General Equilibrium of an Ecosystem
... organism’s demands for biomass from other organisms, and the demands are aggregated over all organisms within each species to build the biomass market demands and market supplies. An equilibrium occurs when market demands for each species’ biomass are equated to the supply of that species biomass a ...
... organism’s demands for biomass from other organisms, and the demands are aggregated over all organisms within each species to build the biomass market demands and market supplies. An equilibrium occurs when market demands for each species’ biomass are equated to the supply of that species biomass a ...
The Influence of Predator-Prey Population Dynamics on the Long
... Solé et al, 1997; Amaral & Meyer, 1999). The idea is that the avalanches of extinctions visible in the fossil record can be expected to arise from the internal coevolutionary dynamics of the system, and thus one does not need to postulate catastrophic external events such as meteorite strikes or c ...
... Solé et al, 1997; Amaral & Meyer, 1999). The idea is that the avalanches of extinctions visible in the fossil record can be expected to arise from the internal coevolutionary dynamics of the system, and thus one does not need to postulate catastrophic external events such as meteorite strikes or c ...
Ecological scaling alters observed relationships between diversity
... processes, understanding the relationships among these factors is critical for developing a predictive understanding of how ecosystems will respond to such changes. To address these issues, I examined patterns in the variance and covariance among understory plant biodiversity, productivity, and deco ...
... processes, understanding the relationships among these factors is critical for developing a predictive understanding of how ecosystems will respond to such changes. To address these issues, I examined patterns in the variance and covariance among understory plant biodiversity, productivity, and deco ...
Mechanisms of Rapid Adaptation to Environmental Stressors in
... Forecasting the effects of the human stressors under a global change scenario upon the biological diversity and ecosystems is the aim of the predictive ecology [28]. Within the predictive ecology, ecotoxicology is the field of knowledge that study the relationships between stressors substances or pr ...
... Forecasting the effects of the human stressors under a global change scenario upon the biological diversity and ecosystems is the aim of the predictive ecology [28]. Within the predictive ecology, ecotoxicology is the field of knowledge that study the relationships between stressors substances or pr ...
The population ecology of contemporary adaptations
... microevolution (primarily within the last 200 years) documenting changes in morphological, life history, behavioral, and physiological characters. The studies considered were almost always associated with some information about the time interval over which the change had taken place, the context of ...
... microevolution (primarily within the last 200 years) documenting changes in morphological, life history, behavioral, and physiological characters. The studies considered were almost always associated with some information about the time interval over which the change had taken place, the context of ...
S51.2: Brood parasites: The advantages of being a different species
... By definition, a parasite (pathogen) is an organism living in or on another organism. The parasite feed on the host showing some degree of structural adaptation to it, and is frequently causing it some harm (Poulin 1998). It is clear that pathogens impose costs on their hosts (see examples in Clayto ...
... By definition, a parasite (pathogen) is an organism living in or on another organism. The parasite feed on the host showing some degree of structural adaptation to it, and is frequently causing it some harm (Poulin 1998). It is clear that pathogens impose costs on their hosts (see examples in Clayto ...
Downloaded
... function less efficiently [5,7,9–11]. This literature is now large and has been well synthesized, including several detailed meta-analyses [12,13]. Net primary productivity (or a surrogate variable) is one of the most widely examined response variables because it is easy to measure and is an energy ...
... function less efficiently [5,7,9–11]. This literature is now large and has been well synthesized, including several detailed meta-analyses [12,13]. Net primary productivity (or a surrogate variable) is one of the most widely examined response variables because it is easy to measure and is an energy ...
Biodiversity: an introduction - European Capitals of Biodiversity
... successful and well-adapted. Naturally varying climatic conditions also impact upon the success of different species. ...
... successful and well-adapted. Naturally varying climatic conditions also impact upon the success of different species. ...
Power Point Presentation - Hale AP Biology
... • Interspecific competition (–/– interaction) occurs when species compete for a resource in short supply • Strong competition can lead to competitive exclusion, local elimination of a competing species ...
... • Interspecific competition (–/– interaction) occurs when species compete for a resource in short supply • Strong competition can lead to competitive exclusion, local elimination of a competing species ...
Speciation
... • Population ecology = investigates the quantitative dynamics of how individuals within a species interact • Community ecology = focuses on interactions among species • Ecosystem ecology = studies living and nonliving components of systems to reveal patterns ...
... • Population ecology = investigates the quantitative dynamics of how individuals within a species interact • Community ecology = focuses on interactions among species • Ecosystem ecology = studies living and nonliving components of systems to reveal patterns ...
Is There a Latitudinal Gradient in the Importance of Biotic Interactions?
... remain scarce. Here we review the existing literature and ask, Is there a latitudinal gradient in the importance of biotic interactions? A number of approaches have been proposed for estimating interaction strengths (Wootton & Emmerson 2005). The ideal metric for evaluating the importance of biotic ...
... remain scarce. Here we review the existing literature and ask, Is there a latitudinal gradient in the importance of biotic interactions? A number of approaches have been proposed for estimating interaction strengths (Wootton & Emmerson 2005). The ideal metric for evaluating the importance of biotic ...
1 Facilitators Notes Figure 1 Concept Biotic (living) and abiotic (non
... Population – individuals of the same species (sometimes a taxonomic group) in a specified area (e.g. number of dragonfly larvae / square meter) Community – groups of populations in an area that interact with each other Ecosystem – a spatially explicit unit that includes all of the organisms in that ...
... Population – individuals of the same species (sometimes a taxonomic group) in a specified area (e.g. number of dragonfly larvae / square meter) Community – groups of populations in an area that interact with each other Ecosystem – a spatially explicit unit that includes all of the organisms in that ...
Focus in Action Learning Pack
... 1.0 Relationships exist between living things and their environments 1.1 Defining an Ecosystem and Learning about Basic Needs Ecology is the study of the relationship between living organisms and their environment. An ecologist is someone who studies those relationships. An ecosystem is a place, suc ...
... 1.0 Relationships exist between living things and their environments 1.1 Defining an Ecosystem and Learning about Basic Needs Ecology is the study of the relationship between living organisms and their environment. An ecologist is someone who studies those relationships. An ecosystem is a place, suc ...
symbiosis, lateral function transfer and the (many) saplings of life
... sense) has happened and that endosymbiotic theory provides the best account of the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts. But the broad consensus is that it has been extremely rare (estimates are that narrow endosymbiosis has happened twice in prokaryotes in the last 4 billion years, See Martin ...
... sense) has happened and that endosymbiotic theory provides the best account of the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts. But the broad consensus is that it has been extremely rare (estimates are that narrow endosymbiosis has happened twice in prokaryotes in the last 4 billion years, See Martin ...
The Cronus hypothesis – extinction as a necessary and dynamic
... Abstract The incredible diversity of life on Earth veils the tumultuous history of biodiversity loss over deep time. Six mass extinction events since the Cambrian species explosion (including the current Anthropocene), and many smaller extinction spasms, have terminated 99 % of all species that have ...
... Abstract The incredible diversity of life on Earth veils the tumultuous history of biodiversity loss over deep time. Six mass extinction events since the Cambrian species explosion (including the current Anthropocene), and many smaller extinction spasms, have terminated 99 % of all species that have ...
Seasonal and Latitudinal Patterns in Rocky Intertidal Communities
... While a given year may involve a strong La Niña, El Niño, or neither, some level of seasonal variation can be expected to occur on an annual basis. In addition, inter-annual variation in the ENSO has been shown to produce community turnover as the growth and survival of certain species are favoured ...
... While a given year may involve a strong La Niña, El Niño, or neither, some level of seasonal variation can be expected to occur on an annual basis. In addition, inter-annual variation in the ENSO has been shown to produce community turnover as the growth and survival of certain species are favoured ...
simulated predator extinctions
... Abstract. The rate of species loss is increasing at a global scale, and human-induced extinctions are biased toward predator species. We examined the effects of predator extinctions on a foundation species, the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). We performed a factorial experiment manipulating ...
... Abstract. The rate of species loss is increasing at a global scale, and human-induced extinctions are biased toward predator species. We examined the effects of predator extinctions on a foundation species, the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). We performed a factorial experiment manipulating ...
Manuscript for Marine Ecology Progress Series
... While a given year may involve a strong La Niña, El Niño, or neither, some level of seasonal variation can be expected to occur on an annual basis. In addition, inter-annual variation in the ENSO has been shown to produce community turnover as the growth and survival of certain species are favoured ...
... While a given year may involve a strong La Niña, El Niño, or neither, some level of seasonal variation can be expected to occur on an annual basis. In addition, inter-annual variation in the ENSO has been shown to produce community turnover as the growth and survival of certain species are favoured ...
The University of Chicago Press The American Society of Naturalists
... during life’s diversification (e.g., Vermeij 1991b; Benton 1995, 1996)? If so, what underlying mechanisms might explain why natural selection and vicariance events generally produced species incapable of displacing existing taxa? What mechanisms could explain why taxa that had evolved in different b ...
... during life’s diversification (e.g., Vermeij 1991b; Benton 1995, 1996)? If so, what underlying mechanisms might explain why natural selection and vicariance events generally produced species incapable of displacing existing taxa? What mechanisms could explain why taxa that had evolved in different b ...
RIVER CONSERVATION: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
... interest. Many biological traits of nonnative species, such as temperature tolerance or body size, can be important determinants of their invasion success in particular water bodies. However, the best predictors for invasions are usually simply those species that are of interest to humans, and eithe ...
... interest. Many biological traits of nonnative species, such as temperature tolerance or body size, can be important determinants of their invasion success in particular water bodies. However, the best predictors for invasions are usually simply those species that are of interest to humans, and eithe ...
6 Succession and Change in Ecosystems
... rapid. For example, a landslide might completely destroy an existing ecosystem. Other changes are slow. For instance, seeds carried by wind or water might take root in a vacant lot or in sidewalk cracks and result in a new population of plants. If conditions are good for growth, the new plants might ...
... rapid. For example, a landslide might completely destroy an existing ecosystem. Other changes are slow. For instance, seeds carried by wind or water might take root in a vacant lot or in sidewalk cracks and result in a new population of plants. If conditions are good for growth, the new plants might ...
TRADITIONAL SUCCESSION AND CLIMAX CONCEPTS
... communities and associated animals and microbes successively occupy and replace each other over time in a particular ecosystem or landscape location following a disturbance to that ecosystem.” Spurr and Barnes: "Succession is the replacement of the biota of an area by one of a different nature" Impo ...
... communities and associated animals and microbes successively occupy and replace each other over time in a particular ecosystem or landscape location following a disturbance to that ecosystem.” Spurr and Barnes: "Succession is the replacement of the biota of an area by one of a different nature" Impo ...
Tradeoffs, competition, and coexistence in eastern deciduous forest
... Similarly, tradeoffs (i.e. inverse relationships between functional traits among organisms) might also promote segregation among species (Tilman 1994; McPeek et al. ...
... Similarly, tradeoffs (i.e. inverse relationships between functional traits among organisms) might also promote segregation among species (Tilman 1994; McPeek et al. ...
LIFE HISTORIES Chapter 12
... ÆA Web of ecological relationships, with vastly different in life histories. ...
... ÆA Web of ecological relationships, with vastly different in life histories. ...
Developing a Theory of Plant-Insect Herbivore Interactions: Are We
... JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JS ...
... JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JS ...
Ecological fitting
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.