint Health Research Program – U
... Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto It is becoming increasingly apparent that the primary motor cortex (MI) is important not only in the initiation and regulation of motor function but also in the learning and adaptation of motor behaviours to an altered peripheral state. To examine the poss ...
... Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto It is becoming increasingly apparent that the primary motor cortex (MI) is important not only in the initiation and regulation of motor function but also in the learning and adaptation of motor behaviours to an altered peripheral state. To examine the poss ...
Modulation of Cortical Activation and Behavioral Arousal by
... neurons of the brainstem and basal forebrain in that they give rise to highly diffuse projections ascending into the forebrain where they go to the subcortical relay stations and continue directly up to the cerebral cortex and descending into the spinal cord where they go to the intermediate zone bu ...
... neurons of the brainstem and basal forebrain in that they give rise to highly diffuse projections ascending into the forebrain where they go to the subcortical relay stations and continue directly up to the cerebral cortex and descending into the spinal cord where they go to the intermediate zone bu ...
Responding to the environment humans
... Muscle - Contracts, Relaxes = functions antagonistically Gland - Endocrine or Exocrine = Hormones / Bodily fluids. ...
... Muscle - Contracts, Relaxes = functions antagonistically Gland - Endocrine or Exocrine = Hormones / Bodily fluids. ...
Neural computations associated with goal-directed choice
... weak (gray) and is integrated over time. A decision is made when a common threshold is reached. (b) Illustration of the main components of the urgency-gating model of Cisek [60]. Now evidence is not integrated over time. Instead it is multiplied by an urgency signal u and a decision is made when x ...
... weak (gray) and is integrated over time. A decision is made when a common threshold is reached. (b) Illustration of the main components of the urgency-gating model of Cisek [60]. Now evidence is not integrated over time. Instead it is multiplied by an urgency signal u and a decision is made when x ...
Maturation of Layer V Pyramidal Neurons in the Rat Prefrontal
... working memory (Fuster and Alexander 1971; Kubota and Niki 1971; Wang 2001). As expected, dysfunction of the PFC has been implicated in several mental illnesses, particularly schizophrenia. Deficiency in the working memory process in the PFC has been associated with the symptoms and cognitive defici ...
... working memory (Fuster and Alexander 1971; Kubota and Niki 1971; Wang 2001). As expected, dysfunction of the PFC has been implicated in several mental illnesses, particularly schizophrenia. Deficiency in the working memory process in the PFC has been associated with the symptoms and cognitive defici ...
Heterogeneity of the Population of Command Neurons in the Lamprey
... system and the small effect on motor output exerted by individual neurons (Drew et al., 1986). This difficulty was overcome in the present study, first, by using the simpler vertebrate animal model (lamprey) with an RS system consisting of a relatively small number of neurons, and second, by using t ...
... system and the small effect on motor output exerted by individual neurons (Drew et al., 1986). This difficulty was overcome in the present study, first, by using the simpler vertebrate animal model (lamprey) with an RS system consisting of a relatively small number of neurons, and second, by using t ...
PG1007 Lectures 9 and 10 Development of The Digestive System
... Enveloping of regions of the gut tube leads to their designation as ...
... Enveloping of regions of the gut tube leads to their designation as ...
Spike-timing dependent plasticity and the cognitive map
... In further simulations, theta-coded neural dynamics are dictated by a phenomenological phase precession model (O’Keefe and Recce, 1993; O’Keefe, 2007; Huxter et al., 2008). A variable θ, which oscillates sinsuoidally in the range (0:1) at a rate of 8 Hz, is used to represent theoretical theta freque ...
... In further simulations, theta-coded neural dynamics are dictated by a phenomenological phase precession model (O’Keefe and Recce, 1993; O’Keefe, 2007; Huxter et al., 2008). A variable θ, which oscillates sinsuoidally in the range (0:1) at a rate of 8 Hz, is used to represent theoretical theta freque ...
Peripheral Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System and reflexes
... the ventral ramus white ramus communicans paravertrebral ganglion in the sympathetic chain. • Preganglion axon may: – Synapse with a same level sympathetic ganglion chain neuron. – Travel up or downward through the sympathetic chain in the paravertebral region to another ganglion. • (Postgangli ...
... the ventral ramus white ramus communicans paravertrebral ganglion in the sympathetic chain. • Preganglion axon may: – Synapse with a same level sympathetic ganglion chain neuron. – Travel up or downward through the sympathetic chain in the paravertebral region to another ganglion. • (Postgangli ...
Multiple dynamic representations in the motor cortex
... Animals move their sensors to collect information, and these movements are guided by sensory input. When action sequences are required to achieve success in novel tasks, interactions between movement and sensation underlie motor control1 and complex learned behaviours2. The motor cortex has importan ...
... Animals move their sensors to collect information, and these movements are guided by sensory input. When action sequences are required to achieve success in novel tasks, interactions between movement and sensation underlie motor control1 and complex learned behaviours2. The motor cortex has importan ...
The Sensorimotor System
... Somatotopic – more cortex devoted to body parts which make many movements ...
... Somatotopic – more cortex devoted to body parts which make many movements ...
HECTtype E3 ubiquitin ligases in nerve cell development and
... radial glial cells (RGCs). These span the entire cortical plate, contacting the marginal and ventricular zones. RGCs retain the potential to self-renew to increase their pool, while their asymmetric divisions produce premature neurons and intermediate progenitors. In the subventricular zone, each in ...
... radial glial cells (RGCs). These span the entire cortical plate, contacting the marginal and ventricular zones. RGCs retain the potential to self-renew to increase their pool, while their asymmetric divisions produce premature neurons and intermediate progenitors. In the subventricular zone, each in ...
Neurological health and mitochondria
... and don’t function optimally. Your environment and lifestyle also impact negatively on mitochondria — be it through exposure to pollutants or over-consumption of things like alcohol or tobacco. But it’s important to note that even if you look after your mitochondria through a healthy diet and exerci ...
... and don’t function optimally. Your environment and lifestyle also impact negatively on mitochondria — be it through exposure to pollutants or over-consumption of things like alcohol or tobacco. But it’s important to note that even if you look after your mitochondria through a healthy diet and exerci ...
Evolutionary Convergence in Nervous Systems: Insights from
... color vision in bees and primates [Pichaud et al., 1999]; the olfactory glomeruli of neopteran insects and vertebrates, which share an impressively detailed suite of morphological and physiological similarities [Strausfeld and Hildebrand, 1999; Eisthen, 2002]; the evolution of electric organs and el ...
... color vision in bees and primates [Pichaud et al., 1999]; the olfactory glomeruli of neopteran insects and vertebrates, which share an impressively detailed suite of morphological and physiological similarities [Strausfeld and Hildebrand, 1999; Eisthen, 2002]; the evolution of electric organs and el ...
Neuronal fiber tracts connecting the brain and ventral nerve cord of
... behaviors involving movement of the wings, legs, and abdomen) and subesophageal ganglion (CPGs controlling behaviors involving the mouth parts; Burrows, 1996; Heinrich, 2002). Given that many behaviors make use of the same muscles/ motor neurons (e.g., wing beating in flies is part of flight and matin ...
... behaviors involving movement of the wings, legs, and abdomen) and subesophageal ganglion (CPGs controlling behaviors involving the mouth parts; Burrows, 1996; Heinrich, 2002). Given that many behaviors make use of the same muscles/ motor neurons (e.g., wing beating in flies is part of flight and matin ...