Topological explanations, robustness and the multirealisability debate.
... determined by stating the “set-up” and “termination” conditions. The chronology of sequences through which entities act is crucial to explain the production of this termination condition ...
... determined by stating the “set-up” and “termination” conditions. The chronology of sequences through which entities act is crucial to explain the production of this termination condition ...
Habitat loss, trophic collapse, and the decline of ecosystem services
... themselves from the bottom up (Thornton et al. 1988, Thornton 1996); the island was first colonized by plants, then herbivores, and only after 50 years were there sufficient resources for predators to colonize. As natural habitats are eroded in size, the net decline in species diversity has traditiona ...
... themselves from the bottom up (Thornton et al. 1988, Thornton 1996); the island was first colonized by plants, then herbivores, and only after 50 years were there sufficient resources for predators to colonize. As natural habitats are eroded in size, the net decline in species diversity has traditiona ...
Definitions of overfishing from an ecosystem
... of fishery yields, minimization of fishery impacts associated with protection of some species, and, because of the long history of information collected, a quantitative basis for risk assessment (Smith et al., 1993; Wade, 1997). In theory, existing overfishing concepts can be extended to an even wid ...
... of fishery yields, minimization of fishery impacts associated with protection of some species, and, because of the long history of information collected, a quantitative basis for risk assessment (Smith et al., 1993; Wade, 1997). In theory, existing overfishing concepts can be extended to an even wid ...
An ecological perspective on the deployment and design of low
... artificial hard-bottom habitats, with consequent changes to the native assemblages of the areas. Proliferation of coastal defence structures can also have critical impacts on regional species diversity, removing isolating barriers, favouring the spread of nonnative species and increasing habitat het ...
... artificial hard-bottom habitats, with consequent changes to the native assemblages of the areas. Proliferation of coastal defence structures can also have critical impacts on regional species diversity, removing isolating barriers, favouring the spread of nonnative species and increasing habitat het ...
Appendix A1: EPBC Assessment of Impact Significance on Listed EEC
... RE 11.8.11 elsewhere in the local landscape, the resulting short term loss of RE 11.8.11 is not considered to be significant at the local or bioregional scale. ...
... RE 11.8.11 elsewhere in the local landscape, the resulting short term loss of RE 11.8.11 is not considered to be significant at the local or bioregional scale. ...
Population genetic structure across dissolved oxygen regimes in an
... open waters that remain normoxic year round; a similar site, located upstream of Bunoga, is described in Chapman et al. (2004), and this site was normoxic throughout the year. At least one river site (Kahunge) experiences dramatic seasonal fluctuations in dissolved oxygen (Fig. 3). This likely refle ...
... open waters that remain normoxic year round; a similar site, located upstream of Bunoga, is described in Chapman et al. (2004), and this site was normoxic throughout the year. At least one river site (Kahunge) experiences dramatic seasonal fluctuations in dissolved oxygen (Fig. 3). This likely refle ...
- Bergen.org
... Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A Primary succession starts with the exposure of bare land. Lichens colonize the rock. Decaying lichens as well as minerals from the rock lead to soil formation. Soil leads to colonization by pioneer species, such as moss and weeds. Large plants, such as shr ...
... Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A Primary succession starts with the exposure of bare land. Lichens colonize the rock. Decaying lichens as well as minerals from the rock lead to soil formation. Soil leads to colonization by pioneer species, such as moss and weeds. Large plants, such as shr ...
Leaf trait variation captures climate differences but differs with
... Therefore, for the same set of plant species in two contrasting habitats, we would hypothesize that plant trait variability observed across species should be congruent with differences in environments, yet variability observed within a species should differ with species because of different genetic ...
... Therefore, for the same set of plant species in two contrasting habitats, we would hypothesize that plant trait variability observed across species should be congruent with differences in environments, yet variability observed within a species should differ with species because of different genetic ...
GENETIC VARIATION AMONG POPULATIONS AND SPECIES OF GROUPERS AND CORALGROUPERS
... currently exploited species whose past genetic diversity is not known. Finally, the cryptic variation in some exploited species has hampered fishery data collection in the Indo-West Pacific because of taxonomic confusion (K. Rhodes, U. of Hong Kong, pers. comm.). The management of multispecies reef ...
... currently exploited species whose past genetic diversity is not known. Finally, the cryptic variation in some exploited species has hampered fishery data collection in the Indo-West Pacific because of taxonomic confusion (K. Rhodes, U. of Hong Kong, pers. comm.). The management of multispecies reef ...
FNHTB Inc (0473, FS0015 and FS0016)
... work best over the long term. Where natural selection has operated to increase the robustness of organisms within the constraints of particular environmental conditions, for instance, there is no reason to expect that robustness would be maintained if those conditions changed. Indeed, given that the ...
... work best over the long term. Where natural selection has operated to increase the robustness of organisms within the constraints of particular environmental conditions, for instance, there is no reason to expect that robustness would be maintained if those conditions changed. Indeed, given that the ...
Coexistence and relative abundance in annual plant assemblages
... largest-seeded, competitive species are the least abundant. This relationship is more accurately described by a constraint line, where small-seeded species can be either common or sparse, while large-seeded species are consistently rare (Guo et al. 2000). Leishman and Murray (2001) have recently sho ...
... largest-seeded, competitive species are the least abundant. This relationship is more accurately described by a constraint line, where small-seeded species can be either common or sparse, while large-seeded species are consistently rare (Guo et al. 2000). Leishman and Murray (2001) have recently sho ...
Macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns of leaf herbivory
... The consumption of plants by animals underlies important evolutionary and ecological processes in nature. Arthropod herbivory evolved approximately 415 Ma and the ensuing coevolution between plants and herbivores is credited with generating much of the macroscopic diversity on the Earth. In contempo ...
... The consumption of plants by animals underlies important evolutionary and ecological processes in nature. Arthropod herbivory evolved approximately 415 Ma and the ensuing coevolution between plants and herbivores is credited with generating much of the macroscopic diversity on the Earth. In contempo ...
A Review of Host-Parasite Relationships
... Taking the broad definition of parasitology into consideration, the word “symbiosis” as used, raises another question. The word itself is taken from Ancient Greek language meaning “living together” [3] ie close and long term interactions between two or more different biological species. In 1877, Alb ...
... Taking the broad definition of parasitology into consideration, the word “symbiosis” as used, raises another question. The word itself is taken from Ancient Greek language meaning “living together” [3] ie close and long term interactions between two or more different biological species. In 1877, Alb ...
Perennial habitat fragments, parasitoid diversity and
... 1. Agricultural intensification has led to the removal of semi-wild, perennial vegetation in agricultural landscapes. However, in short-cycle crops, frequent disturbance from insecticides, harvesting and tillage disrupts the establishment of resident communities of natural enemies of pests. Semi-wil ...
... 1. Agricultural intensification has led to the removal of semi-wild, perennial vegetation in agricultural landscapes. However, in short-cycle crops, frequent disturbance from insecticides, harvesting and tillage disrupts the establishment of resident communities of natural enemies of pests. Semi-wil ...
Macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns of
... The consumption of plants by animals underlies important evolutionary and ecological processes in nature. Arthropod herbivory evolved approximately 415 Ma and the ensuing coevolution between plants and herbivores is credited with generating much of the macroscopic diversity on the Earth. In contempo ...
... The consumption of plants by animals underlies important evolutionary and ecological processes in nature. Arthropod herbivory evolved approximately 415 Ma and the ensuing coevolution between plants and herbivores is credited with generating much of the macroscopic diversity on the Earth. In contempo ...
Plant diversity consequences of a herbivore-driven biome
... (Milton & Hoffman 1994; Cingolani et al. 2005), indicates a number of putative threshold points that facilitate an increase of shrubs through grazing. In semiarid shortgrass steppe of the North American Great Plains, species diversity and richness were found to decline with increasing grazing intens ...
... (Milton & Hoffman 1994; Cingolani et al. 2005), indicates a number of putative threshold points that facilitate an increase of shrubs through grazing. In semiarid shortgrass steppe of the North American Great Plains, species diversity and richness were found to decline with increasing grazing intens ...
DOC
... 55. predict what would happen if a particular organism was removed from a food web. 56. predict what would happen if a keystone species was killed off. 57. label these symbioses as +/+, +/-, -/-, or +/0: commensalism, parasitism, mutualism, competition 58. give an example of a mutualism between two ...
... 55. predict what would happen if a particular organism was removed from a food web. 56. predict what would happen if a keystone species was killed off. 57. label these symbioses as +/+, +/-, -/-, or +/0: commensalism, parasitism, mutualism, competition 58. give an example of a mutualism between two ...
Pleistocene megafaunal interaction networks
... To generate Pleistocene predator – prey networks representing each site, we first defined the range of the three parameters a, b and g of the LRM. The extremes of the range of each parameter were the smallest and largest values found as MLEs for the three African sites. By doing so, we adopt the ass ...
... To generate Pleistocene predator – prey networks representing each site, we first defined the range of the three parameters a, b and g of the LRM. The extremes of the range of each parameter were the smallest and largest values found as MLEs for the three African sites. By doing so, we adopt the ass ...
Study Guide for Exam 2 – Biol-1, C. Briggs, rev. SP16 Test
... 55. predict what would happen if a particular organism was removed from a food web. 56. predict what would happen if a keystone species was killed off. 57. label these symbioses as +/+, +/-, -/-, or +/0: commensalism, parasitism, mutualism, competition 58. give an example of a mutualism between two ...
... 55. predict what would happen if a particular organism was removed from a food web. 56. predict what would happen if a keystone species was killed off. 57. label these symbioses as +/+, +/-, -/-, or +/0: commensalism, parasitism, mutualism, competition 58. give an example of a mutualism between two ...
Keystone species - Department of Conservation
... result in compensatory action by the others as they expand in abundance or niche breadth. However, if all but one of the species in the group are eliminated (e.g. by human influence), the remaining species may come to play a keystone role it did not previously have. The avian fauna of New Zealand, ...
... result in compensatory action by the others as they expand in abundance or niche breadth. However, if all but one of the species in the group are eliminated (e.g. by human influence), the remaining species may come to play a keystone role it did not previously have. The avian fauna of New Zealand, ...
Keystone Predator
... EcoBeaker models, each individual belongs to a “species” which is defined by a collection of rules that determine that species’ behavior. For example, species that are mobile consumers follow rules that dictate how far they can move in a time step, what they can eat, how much energy they obtain from ...
... EcoBeaker models, each individual belongs to a “species” which is defined by a collection of rules that determine that species’ behavior. For example, species that are mobile consumers follow rules that dictate how far they can move in a time step, what they can eat, how much energy they obtain from ...
The Role of Consumers in Community Diversity
... 1. Decomposers and producers are locked in an “antagonistic mutualistic” relationship. Environmental changes lead to inseparable responses by both; 2. Consumers affect rates of movement of materials among different pools; 3. Consumers can determine the distribution of biomass among trophic groups; 4 ...
... 1. Decomposers and producers are locked in an “antagonistic mutualistic” relationship. Environmental changes lead to inseparable responses by both; 2. Consumers affect rates of movement of materials among different pools; 3. Consumers can determine the distribution of biomass among trophic groups; 4 ...
using experimental evolution to investigate geographic range limits
... To solve this conundrum, we must know which traits are under selection at and beyond the range boundary, and why they do not evolve to allow range expansion. Many mechanisms have been proposed to limit the potential for adaptive evolution at range boundaries. Some hypotheses propose that marginal po ...
... To solve this conundrum, we must know which traits are under selection at and beyond the range boundary, and why they do not evolve to allow range expansion. Many mechanisms have been proposed to limit the potential for adaptive evolution at range boundaries. Some hypotheses propose that marginal po ...
Functional traits, productivity and effects on nitrogen
... among the functional traits of fine roots for non-legumes parallels the set of correlations for leaf functional traits. Low-N species maintained greater biomass than highN species, more by producing tissues with low N concentrations and greater longevity than by acquiring more N. Greater relative pr ...
... among the functional traits of fine roots for non-legumes parallels the set of correlations for leaf functional traits. Low-N species maintained greater biomass than highN species, more by producing tissues with low N concentrations and greater longevity than by acquiring more N. Greater relative pr ...
Urban Systems - Stockholm Resilience Centre
... Interestingly, the number of plant species in urban areas often correlates with the human population size. Species number often increases with log number of human inhabitants, and that relationship is stronger than the correlation with city area. The age of the city also affects species richness; la ...
... Interestingly, the number of plant species in urban areas often correlates with the human population size. Species number often increases with log number of human inhabitants, and that relationship is stronger than the correlation with city area. The age of the city also affects species richness; la ...
Ecological fitting
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.