Community-wide distribution of predator–prey interaction strength in
... strengths was bimodal, in striking contrast to previous reports from other communities. Although small herbivores often had per capita interaction strengths similar to larger herbivores, their tendency to have greater densities in the field increased their potential impact as grazers. These results ...
... strengths was bimodal, in striking contrast to previous reports from other communities. Although small herbivores often had per capita interaction strengths similar to larger herbivores, their tendency to have greater densities in the field increased their potential impact as grazers. These results ...
plant species diversity in natural and managed forests of the pacific
... (mostly natural stands with dominant trees >150 yr old) were clear-cut between 1972 and 1988 (Spies et al. 1994). During the same period, the portion of the landscape occupied by coniferous forest beyond the influence of clear-cut boundaries (assuming a 100-m edge effect) declined from -60 to 45%. M ...
... (mostly natural stands with dominant trees >150 yr old) were clear-cut between 1972 and 1988 (Spies et al. 1994). During the same period, the portion of the landscape occupied by coniferous forest beyond the influence of clear-cut boundaries (assuming a 100-m edge effect) declined from -60 to 45%. M ...
Position Statement - California Native Plant Society
... The different categories of rare vegetation surpass the natural forms of rarity of individual species, simply because multiple permutations are the norm when more than one species represents a single vegetation stand, and a stand of vegetation can be defined by morphology (structure) as well as by s ...
... The different categories of rare vegetation surpass the natural forms of rarity of individual species, simply because multiple permutations are the norm when more than one species represents a single vegetation stand, and a stand of vegetation can be defined by morphology (structure) as well as by s ...
Biodiversity and ecosystem stability: a synthesis of underlying
... biodiversity is critical to the long-term sustainability of ecosystems in the face of environmental changes. Ecosystems are subject to natural variations in climate and other forcing factors, and these variations are increasing currently because of growing anthropogenic impacts on the biosphere. If ...
... biodiversity is critical to the long-term sustainability of ecosystems in the face of environmental changes. Ecosystems are subject to natural variations in climate and other forcing factors, and these variations are increasing currently because of growing anthropogenic impacts on the biosphere. If ...
Biodiversity: an introduction - European Commission
... 4. The Stability and Functioning of Ecosystems ....................................................... 10 4.1 Diversity and Ecosystem Functions ................................................................ 11 5. Patterns in Space ................................................................... ...
... 4. The Stability and Functioning of Ecosystems ....................................................... 10 4.1 Diversity and Ecosystem Functions ................................................................ 11 5. Patterns in Space ................................................................... ...
Defense and Dynamics in Plant-Herbivore
... In addition, defenses may have other functions that may be advantageous to plants, irrespective of their effects on resistance to herbivores. Contrast production of DRs such as tannins, with toxins such as alkaloids. There may be a 50-fold difference in concentration: tannins may comprise 15% of lea ...
... In addition, defenses may have other functions that may be advantageous to plants, irrespective of their effects on resistance to herbivores. Contrast production of DRs such as tannins, with toxins such as alkaloids. There may be a 50-fold difference in concentration: tannins may comprise 15% of lea ...
Unit 1 - OpenWetWare
... How can we better understand the nature of life on earth by studying the interrelationships among organisms, species, and the non-living environment? Objectives: By the conclusion of this unit, you should be able to: Chapter 50: The Scope of Ecology ...
... How can we better understand the nature of life on earth by studying the interrelationships among organisms, species, and the non-living environment? Objectives: By the conclusion of this unit, you should be able to: Chapter 50: The Scope of Ecology ...
Plants & Ecology Range margins and refugia Johan Dahlberg
... Salisburys statement. First, range limits may be determined by interactions of many factors. Second, there may be a temporal variation of factors limiting a range. Third, it is almost certainly a norm that the range limiting factors may be different from one area to another. Fourth, the species char ...
... Salisburys statement. First, range limits may be determined by interactions of many factors. Second, there may be a temporal variation of factors limiting a range. Third, it is almost certainly a norm that the range limiting factors may be different from one area to another. Fourth, the species char ...
FACTORS AFFECTING IMPLEMENTATION OF RECOVERY PLANS
... 100% implemented. Plans approved in 1990 or earlier had relatively uniform task implementation, whereas implementation of more recent plans varied with plan and species attributes. Among plans approved after 1990, multi-species plans had lower task implementation than single-species plans. Recovery ...
... 100% implemented. Plans approved in 1990 or earlier had relatively uniform task implementation, whereas implementation of more recent plans varied with plan and species attributes. Among plans approved after 1990, multi-species plans had lower task implementation than single-species plans. Recovery ...
Chapter 31: Fungi
... This chapter describes the morphology, life cycles, evolutionary history, diversity, and economic and ecological importance of the kingdom Fungi. Fungi play an essential ecological role, both as decomposers and by their mycorrhizal association with plant roots. A flagellated protistan may have been ...
... This chapter describes the morphology, life cycles, evolutionary history, diversity, and economic and ecological importance of the kingdom Fungi. Fungi play an essential ecological role, both as decomposers and by their mycorrhizal association with plant roots. A flagellated protistan may have been ...
Extinction or Survival? Behavioral Flexibility in Response
... switching between phenotypes. The behavioral and physiological changes that occur in response to these disruptions are apparently controlled by the endocrine system [53], allowing individuals within a population to switch between phenotypes, depending on prevailing conditions. However, the degree of ...
... switching between phenotypes. The behavioral and physiological changes that occur in response to these disruptions are apparently controlled by the endocrine system [53], allowing individuals within a population to switch between phenotypes, depending on prevailing conditions. However, the degree of ...
Extinction or Survival? Behavioral Flexibility in Response
... switching between phenotypes. The behavioral and physiological changes that occur in response to these disruptions are apparently controlled by the endocrine system [53], allowing individuals within a population to switch between phenotypes, depending on prevailing conditions. However, the degree of ...
... switching between phenotypes. The behavioral and physiological changes that occur in response to these disruptions are apparently controlled by the endocrine system [53], allowing individuals within a population to switch between phenotypes, depending on prevailing conditions. However, the degree of ...
Reprint
... Alien species, however, do not have only negative effects. The majority of the alien plants in Europe were deliberately introduced, e.g. as ornamental, horticultural, restoration, agricultural or forestry species (Hopper 2007, Lambdon et al. 2008, Pyšek et al. 2009) with their respective social, eco ...
... Alien species, however, do not have only negative effects. The majority of the alien plants in Europe were deliberately introduced, e.g. as ornamental, horticultural, restoration, agricultural or forestry species (Hopper 2007, Lambdon et al. 2008, Pyšek et al. 2009) with their respective social, eco ...
Limiting similarity, species packing, and the shape of
... Kurtosis is a common measure of the peakedness of a distribution. Applied to competition kernel shapes, it can give useful guidance about clustering tendencies. Square or box-like kernels (Leimar et al., 2008; Pigolotti et al., 2010) are typically platykurtic and tend to promote clustering (Fig. 3a) ...
... Kurtosis is a common measure of the peakedness of a distribution. Applied to competition kernel shapes, it can give useful guidance about clustering tendencies. Square or box-like kernels (Leimar et al., 2008; Pigolotti et al., 2010) are typically platykurtic and tend to promote clustering (Fig. 3a) ...
video slide - Manchester Township School District
... One year after fire. This photo of the same general area taken the following year indicates how rapidly the community began to recover. A variety of herbaceous plants, different from those in the former forest, cover the ground. ...
... One year after fire. This photo of the same general area taken the following year indicates how rapidly the community began to recover. A variety of herbaceous plants, different from those in the former forest, cover the ground. ...
Similarity and difference in vegetation structure of three desert shrub
... stability. To explore the similarity in vegetation structure of shrub communities under the same temperate climate but with different microhabitats, 36, 28 and 13 sampling plots in Ephedra distachya, Seriphidium terrae-albae and Artemisia songarica communities were selected respectively, during the ...
... stability. To explore the similarity in vegetation structure of shrub communities under the same temperate climate but with different microhabitats, 36, 28 and 13 sampling plots in Ephedra distachya, Seriphidium terrae-albae and Artemisia songarica communities were selected respectively, during the ...
Combinatorial functional diversity: an information theoretical approach
... argued that whenever ‘all the strains in the sample are described by different combinations of the characters…’ the value of their formula ‘should be close to maximum’. However, as we show below, the situation is not that simple because, being a pooled measure, FH is absolutely insensitive to the re ...
... argued that whenever ‘all the strains in the sample are described by different combinations of the characters…’ the value of their formula ‘should be close to maximum’. However, as we show below, the situation is not that simple because, being a pooled measure, FH is absolutely insensitive to the re ...
Amphibian Monitoring
... Amphibian internal anatomy is similar to that of other vertebrates. Adult amphibians typically have lungs, rather than gills, for breathing oxygen, but some water-dwelling species have both lungs and gills, and others obtain all the oxygen they need to survive through their permeable skin. Amphibian ...
... Amphibian internal anatomy is similar to that of other vertebrates. Adult amphibians typically have lungs, rather than gills, for breathing oxygen, but some water-dwelling species have both lungs and gills, and others obtain all the oxygen they need to survive through their permeable skin. Amphibian ...
Intraspecific variation
... genetic variation in natural populations was difficult. In the past 20 years, however, the revolution in molecular biology that has transformed much of biology has also had an impact on the study of ecology and evolution. By applying molecular technique, we can now study the interactions between eco ...
... genetic variation in natural populations was difficult. In the past 20 years, however, the revolution in molecular biology that has transformed much of biology has also had an impact on the study of ecology and evolution. By applying molecular technique, we can now study the interactions between eco ...
Spatial patterns of weeds along a gradient of landscape complexity
... A major current issue in ecology concerns the identification and the explanation of the spatial pattern in ecological communities (Wiens 1989; Liebhold & Gurevitch 2002). Spatial patterns can result from a combination of processes acting at different scales. At fine spatial scales, many processes un ...
... A major current issue in ecology concerns the identification and the explanation of the spatial pattern in ecological communities (Wiens 1989; Liebhold & Gurevitch 2002). Spatial patterns can result from a combination of processes acting at different scales. At fine spatial scales, many processes un ...
Results of a food addition experiment in a north-central Chile
... Price 1992) predict that all trophic levels are essentially limited by available resources (i.e., ‘‘donor-controlled’’; Polis and Strong 1996), and that ‘‘top-down’’ biotic interactions (i.e., predation, herbivory) are relatively unimportant. Even if biotic interactions can be shown to have ‘‘primac ...
... Price 1992) predict that all trophic levels are essentially limited by available resources (i.e., ‘‘donor-controlled’’; Polis and Strong 1996), and that ‘‘top-down’’ biotic interactions (i.e., predation, herbivory) are relatively unimportant. Even if biotic interactions can be shown to have ‘‘primac ...
ecology - Excell Career Online
... EXCELL CAREER INDIA human ecology the Graunt (1664); naturalist John Ray (1627-1705); by Radolph Camerarius (1665-1721); the works of English naturalist John Ray (1627-1705); studies on natural history of insects by French naturalist Rene Reaumur (16831705); studies on natural history of insects by ...
... EXCELL CAREER INDIA human ecology the Graunt (1664); naturalist John Ray (1627-1705); by Radolph Camerarius (1665-1721); the works of English naturalist John Ray (1627-1705); studies on natural history of insects by French naturalist Rene Reaumur (16831705); studies on natural history of insects by ...
Habitat Loss, Trophic Collapse, and the Decline of Ecosystem
... http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your ...
... http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your ...
4-2 - Biology withMrs. Ellsworth
... Components of an ecosystem can be changed by natural events, such as fires. When the disturbance is over, community interactions tend to restore the ecosystem to its original condition through secondary succession. Example: Recovery of Habitats After a Forest Fire Slide 27 of 39 Copyright Pearson Pr ...
... Components of an ecosystem can be changed by natural events, such as fires. When the disturbance is over, community interactions tend to restore the ecosystem to its original condition through secondary succession. Example: Recovery of Habitats After a Forest Fire Slide 27 of 39 Copyright Pearson Pr ...
Ecological fitting
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.