The Structure and Plasticity of the Proximal Axon of Hippocampal
... molecules, with the exception of Ankyrin-G (AnkG). However, multipolar neurons regulate their intrinsic excitability via plastic changes in AIS length and location. Notably, understanding how the AIS plasticity is regulated may help understand its importance in neuro-pathologies like epilepsy, bipol ...
... molecules, with the exception of Ankyrin-G (AnkG). However, multipolar neurons regulate their intrinsic excitability via plastic changes in AIS length and location. Notably, understanding how the AIS plasticity is regulated may help understand its importance in neuro-pathologies like epilepsy, bipol ...
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... hindbrain, the facial branchiomotor neurons (FBMNs) undergo a chain-like tangential migration from their birthplace in rhombomere (r) 4 to their final destination in r6/r7. Here, we report that ablation of either the cell body or the trailing axon of the leading FBMN, or ‘pioneer’ neuron, blocks the ...
... hindbrain, the facial branchiomotor neurons (FBMNs) undergo a chain-like tangential migration from their birthplace in rhombomere (r) 4 to their final destination in r6/r7. Here, we report that ablation of either the cell body or the trailing axon of the leading FBMN, or ‘pioneer’ neuron, blocks the ...
L9 - Internal structure of brain stem new
... cardiovascular system and the respiratory system. Ascending sensory system pass through the brain stem en route to thalamus. First-order proprioceptive fibers in the dorsal column relay in the dorsal column nuclei. Second-order fibers decussate to form the medial leminscus. Second-order fibers ori ...
... cardiovascular system and the respiratory system. Ascending sensory system pass through the brain stem en route to thalamus. First-order proprioceptive fibers in the dorsal column relay in the dorsal column nuclei. Second-order fibers decussate to form the medial leminscus. Second-order fibers ori ...
Mirror neurons and the social nature of language
... Experiments by Umiltà et al. (2001) showed that F5 mirror neurons are also activated during the observation of partially hidden actions, when the monkey can predict the action outcome, even in the absence of the complete visual information about it. Macaque monkeys’ mirror neurons therefore respond ...
... Experiments by Umiltà et al. (2001) showed that F5 mirror neurons are also activated during the observation of partially hidden actions, when the monkey can predict the action outcome, even in the absence of the complete visual information about it. Macaque monkeys’ mirror neurons therefore respond ...
Outgrowth of the Xenopus tail bud
... that there are two phases of gene expression in the Xenopus tail bud (Beck and Slack, 1998). An early group of genes is expressed from gastrulation onwards and continues to be expressed in the tail bud until the end of tail outgrowth. These genes include X-Notch-1 and X-delta-1. The second phase of ...
... that there are two phases of gene expression in the Xenopus tail bud (Beck and Slack, 1998). An early group of genes is expressed from gastrulation onwards and continues to be expressed in the tail bud until the end of tail outgrowth. These genes include X-Notch-1 and X-delta-1. The second phase of ...
What Fuels Fat - Napa Valley College
... cells and gave rise to a protein that was not made in functional form in the mice harboring the ob mutation. The obesity syndrome seemed to be caused by the absence of this substance. The researchers named the protein leptin, from the Greek root leptos, for "thin," and quickly demonstrated that repl ...
... cells and gave rise to a protein that was not made in functional form in the mice harboring the ob mutation. The obesity syndrome seemed to be caused by the absence of this substance. The researchers named the protein leptin, from the Greek root leptos, for "thin," and quickly demonstrated that repl ...
Embodied Cognition and Mirror Neurons
... whether the activity during retrieval of color knowledge (e.g., TAXI = yellow) was greater than that during a control task requiring subjects to evaluate whether a particular motor property was associated with an object (e.g., HAIR = combed). The authors found a greater signal for the color knowledg ...
... whether the activity during retrieval of color knowledge (e.g., TAXI = yellow) was greater than that during a control task requiring subjects to evaluate whether a particular motor property was associated with an object (e.g., HAIR = combed). The authors found a greater signal for the color knowledg ...
Switching from automatic to controlled behavior: cortico - lsr
... switching is not fully understood from the human data alone. The switching-associated reconfiguration of cognitive processes indicated by the psychological studies is probably composed of serial and parallel neuronal activity changes which occur within a short period before the decision to switch. H ...
... switching is not fully understood from the human data alone. The switching-associated reconfiguration of cognitive processes indicated by the psychological studies is probably composed of serial and parallel neuronal activity changes which occur within a short period before the decision to switch. H ...
Bcl-2 Accelerates the Maturation of Early Sensory Neurons
... Figure 3. Graphs summarizing the results of neuron cohort experiments comparing the maturation and survival of trigeminal neurons from wild-type and bcl-2 2/2 embryos at E11 and E12. Cohorts of immature neurons were defined 18 hr after plating, and the number of immature neurons remaining in these c ...
... Figure 3. Graphs summarizing the results of neuron cohort experiments comparing the maturation and survival of trigeminal neurons from wild-type and bcl-2 2/2 embryos at E11 and E12. Cohorts of immature neurons were defined 18 hr after plating, and the number of immature neurons remaining in these c ...
Deep Sparse Rectifier Neural Networks
... Sparsity has become a concept of interest, not only in computational neuroscience and machine learning but also in statistics and signal processing (Candes and Tao, 2005). It was first introduced in computational neuroscience in the context of sparse coding in the visual system (Olshausen and Field, ...
... Sparsity has become a concept of interest, not only in computational neuroscience and machine learning but also in statistics and signal processing (Candes and Tao, 2005). It was first introduced in computational neuroscience in the context of sparse coding in the visual system (Olshausen and Field, ...
NSS214 - National Open University of Nigeria
... The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. They receive input from sensory neurons, and direct the activity of motor neurons. Association neurons are present to "associate" appropriate motor responses with sensory stimuli. The early embryo contains an embryonic tissue la ...
... The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. They receive input from sensory neurons, and direct the activity of motor neurons. Association neurons are present to "associate" appropriate motor responses with sensory stimuli. The early embryo contains an embryonic tissue la ...
Voluntary Nicotine Consumption Triggers Potentiation of Cortical Excitatory Drives to Midbrain
... (back of the animal, parallel to the spine). Pumps were filled either with saline (pumpSAL, n ⫽ 17) or nicotine tartrate solution (pump-NIC, n ⫽ 7). The concentration of nicotine tartrate salt solution was adjusted according to animal weight, resulting in 9 mg/kg/d (3.16 mg/kg/d, free base) for 6 d. ...
... (back of the animal, parallel to the spine). Pumps were filled either with saline (pumpSAL, n ⫽ 17) or nicotine tartrate solution (pump-NIC, n ⫽ 7). The concentration of nicotine tartrate salt solution was adjusted according to animal weight, resulting in 9 mg/kg/d (3.16 mg/kg/d, free base) for 6 d. ...
Neurophysiological Aspects of Song Pattern Recognition and Sound
... For assessing the directionality cues present in the spike activity of auditory receptors of L. migratoria we used sawtoothshaped sound pulses (white noise) of 10 ms duration. In order to compare stimuli of equal energy and frequency content, a ramp stimulus and its temporal inverse were used (compa ...
... For assessing the directionality cues present in the spike activity of auditory receptors of L. migratoria we used sawtoothshaped sound pulses (white noise) of 10 ms duration. In order to compare stimuli of equal energy and frequency content, a ramp stimulus and its temporal inverse were used (compa ...
Ch 48 49 Notes - Dublin City Schools
... – A peripheral nervous system (PNS), • Made mostly of nerves which brings information into and out of the CNS • A nerve is a communication line made from cable like bundles of neuron fibers Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... – A peripheral nervous system (PNS), • Made mostly of nerves which brings information into and out of the CNS • A nerve is a communication line made from cable like bundles of neuron fibers Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Vestibular Signals of Posterior Parietal Cortex Neurons during
... cepts have been developed, such as the reafference principle1 about how we move about and control and correct our own movements. Recent studies on vestibular nuclei neurons during passive and active head movements showed that vestibular signals were strongly influenced by self-generated movements as ...
... cepts have been developed, such as the reafference principle1 about how we move about and control and correct our own movements. Recent studies on vestibular nuclei neurons during passive and active head movements showed that vestibular signals were strongly influenced by self-generated movements as ...
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... CtAs sprouting dorsally from the PHBC to form a network connecting to the BA (purple). (C)Dorsal time-lapse images of BA formation in the hindbrain of a 26-40 hpf Tg(fli1a:nEGFP)y7 embryo (see Movie 2 in the supplementary material). (D)Dorsal-lateral time-lapse images of CtAs sprouting dorsally fr ...
... CtAs sprouting dorsally from the PHBC to form a network connecting to the BA (purple). (C)Dorsal time-lapse images of BA formation in the hindbrain of a 26-40 hpf Tg(fli1a:nEGFP)y7 embryo (see Movie 2 in the supplementary material). (D)Dorsal-lateral time-lapse images of CtAs sprouting dorsally fr ...
Mechanism of Irregular Firing of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons
... Pol and Gorcs 1986), and electrophysiological studies support the hypothesis that these collateral axons form a network of local inhibitory circuits (Strecker et al. 1997). The role of interneuronal communication within the SCN is also unclear. Irregular activity could hypothetically be attributable ...
... Pol and Gorcs 1986), and electrophysiological studies support the hypothesis that these collateral axons form a network of local inhibitory circuits (Strecker et al. 1997). The role of interneuronal communication within the SCN is also unclear. Irregular activity could hypothetically be attributable ...
Effect of sodium fluoride on the grey matter of spinal cord in the
... Figure 6. Photomicrographs of transverse sections in the cervical spinal cord of protected rats. (a) Ventral horn showing many more or less normal motor neurons (thick arrows). Some have long processes (arrowheads). However, some shrunken cells with loss of nuclear details (curved arrows) could be o ...
... Figure 6. Photomicrographs of transverse sections in the cervical spinal cord of protected rats. (a) Ventral horn showing many more or less normal motor neurons (thick arrows). Some have long processes (arrowheads). However, some shrunken cells with loss of nuclear details (curved arrows) could be o ...
Macrophages Promote Axon Regeneration with Concurrent Neurotoxicity
... Figure 4. ZAMs induce a gradient of CNTF expression. A–C, Parasaggital section of spinal cord transplanted with DRG neurons of zymosan, n ⫽ 5; 2 mm of zymosan, n ⫽ 12; and injected with zymosan ⬃4 mm caudal to the transplant. Individual confocal scans show EGFP⫹ axons (A, green) and CNTF control (fo ...
... Figure 4. ZAMs induce a gradient of CNTF expression. A–C, Parasaggital section of spinal cord transplanted with DRG neurons of zymosan, n ⫽ 5; 2 mm of zymosan, n ⫽ 12; and injected with zymosan ⬃4 mm caudal to the transplant. Individual confocal scans show EGFP⫹ axons (A, green) and CNTF control (fo ...
Inhibition of central neurons is reduced following acoustic trauma
... ears. Because the basilar membrane input/output function is steeper with outer hair cell damage (Ruggero et al., 1997), it has been suggested that recruitment results from a steepened growth of discharge rate with sound level in auditory nerve fibers (Harrison, 1981; Moore, 1995). However, such a ch ...
... ears. Because the basilar membrane input/output function is steeper with outer hair cell damage (Ruggero et al., 1997), it has been suggested that recruitment results from a steepened growth of discharge rate with sound level in auditory nerve fibers (Harrison, 1981; Moore, 1995). However, such a ch ...
The Role of Selective Transport in Neuronal Protein
... and functionally distinct domains, axons and dendrites. The precise targeting and localization of proteins within these domains is critical for every aspect of neuronal function, from the localization of signaling molecules that govern axonal guidance to the distribution of channels that determine t ...
... and functionally distinct domains, axons and dendrites. The precise targeting and localization of proteins within these domains is critical for every aspect of neuronal function, from the localization of signaling molecules that govern axonal guidance to the distribution of channels that determine t ...
Production of nerve growth factor by
... another 48 hr with 10 lM cytosine arabinoside, and then amplified to 2 3 104 cells/cm2 in a 35-mm Petri dish or glass coverslips. Astrocyte monolayers were >98% pure as determined by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity and were devoid of OX42-positive microglial cells. Hipoccampal ...
... another 48 hr with 10 lM cytosine arabinoside, and then amplified to 2 3 104 cells/cm2 in a 35-mm Petri dish or glass coverslips. Astrocyte monolayers were >98% pure as determined by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity and were devoid of OX42-positive microglial cells. Hipoccampal ...
Hasselmo M.E. (2007) Arc length coding by interference of
... versus right trials in either the sample or the choice phase or possibly both (Hasselmo and Eichenbaum, 2005; Hasselmo, 2005b). As shown in Figure 4A, the pattern of activity in many neurons in the DNMP task did not seem to correspond to the pattern seen in the continuous spatial alternation task (G ...
... versus right trials in either the sample or the choice phase or possibly both (Hasselmo and Eichenbaum, 2005; Hasselmo, 2005b). As shown in Figure 4A, the pattern of activity in many neurons in the DNMP task did not seem to correspond to the pattern seen in the continuous spatial alternation task (G ...