Inhibition of central neurons is reduced following acoustic trauma
... ears. Because the basilar membrane input/output function is steeper with outer hair cell damage (Ruggero et al., 1997), it has been suggested that recruitment results from a steepened growth of discharge rate with sound level in auditory nerve fibers (Harrison, 1981; Moore, 1995). However, such a ch ...
... ears. Because the basilar membrane input/output function is steeper with outer hair cell damage (Ruggero et al., 1997), it has been suggested that recruitment results from a steepened growth of discharge rate with sound level in auditory nerve fibers (Harrison, 1981; Moore, 1995). However, such a ch ...
Hasselmo M.E. (2007) Arc length coding by interference of
... versus right trials in either the sample or the choice phase or possibly both (Hasselmo and Eichenbaum, 2005; Hasselmo, 2005b). As shown in Figure 4A, the pattern of activity in many neurons in the DNMP task did not seem to correspond to the pattern seen in the continuous spatial alternation task (G ...
... versus right trials in either the sample or the choice phase or possibly both (Hasselmo and Eichenbaum, 2005; Hasselmo, 2005b). As shown in Figure 4A, the pattern of activity in many neurons in the DNMP task did not seem to correspond to the pattern seen in the continuous spatial alternation task (G ...
Neurons, Astrocytes, and Oligodendrocytes of the Rat Cerebral
... in the cerebral cortex. The construction and production of the retroviruses have been described in detail elsewhere (Bonnerot et al., 1987; Price et al., 1987). Briefly, the recombinant retrovirnses were constrncted by replacing the viral genes gag, pal, and env of the Maloney murine leukemia virus, ...
... in the cerebral cortex. The construction and production of the retroviruses have been described in detail elsewhere (Bonnerot et al., 1987; Price et al., 1987). Briefly, the recombinant retrovirnses were constrncted by replacing the viral genes gag, pal, and env of the Maloney murine leukemia virus, ...
Echinoderms and Chordates
... carbohydrate material, called the tunic, which covers the outer body. Although tunicates are classi ed as chordates, the adult forms are much modi ed in body plan and do not have a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, or a post-anal tail, although they do have pharyngeal slits. The larval form pos ...
... carbohydrate material, called the tunic, which covers the outer body. Although tunicates are classi ed as chordates, the adult forms are much modi ed in body plan and do not have a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, or a post-anal tail, although they do have pharyngeal slits. The larval form pos ...
35-2 The Nervous System
... At the end of the neuron, the impulse reaches an axon terminal. Usually the neuron makes contact with another cell at this site. The neuron may pass the impulse along to the second cell. The location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell is called a synapse. Slide 25 of 38 Copyri ...
... At the end of the neuron, the impulse reaches an axon terminal. Usually the neuron makes contact with another cell at this site. The neuron may pass the impulse along to the second cell. The location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell is called a synapse. Slide 25 of 38 Copyri ...
Sympathetically-correlated spinal cord neurons in rats
... neck. – Lamina 7 is related to lamina 9 and participates in limb muscle movement – Lamina 8 and 9M are highly developed in high cervical and thoracic segments controlling neck and trunk, whereas laminae 7 and 9 are highly developed in the spinal enlargements controlling the arms and legs ...
... neck. – Lamina 7 is related to lamina 9 and participates in limb muscle movement – Lamina 8 and 9M are highly developed in high cervical and thoracic segments controlling neck and trunk, whereas laminae 7 and 9 are highly developed in the spinal enlargements controlling the arms and legs ...
Behavioral and Neural Changes after Gains and Losses of
... AR[Rt Rt⫺1]⬘⫹aAAssett⫹aRRiskt⫹aSSacct⫹aRTRTt, (3) where Ct is the animal’s choice in trial t (Ct ⫽ ⫺1 and 1 for leftward and rightward choices, respectively), Gt is a dummy variable for the gain outcome (Gt ⫽ 1 for gain trials and 0 otherwise), Lt is a dummy variable for the loss outcome (Lt ⫽ 1 for ...
... AR[Rt Rt⫺1]⬘⫹aAAssett⫹aRRiskt⫹aSSacct⫹aRTRTt, (3) where Ct is the animal’s choice in trial t (Ct ⫽ ⫺1 and 1 for leftward and rightward choices, respectively), Gt is a dummy variable for the gain outcome (Gt ⫽ 1 for gain trials and 0 otherwise), Lt is a dummy variable for the loss outcome (Lt ⫽ 1 for ...
Neural correlates of a decision in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of
... The brain uses sensory information to form interpretations and decisions that guide behavior. Such interpretations often outlast the fleeting sensory impressions on which they are based, so that sensory input can motivate subsequent behavior. To study this process, we trained rhesus monkeys to discr ...
... The brain uses sensory information to form interpretations and decisions that guide behavior. Such interpretations often outlast the fleeting sensory impressions on which they are based, so that sensory input can motivate subsequent behavior. To study this process, we trained rhesus monkeys to discr ...
The embryonic development of the flatworm
... flatworms have a subepidermal muscular layer of circular, diagonal and longitudinal fibers (see Rieger et al. 1991, 1994; Hooge 2001), and a central nervous system that comprises an anterior brain and a number of longitudinal nerve cords (Rieger et al. 1991; Reuter and Halton 2001). However, the cen ...
... flatworms have a subepidermal muscular layer of circular, diagonal and longitudinal fibers (see Rieger et al. 1991, 1994; Hooge 2001), and a central nervous system that comprises an anterior brain and a number of longitudinal nerve cords (Rieger et al. 1991; Reuter and Halton 2001). However, the cen ...
3 state neurons for contextual processing
... potassium channels. This up-state is stable because the regenerative nature and long lifetime of NMDA receptor opening keeps the membrane depolarized, while the slower I Ks potassium current prevents further depolarization. When input ceases, NMDA channels eventually (TNMDA ~ 150ms) close and the me ...
... potassium channels. This up-state is stable because the regenerative nature and long lifetime of NMDA receptor opening keeps the membrane depolarized, while the slower I Ks potassium current prevents further depolarization. When input ceases, NMDA channels eventually (TNMDA ~ 150ms) close and the me ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... The position, movement and morphology of neuronal progenitors as they progress through mitosis and cytokinesis at the ventricular zone (VZ) surface have been well described. In contrast, the specific molecular mechanisms that control events during cell division in the VZ are not well understood. Whi ...
... The position, movement and morphology of neuronal progenitors as they progress through mitosis and cytokinesis at the ventricular zone (VZ) surface have been well described. In contrast, the specific molecular mechanisms that control events during cell division in the VZ are not well understood. Whi ...
Nerve Cells and Insect Behavior—Studies on Crickets1 This report
... Crickets became suitable model systems for neuroethological research not only because of their clear cut and measurable acoustic behavior but also because of the organization of their nervous system which favors analysis of sound production, pair formation as expressed by phonotaxis, and avoidance b ...
... Crickets became suitable model systems for neuroethological research not only because of their clear cut and measurable acoustic behavior but also because of the organization of their nervous system which favors analysis of sound production, pair formation as expressed by phonotaxis, and avoidance b ...
spinal cord
... • Posterior horns contain interneurons. • Anterior horns contain some interneurons as well as the cell bodies of motor neurons. – These cell bodies project their axons via the ventral roots of the spinal cord to the skeletal muscles. – The amount of ventral gray matter at a given level of the spinal ...
... • Posterior horns contain interneurons. • Anterior horns contain some interneurons as well as the cell bodies of motor neurons. – These cell bodies project their axons via the ventral roots of the spinal cord to the skeletal muscles. – The amount of ventral gray matter at a given level of the spinal ...
Chapter 12 - Las Positas College
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Peripheral and Central Mechanisms of Pain Generation
... situations that evoke pain. Pain during disease is different from “normal” pain. It occurs in the absence of external noxious stimuli, during mild stimulation or in an unpredictable way. Types of pain have been classified according to their pathogenesis, and pain research intends to define their neuro ...
... situations that evoke pain. Pain during disease is different from “normal” pain. It occurs in the absence of external noxious stimuli, during mild stimulation or in an unpredictable way. Types of pain have been classified according to their pathogenesis, and pain research intends to define their neuro ...
the biological perspective
... back outside? Remember, the action potential means that the cell is now positive inside and negative outside at the point where the channel opened. Several things happen to return the cell to its resting state. First, the sodium ion channels close immediately after the action potential has passed, a ...
... back outside? Remember, the action potential means that the cell is now positive inside and negative outside at the point where the channel opened. Several things happen to return the cell to its resting state. First, the sodium ion channels close immediately after the action potential has passed, a ...
Mouse Nerve Growth Factor Prevents Degeneration of Axotomized
... replaced with normal saline at a continuous, slow intravenous drip throughout surgery. Under sterile conditions, the dura was exposed through a lo-mm trephine hole drilled 10-20 mm anterior to the interaural line. The sagittal sinus was retracted and the 2 hemispheres separated. The body of the fomi ...
... replaced with normal saline at a continuous, slow intravenous drip throughout surgery. Under sterile conditions, the dura was exposed through a lo-mm trephine hole drilled 10-20 mm anterior to the interaural line. The sagittal sinus was retracted and the 2 hemispheres separated. The body of the fomi ...
Exercise 15: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
... • 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord • Cauda equina is a collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end The cord does not extend the entire length of the vertebral column – so a group of nerves leaves the inferior spinal cord and extends downward. It resembles a horses tail and is ...
... • 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord • Cauda equina is a collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end The cord does not extend the entire length of the vertebral column – so a group of nerves leaves the inferior spinal cord and extends downward. It resembles a horses tail and is ...
Nucleus Accumbens Medium Spiny Neurons Target Non
... “long-loop” inhibitory feedback to regulate dopamine neuron activity (Einhorn et al., 1988; Rahman and McBride, 2000). However, it is unresolved whether the axon terminals of the MSNs synapse onto NAc-projecting dopamine neurons or a different class of VTA neuron. The nature of the synaptic connecti ...
... “long-loop” inhibitory feedback to regulate dopamine neuron activity (Einhorn et al., 1988; Rahman and McBride, 2000). However, it is unresolved whether the axon terminals of the MSNs synapse onto NAc-projecting dopamine neurons or a different class of VTA neuron. The nature of the synaptic connecti ...
Principles of Extracellular Single
... Issues of sampling and bias in the recorded population must always be considered in electrophysiological analyses of neuronal populations. There is no doubt that larger neurons generate a more widely distributed potential field and are simply more likely to be encountered. For example, Towe and Hard ...
... Issues of sampling and bias in the recorded population must always be considered in electrophysiological analyses of neuronal populations. There is no doubt that larger neurons generate a more widely distributed potential field and are simply more likely to be encountered. For example, Towe and Hard ...
1. An introductions to clinical neurology: path physiology, diagnosis
... shown a type of complex, intersynaptic structure (glomerulus-like synapse) enclosed in a glial capsule. Golgi Cells E These are much larger than the granular cells and lie scattered in the granular layer, mainly a little below the Purkinje cells. Their dendritic trees, which arborize particularly in ...
... shown a type of complex, intersynaptic structure (glomerulus-like synapse) enclosed in a glial capsule. Golgi Cells E These are much larger than the granular cells and lie scattered in the granular layer, mainly a little below the Purkinje cells. Their dendritic trees, which arborize particularly in ...