Ecology and Evolution Affect Network Structure
... early analyses of network topology used network statistics (e.g., connectivity, nestedness) that considered only binary connections between species, that is, a presence/absence interaction matrix (but see Vazquez et al. 2007). However, an analysis of network properties based on an index of reciproca ...
... early analyses of network topology used network statistics (e.g., connectivity, nestedness) that considered only binary connections between species, that is, a presence/absence interaction matrix (but see Vazquez et al. 2007). However, an analysis of network properties based on an index of reciproca ...
From spatially explicit ecological models to mean
... Faugeras and Maury, 2007). This seminal idea comes from theoretical physics, where the term ‘mean-field approximation’ had been coined under a different meaning. It is well known that the complex problem of a large number interacting bodies/ particles is extremely difficult to solve, but the initial m ...
... Faugeras and Maury, 2007). This seminal idea comes from theoretical physics, where the term ‘mean-field approximation’ had been coined under a different meaning. It is well known that the complex problem of a large number interacting bodies/ particles is extremely difficult to solve, but the initial m ...
Effects of biological invasions on forest carbon
... use change, nitrogen (N) deposition and climate change. However, remarkably little attention has been given to one major global change driver, namely biological invasions. This is despite growing evidence that invasive species can dramatically alter a range of aboveground and belowground ecosystem p ...
... use change, nitrogen (N) deposition and climate change. However, remarkably little attention has been given to one major global change driver, namely biological invasions. This is despite growing evidence that invasive species can dramatically alter a range of aboveground and belowground ecosystem p ...
... Study Organisms: We will focus on the ants of eastern North America. Ants are an abundant (up to 40% of animal biomass), ecologically important (~35% of all herbaceous species have their seeds dispersed by ants, and ants modify ecosystem properties) and diverse taxon whose distribution, diversity an ...
Effects of alien species on plant-pollinator interactions: how can
... as large, showy flowers, offer high rewards for their visitors, and/or employ a supergeneralist pollination strategy (Morales and Traveset 2009). The attraction of pollinators to these invasive plants can have major effects on native plant species in the invaded community (Bjerknes et al. 2007; Mora ...
... as large, showy flowers, offer high rewards for their visitors, and/or employ a supergeneralist pollination strategy (Morales and Traveset 2009). The attraction of pollinators to these invasive plants can have major effects on native plant species in the invaded community (Bjerknes et al. 2007; Mora ...
Fundamental and realized niches of two chrysomelid
... competitive abilities and frequently encounter interspecific competition for food on same habitat but none of them is superior. Interspecific competition is one of the important ecological factors that can structure herbivore insect community (Kaplan and Denno 2007), distribution, and abundance (Law ...
... competitive abilities and frequently encounter interspecific competition for food on same habitat but none of them is superior. Interspecific competition is one of the important ecological factors that can structure herbivore insect community (Kaplan and Denno 2007), distribution, and abundance (Law ...
Ecological Mechanisms Underlying Arthropod Species Further
... experience variable weather patterns, leading to big swings in NPP and plant foliar quality between years (82), and arthropod abundances can show large swings (12). The legacy of variable climatic history associated with Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles caused significant shifts in range distr ...
... experience variable weather patterns, leading to big swings in NPP and plant foliar quality between years (82), and arthropod abundances can show large swings (12). The legacy of variable climatic history associated with Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles caused significant shifts in range distr ...
Summary - Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative
... any wide-ranging species, the “significance” of any cumulative impact is impossible to determine regardless of how large or small a relative change appears to be. The utility of CEA is thus in comparing among scenarios or in demonstrating the mitigation necessary to theoretically balance or offset p ...
... any wide-ranging species, the “significance” of any cumulative impact is impossible to determine regardless of how large or small a relative change appears to be. The utility of CEA is thus in comparing among scenarios or in demonstrating the mitigation necessary to theoretically balance or offset p ...
Key Threatening Process Nomination Form
... Dingoes arrived in Australia from East Asia between 3,000 and 5,000 years ago (Savolainen et al., 2004; Oskarsson et al., 2012; Crowther et al., 2014). From the time of their arrival in Australia until European colonisation dingoes were isolated from all other canid species. Through natural selectio ...
... Dingoes arrived in Australia from East Asia between 3,000 and 5,000 years ago (Savolainen et al., 2004; Oskarsson et al., 2012; Crowther et al., 2014). From the time of their arrival in Australia until European colonisation dingoes were isolated from all other canid species. Through natural selectio ...
Networking Agroecology: Integrating the Diversity of Agroecosystem
... that is feasible, might not achieve these goals. There is increasing evidence that the structure and dynamics of networks modulates the trajectory and rate of change in response to the imposition and also the alleviation of stressors, with time-lags arising due to ecological inertia in the food web. ...
... that is feasible, might not achieve these goals. There is increasing evidence that the structure and dynamics of networks modulates the trajectory and rate of change in response to the imposition and also the alleviation of stressors, with time-lags arising due to ecological inertia in the food web. ...
Nutrient enrichment and food chains: can evolution buffer top
... herbivore evolution, plant evolution, or both. When only herbivores are allowed to evolve, the predictions are similar to those of the ecological model without evolution, i.e., plant biomass does not change with nutrient addition. When only plants evolve, nutrient enrichment leads to an increase in ...
... herbivore evolution, plant evolution, or both. When only herbivores are allowed to evolve, the predictions are similar to those of the ecological model without evolution, i.e., plant biomass does not change with nutrient addition. When only plants evolve, nutrient enrichment leads to an increase in ...
Representations of the ecological niche
... value(s), henceforth called condition to avoid misinterpretation. Each condition is a biotic or abiotic factor (also called a resource in ecology) with specific values to which a species is adapted, such as its diet, activity pattern, and number of young. The F uN has the maximum hypervolume for the ...
... value(s), henceforth called condition to avoid misinterpretation. Each condition is a biotic or abiotic factor (also called a resource in ecology) with specific values to which a species is adapted, such as its diet, activity pattern, and number of young. The F uN has the maximum hypervolume for the ...
Collapse of the world`s largest herbivores
... effects, and the conservation efforts needed to save them and their predators from extinction. Large herbivores are generally facing dramatic population declines and range contractions, such that ~60% are threatened with extinction. Nearly all threatened species are in developing countries, where ma ...
... effects, and the conservation efforts needed to save them and their predators from extinction. Large herbivores are generally facing dramatic population declines and range contractions, such that ~60% are threatened with extinction. Nearly all threatened species are in developing countries, where ma ...
Ontogenetic trait variation influences tree community assembly
... for abiotic filtering among co-occurring adults. In contrast, local communities of saplings often had higher functional dispersion of leaf size and SLA than expected by chance regardless of their location along the topo-edaphic gradient, suggesting an important role for biotic filtering among co-occ ...
... for abiotic filtering among co-occurring adults. In contrast, local communities of saplings often had higher functional dispersion of leaf size and SLA than expected by chance regardless of their location along the topo-edaphic gradient, suggesting an important role for biotic filtering among co-occ ...
Lepidopteran Communities in Two Forest Ecosystems During the
... potential productivity of speciÞc sites or identify appropriate management options based on the quality and characteristics of a site (Host et al. 1993, Sims et al. 1996). Such a classiÞcation system could also be useful in evaluating effects of disturbance on forest insect communities if insect com ...
... potential productivity of speciÞc sites or identify appropriate management options based on the quality and characteristics of a site (Host et al. 1993, Sims et al. 1996). Such a classiÞcation system could also be useful in evaluating effects of disturbance on forest insect communities if insect com ...
Beavers and biodiversity: the ethics of ecological restoration
... The National Forest and Nature Agency is responsible for the beaver reintroduction scheme. It offers two major reasons why the beaver should be reintroduced (Asbirk, 1998) First, there is an international legal responsibility to consider reintroduction if the beaver is unlikely to be able to migrate ...
... The National Forest and Nature Agency is responsible for the beaver reintroduction scheme. It offers two major reasons why the beaver should be reintroduced (Asbirk, 1998) First, there is an international legal responsibility to consider reintroduction if the beaver is unlikely to be able to migrate ...
A meta-analysis of biotic resistance to exotic plant invasions
... resistance? Here we evaluate conventional wisdom concerning each of these questions by taking a meta-analytical approach to the plant invasions literature. Although opinions vary, many ecologists expect that biotic resistance is a strong process, capable of repelling exotic invasions (Moulton & Pimm ...
... resistance? Here we evaluate conventional wisdom concerning each of these questions by taking a meta-analytical approach to the plant invasions literature. Although opinions vary, many ecologists expect that biotic resistance is a strong process, capable of repelling exotic invasions (Moulton & Pimm ...
A metaanalysis of biotic resistance to exotic plant invasions
... resistance? Here we evaluate conventional wisdom concerning each of these questions by taking a meta-analytical approach to the plant invasions literature. Although opinions vary, many ecologists expect that biotic resistance is a strong process, capable of repelling exotic invasions (Moulton & Pimm ...
... resistance? Here we evaluate conventional wisdom concerning each of these questions by taking a meta-analytical approach to the plant invasions literature. Although opinions vary, many ecologists expect that biotic resistance is a strong process, capable of repelling exotic invasions (Moulton & Pimm ...
Competition and Facilitation: a Synthetic Approach to Interactions in
... Our understanding of how interactions among plants affect community structure is largely based on studies in which specific mechanisms have been isolated and analyzed. By this approach, ecologists have shown that resource competition (Connell 1983, Schoener 1983), allelopathy (Rice 1984, Williamson ...
... Our understanding of how interactions among plants affect community structure is largely based on studies in which specific mechanisms have been isolated and analyzed. By this approach, ecologists have shown that resource competition (Connell 1983, Schoener 1983), allelopathy (Rice 1984, Williamson ...
Downloaded - University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences
... significant impacts on geomorphological processes and landforms, while landforms and surface processes are in turn critical aspects of habitat for organisms. It has long been recognized that landforms and organisms influence each other. However, the rise of biogeomorphology in recent years reflects ...
... significant impacts on geomorphological processes and landforms, while landforms and surface processes are in turn critical aspects of habitat for organisms. It has long been recognized that landforms and organisms influence each other. However, the rise of biogeomorphology in recent years reflects ...
Modeling Food-Web Dynamics: Complexity
... 2000) for a world facing biodiversity and habitat loss, invasive species, climate change, and other anthropogenic factors that are resulting in the drastic reorganization of many ecosystems, and in some cases may lead to the collapse of ecosystems and the vital, underappreciated services they provid ...
... 2000) for a world facing biodiversity and habitat loss, invasive species, climate change, and other anthropogenic factors that are resulting in the drastic reorganization of many ecosystems, and in some cases may lead to the collapse of ecosystems and the vital, underappreciated services they provid ...
Stability and Fragility in Arctic Ecosystems
... terrain, on the tundra. This is a very specialized and local sort of fragility, but where such damage has occurred the effects are spectacular enough to cause widespread horror and alarm, reactions which are quickly recorded and amplified by the “news media”. Once the active layer of the tundra, the ...
... terrain, on the tundra. This is a very specialized and local sort of fragility, but where such damage has occurred the effects are spectacular enough to cause widespread horror and alarm, reactions which are quickly recorded and amplified by the “news media”. Once the active layer of the tundra, the ...
Experimental evidence that the introduced fire ant, Solenopsis
... dominant invasive species in these habitats can provide a deeper understanding of the impact and spread of invasive species, why some species become dominant and how dominant species impact other species. In particular, experimentally manipulating the abundance of invasive species in recently assemb ...
... dominant invasive species in these habitats can provide a deeper understanding of the impact and spread of invasive species, why some species become dominant and how dominant species impact other species. In particular, experimentally manipulating the abundance of invasive species in recently assemb ...
Interspecific Abundance-Range Size Relationships
... Although there is considerable unexplained variance about positive interspecific abundance-range size relationships, the existence of the pattern has motivated a search for a general explanation that transcends the idiosyncrasies of particular assemblages. A number of mechanisms have been proposed, ...
... Although there is considerable unexplained variance about positive interspecific abundance-range size relationships, the existence of the pattern has motivated a search for a general explanation that transcends the idiosyncrasies of particular assemblages. A number of mechanisms have been proposed, ...
Brief - nerc-bess
... function, but with different responses to environmental changes, then the dominant species performing a particular function could switch. This is often described as the ‘insurance effect’ provided by biodiversity. Ellen Fry and colleagues found that having plant species with varying traits increases ...
... function, but with different responses to environmental changes, then the dominant species performing a particular function could switch. This is often described as the ‘insurance effect’ provided by biodiversity. Ellen Fry and colleagues found that having plant species with varying traits increases ...
Ecological fitting
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.