Research Information on Acacia Erioloba
... although larger trees survive these. Large, old trees within populations are susceptible to fire (Van der Walt and Le Riche 1984) and storms (Wackernagel 1993, Barnes 1999), however. A. erioloba is able to resprout after fire (Skarpe 1980), felling (Henkel 1931) and herbivory (Barnes 1999), but appe ...
... although larger trees survive these. Large, old trees within populations are susceptible to fire (Van der Walt and Le Riche 1984) and storms (Wackernagel 1993, Barnes 1999), however. A. erioloba is able to resprout after fire (Skarpe 1980), felling (Henkel 1931) and herbivory (Barnes 1999), but appe ...
scale-dependent responses of plant biodiversity to nitrogen
... Silvertown 1980, Wedin and Tilman 1996, Gough et al. 2000, Stevens et al. 2004, Suding et al. 2005), it is less clear how N enrichment affects biodiversity at larger spatial scales. We found that N enrichment often alters biodiversity at local (within a plot), intermediate (among plots), and regiona ...
... Silvertown 1980, Wedin and Tilman 1996, Gough et al. 2000, Stevens et al. 2004, Suding et al. 2005), it is less clear how N enrichment affects biodiversity at larger spatial scales. We found that N enrichment often alters biodiversity at local (within a plot), intermediate (among plots), and regiona ...
Anurag Agrawal - Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
... Nile Kurashige (2001-2004) primary advisor, MSc Botany, University of Toronto. Phenotypic plasticity to light competition and herbivory in Chenopodium album. Marc Johnson (2002-2006) primary advisor, PhD Botany, University of Toronto. Community genetics of Evening Primrose and its insects: testing h ...
... Nile Kurashige (2001-2004) primary advisor, MSc Botany, University of Toronto. Phenotypic plasticity to light competition and herbivory in Chenopodium album. Marc Johnson (2002-2006) primary advisor, PhD Botany, University of Toronto. Community genetics of Evening Primrose and its insects: testing h ...
indirect interactions mediated by changing plant chemistry: beaver
... to salicylaldehyde releases glucose. Also, resprout growth contained more total nitrogen than did nonresprout growth. Transfer experiments showed that, in apparent response to these increased nutritional benefits, beetles fed resprout growth developed faster and weighed more at maturity. Although in ...
... to salicylaldehyde releases glucose. Also, resprout growth contained more total nitrogen than did nonresprout growth. Transfer experiments showed that, in apparent response to these increased nutritional benefits, beetles fed resprout growth developed faster and weighed more at maturity. Although in ...
Dinger EC, Hendrickson DA, Winsborough BM, Marks JC (2006)
... predicts that in a two trophic level system, topdown effects of herbivory will more strongly limit standing biomass and algal growth than resources (Hairston et al., 1960; Fretwell, 1977; Oksanen et al., 1981), whereas resources limit primary production in a three level system, since herbivory is con ...
... predicts that in a two trophic level system, topdown effects of herbivory will more strongly limit standing biomass and algal growth than resources (Hairston et al., 1960; Fretwell, 1977; Oksanen et al., 1981), whereas resources limit primary production in a three level system, since herbivory is con ...
Fibre wall and lumen fractions drive wood density
... widely among co-occurring species (Wiemann and Williamson 2002; Muller-Landau 2004). Thus there are many potential functional roles for wood density but also a number of unresolved questions about each potential role. Larjavaara and Muller-Landau (2010) argued that some observed correlations may not ...
... widely among co-occurring species (Wiemann and Williamson 2002; Muller-Landau 2004). Thus there are many potential functional roles for wood density but also a number of unresolved questions about each potential role. Larjavaara and Muller-Landau (2010) argued that some observed correlations may not ...
Insect responses to invasive plant species
... Another insect trophic group besides herbivores which shows a positive response to plant species richness are predators (Haddad, 2001). Positive relationship between insect species richness and plant diversity are found in different studies (Strong et al., 1984; Haddad, et al., 2001; Varchola & Dunn ...
... Another insect trophic group besides herbivores which shows a positive response to plant species richness are predators (Haddad, 2001). Positive relationship between insect species richness and plant diversity are found in different studies (Strong et al., 1984; Haddad, et al., 2001; Varchola & Dunn ...
Fragoso 2005 Trophic strucure tropics
... ecological importance of each interaction shifts through time. I further consider how the interactions between organisms in the same and different trophic levels can affect the diversity and abundance of different species, and speculate on how these interactions can initiate community formation, bio ...
... ecological importance of each interaction shifts through time. I further consider how the interactions between organisms in the same and different trophic levels can affect the diversity and abundance of different species, and speculate on how these interactions can initiate community formation, bio ...
A trophic cascade induced by predatory ants in a figfig wasp
... figs were thus excluded from the analysis. Because wasp numbers on the fig surface were measured repeatedly and not distributed normally, the nonparametric rank-based analysis for longitudinal data was used, with trees and treatment (ant exclusion vs. control) as between-subject factors and time (te ...
... figs were thus excluded from the analysis. Because wasp numbers on the fig surface were measured repeatedly and not distributed normally, the nonparametric rank-based analysis for longitudinal data was used, with trees and treatment (ant exclusion vs. control) as between-subject factors and time (te ...
Individual Variation Decreases Interference Competition but
... can alter the structure and dynamics of the food webs in which these organisms are embedded (Tinker et al., 2012). Individual variation also can affect the strength of consumer–resource interactions by changing the parameters of the functional response connecting species pairs (Bolnick et al., 2011; ...
... can alter the structure and dynamics of the food webs in which these organisms are embedded (Tinker et al., 2012). Individual variation also can affect the strength of consumer–resource interactions by changing the parameters of the functional response connecting species pairs (Bolnick et al., 2011; ...
PDF - McGill University
... We estimated ecological divergence between lake and stream fish based on their diet. This indirect approach to inferring divergent selection was chosen because comparisons of prey “availability” are compromised by the necessarily different sampling procedures in lakes versus streams. Our use of this ...
... We estimated ecological divergence between lake and stream fish based on their diet. This indirect approach to inferring divergent selection was chosen because comparisons of prey “availability” are compromised by the necessarily different sampling procedures in lakes versus streams. Our use of this ...
Ecology and conservation biology of ground beetles - REAL-d
... later stages, exhibit reduced mobility. These species, which are ant or termite symbionts or specialized ectoparasites or predators (Erwin 1979b), total 24% of all carabid tribes [in Erwin's classification (Erwin 1979a)]. However, as not all members of these tribes exhibit these traits, these specia ...
... later stages, exhibit reduced mobility. These species, which are ant or termite symbionts or specialized ectoparasites or predators (Erwin 1979b), total 24% of all carabid tribes [in Erwin's classification (Erwin 1979a)]. However, as not all members of these tribes exhibit these traits, these specia ...
BEHAVIORAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PARASITES AND
... Many parasitic castrators have a free-living stage and so do not necessarily depend upon the activities of the host for dispersal. Any behavioral and physiological modifications performed are expected to increase the amount of energy available to the parasite and reduce the risk of accidental death ...
... Many parasitic castrators have a free-living stage and so do not necessarily depend upon the activities of the host for dispersal. Any behavioral and physiological modifications performed are expected to increase the amount of energy available to the parasite and reduce the risk of accidental death ...
Macquarie Marshes Ramsar site: Ecological character description
... The soils of the nature reserve and U-block consist almost entirely of heavy-textured greybrown and sometimes black silts and clays (mud) to depths of between two and nine metres (Brereton 1994; Ralph 2008; Yonge 2000). Sand content is usually less than 20 per cent and the proportion of organic mate ...
... The soils of the nature reserve and U-block consist almost entirely of heavy-textured greybrown and sometimes black silts and clays (mud) to depths of between two and nine metres (Brereton 1994; Ralph 2008; Yonge 2000). Sand content is usually less than 20 per cent and the proportion of organic mate ...
BEHAVIORAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PARASITES AND HOSTS
... Many parasitic castrators have a free-living stage and so do not necessarily depend upon the activities of the host for dispersal. Any behavioral and physiological modifications performed are expected to increase the amount of energy available to the parasite and reduce the risk of accidental death ...
... Many parasitic castrators have a free-living stage and so do not necessarily depend upon the activities of the host for dispersal. Any behavioral and physiological modifications performed are expected to increase the amount of energy available to the parasite and reduce the risk of accidental death ...
Introduction to Watershed Ecology
... watershed is just one of many types of ecosystems. Watershed ecology is essential knowledge for watershed managers because it teaches us that watersheds have structural and functional characteristics that can influence how human and natural communities coexist within them. The gross structure of a w ...
... watershed is just one of many types of ecosystems. Watershed ecology is essential knowledge for watershed managers because it teaches us that watersheds have structural and functional characteristics that can influence how human and natural communities coexist within them. The gross structure of a w ...
Parasites dominate food web links
... links that were realized, contributing to the conclusion of past studies that parasites slightly decrease connectance (11, 14, 17). Two solutions to this problem are possible. First, one might assume that parasite–parasite and predator–parasite links are illogical and should be excluded from conside ...
... links that were realized, contributing to the conclusion of past studies that parasites slightly decrease connectance (11, 14, 17). Two solutions to this problem are possible. First, one might assume that parasite–parasite and predator–parasite links are illogical and should be excluded from conside ...
Hunter-Gatherer Foraging Strategies in Tropical Grasslands: Model
... Plains). Edaphic or natural grasslands form when the succession to more woody growth has been arrested by biotic mechanisms such as water-logging or root-resistant soil formations. Secondary or derived grasslands are typically maintained by fire, often resulting from the activity of people (Vesey-Fi ...
... Plains). Edaphic or natural grasslands form when the succession to more woody growth has been arrested by biotic mechanisms such as water-logging or root-resistant soil formations. Secondary or derived grasslands are typically maintained by fire, often resulting from the activity of people (Vesey-Fi ...
Impacts of maximum sustainable yield policy to prey–predator systems
... But there are various other factors that may be taken into account when modeling of such a system. One such key and somewhat novel feature is the intraspecific competition in the predator growth dynamics (Kuang et al., 2003; Ruan et al., 2007). This intraspecific competition is assumed to induce addit ...
... But there are various other factors that may be taken into account when modeling of such a system. One such key and somewhat novel feature is the intraspecific competition in the predator growth dynamics (Kuang et al., 2003; Ruan et al., 2007). This intraspecific competition is assumed to induce addit ...
14.1 Habitat And Niche
... A habitat differs from a niche. • A habitat is all aspects of the area in which an organism lives. – biotic factors – abiotic factors • An ecological niche includes all of the factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce. – food – abiotic conditions – behavior ...
... A habitat differs from a niche. • A habitat is all aspects of the area in which an organism lives. – biotic factors – abiotic factors • An ecological niche includes all of the factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce. – food – abiotic conditions – behavior ...
What is an edge species? The implications of sensitivity to habitat
... a model (Fig. 1 in Ries and Sisk 2004) that suggests that organisms should avoid edges with habitats they do not prefer and should ignore edges where habitat quality is equal on both sides. Organisms may prefer edges if their resources are found in greatest abundance there, or if their resources are ...
... a model (Fig. 1 in Ries and Sisk 2004) that suggests that organisms should avoid edges with habitats they do not prefer and should ignore edges where habitat quality is equal on both sides. Organisms may prefer edges if their resources are found in greatest abundance there, or if their resources are ...
fitzgerald biosphere recovery plan
... practices necessary to ensure the long-term viability of the threatened and priority species and ecological communities and the overall biodiversity of the Fitzgerald Biosphere. The attainment of this Plans objectives and the provision of funds necessary to implement actions is subject to budgetary ...
... practices necessary to ensure the long-term viability of the threatened and priority species and ecological communities and the overall biodiversity of the Fitzgerald Biosphere. The attainment of this Plans objectives and the provision of funds necessary to implement actions is subject to budgetary ...
Cooperation and conflict in host manipulation
... inducing changes in host behavior, as those evidenced for several macro-parasites (see above). There is a growing body of evidence for these changes, encompassing parasites with complex life-cycle and either trophic or vector-borne transmission, and parasites with direct life-cycle (reviews in Lefèv ...
... inducing changes in host behavior, as those evidenced for several macro-parasites (see above). There is a growing body of evidence for these changes, encompassing parasites with complex life-cycle and either trophic or vector-borne transmission, and parasites with direct life-cycle (reviews in Lefèv ...
Grades 9-12 Teacher Guide
... Essential activities should be taught sequentially in order to guide students toward designing a field study or a multi-step plan—gathering, recording and organizing data while outdoors and presenting a report of findings to the class. The Lesson 9 activity incorporates this field study or plan as ...
... Essential activities should be taught sequentially in order to guide students toward designing a field study or a multi-step plan—gathering, recording and organizing data while outdoors and presenting a report of findings to the class. The Lesson 9 activity incorporates this field study or plan as ...
Genetic variation, predator–prey interactions and food web structure
... If appropriately established, such a link could have important consequences for biological conservation, as it would imply that preserving (functional) genetic variation within populations could ensure the preservation of entire communities. Keywords: ecological networks; food web robustness and sta ...
... If appropriately established, such a link could have important consequences for biological conservation, as it would imply that preserving (functional) genetic variation within populations could ensure the preservation of entire communities. Keywords: ecological networks; food web robustness and sta ...
Ecological fitting
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.