Limits on ecosystem trophic complexity: insights from
... probability that it goes from node i to node j, ti . is the probability that it is in a flow out of node i, and t.j is the probability that it is in a flow into node j. The quantity Gij is the ratio of the first of these probabilities – which is a joint probability, to the product of the other two ( ...
... probability that it goes from node i to node j, ti . is the probability that it is in a flow out of node i, and t.j is the probability that it is in a flow into node j. The quantity Gij is the ratio of the first of these probabilities – which is a joint probability, to the product of the other two ( ...
Limits on ecosystem trophic complexity: insights from ecological
... probability that it goes from node i to node j, ti . is the probability that it is in a flow out of node i, and t.j is the probability that it is in a flow into node j. The quantity Gij is the ratio of the first of these probabilities – which is a joint probability, to the product of the other two ( ...
... probability that it goes from node i to node j, ti . is the probability that it is in a flow out of node i, and t.j is the probability that it is in a flow into node j. The quantity Gij is the ratio of the first of these probabilities – which is a joint probability, to the product of the other two ( ...
Food chain length and omnivory determine the stability of a marine
... (predators present or absent) and the prevalence of omnivory influenced temporal stability (and its components) of herbivores and plants. We held the density of top predators constant but manipulated their identity to generate a gradient in omnivory prevalence. 2. We measured temporal stability as th ...
... (predators present or absent) and the prevalence of omnivory influenced temporal stability (and its components) of herbivores and plants. We held the density of top predators constant but manipulated their identity to generate a gradient in omnivory prevalence. 2. We measured temporal stability as th ...
Organism Size, Life History, and N:P Stoichiometry
... elements before and after: (a) inorganic chemical reactions, (b) simple biochemical transformations (e.g., respiration of glucose), and (c) complex ecological interactions (e.g., predation with nutrient recycling). In the stoichiometry of predator-prey interactions, a prey item of a given elemental ...
... elements before and after: (a) inorganic chemical reactions, (b) simple biochemical transformations (e.g., respiration of glucose), and (c) complex ecological interactions (e.g., predation with nutrient recycling). In the stoichiometry of predator-prey interactions, a prey item of a given elemental ...
Impacts of Warming on the Structure and Functioning of Aquatic
... of individual species responded strongly to temperature, with some providing evidence to support temperature–size rules. Macroinvertebrate and meiofaunal community composition also changed dramatically across the thermal gradient. Interactions within the warm streams in particular were characterised ...
... of individual species responded strongly to temperature, with some providing evidence to support temperature–size rules. Macroinvertebrate and meiofaunal community composition also changed dramatically across the thermal gradient. Interactions within the warm streams in particular were characterised ...
Species interactions Niche: an individual`s ecological role
... • Two or more species benefit from their interactions • Symbiosis = mutualism in which the organisms live in close physical contact - Microbes within digestive tracts - Plants and fungi • Pollination = bees, bats, birds and others transfer pollen from one flower to another, fertilizing its eggs ...
... • Two or more species benefit from their interactions • Symbiosis = mutualism in which the organisms live in close physical contact - Microbes within digestive tracts - Plants and fungi • Pollination = bees, bats, birds and others transfer pollen from one flower to another, fertilizing its eggs ...
moving towards ecological farming
... industrially managed farm fields, typically consisting of large-scale monocultures with little semi-natural habitat, have the lowest diversity and abundance of bees. This is of great concern – industrial intensive farming landscapes do not support wild bees or the pollination services they provide. ...
... industrially managed farm fields, typically consisting of large-scale monocultures with little semi-natural habitat, have the lowest diversity and abundance of bees. This is of great concern – industrial intensive farming landscapes do not support wild bees or the pollination services they provide. ...
MOVING TOWARDS ECOLOGICAL FARMING
... industrially managed farm fields, typically consisting of large-scale monocultures with little semi-natural habitat, have the lowest diversity and abundance of bees. This is of great concern – industrial intensive farming landscapes do not support wild bees or the pollination services they provide. ...
... industrially managed farm fields, typically consisting of large-scale monocultures with little semi-natural habitat, have the lowest diversity and abundance of bees. This is of great concern – industrial intensive farming landscapes do not support wild bees or the pollination services they provide. ...
fires, ecological effects of
... growth forms. The buds of new shoots are insulated by either layers of leaf sheaths or the soil where species have underground rhizomes. Grasslands recover from burning more rapidly than woody plants and can carry very frequent fires (1–3 years) in productive sites. Although many grasslands burn read ...
... growth forms. The buds of new shoots are insulated by either layers of leaf sheaths or the soil where species have underground rhizomes. Grasslands recover from burning more rapidly than woody plants and can carry very frequent fires (1–3 years) in productive sites. Although many grasslands burn read ...
toward a metabolic theory of ecology
... different structural and functional materials that comprise living biomass, have characteristic ratios of the common elements such as H, O, C, N, P, Na, Cl, S, Ca, and K. N is found primarily in proteins; P in nucleic acids, ADP and ATP, phospholipids, and skeletal structure; Na or K in intracellula ...
... different structural and functional materials that comprise living biomass, have characteristic ratios of the common elements such as H, O, C, N, P, Na, Cl, S, Ca, and K. N is found primarily in proteins; P in nucleic acids, ADP and ATP, phospholipids, and skeletal structure; Na or K in intracellula ...
Functional uniformity - Portsmouth Research Portal
... total numbers of taxa supported by unit area) are likely to be linked causally, although the ...
... total numbers of taxa supported by unit area) are likely to be linked causally, although the ...
Comparing growth patterns among field populations of cereal
... aphids migrate to wheat, around mid-May, from their winter hosts: Rosa spp. (M. dirhodum), different Poaceae (S. avenae) and Prunus padus L. (R. padi). They initially colonize the leaves, and, after flowering, also the ears. Their populations grow and reach their maximum densities, usually in the la ...
... aphids migrate to wheat, around mid-May, from their winter hosts: Rosa spp. (M. dirhodum), different Poaceae (S. avenae) and Prunus padus L. (R. padi). They initially colonize the leaves, and, after flowering, also the ears. Their populations grow and reach their maximum densities, usually in the la ...
Test 2 Ch 3 and 4.2 - Kenton County Schools
... ____ 15. Only ____ percent of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. a. 100 c. 10 b. 50 d. 0 ____ 16. What is the process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air to ammonium? a. nitrogen fixation c. decomposition b. excretion d. denitrification ____ 1 ...
... ____ 15. Only ____ percent of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. a. 100 c. 10 b. 50 d. 0 ____ 16. What is the process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air to ammonium? a. nitrogen fixation c. decomposition b. excretion d. denitrification ____ 1 ...
Mitochondrial DNA Evolution at a Turtle`s Pace: Evidence for Low
... of which were unique to single individuals) were observed, each differing from nearest relatives by one or two site changes. Nucleotide diversity was 0.0002, the lowest value observed among six comparable geographic surveys of either estuarine species or species complexes in the southeastern United ...
... of which were unique to single individuals) were observed, each differing from nearest relatives by one or two site changes. Nucleotide diversity was 0.0002, the lowest value observed among six comparable geographic surveys of either estuarine species or species complexes in the southeastern United ...
The concept of overgrazing and its role in management of
... and overgrazing in Scotland focuses entirely on birds (Ful ler 1996). In this case, overgrazing is implicitly defined as competition or other negative interaction between the grazer (in this case mainly domestic sheep Ovis aries) and bird species, leading to lower population sizes of the latter. A ...
... and overgrazing in Scotland focuses entirely on birds (Ful ler 1996). In this case, overgrazing is implicitly defined as competition or other negative interaction between the grazer (in this case mainly domestic sheep Ovis aries) and bird species, leading to lower population sizes of the latter. A ...
40 Anniversary Conference Gesellschaft für Ökologie
... we actually celebrate the birth of a great idea, since the inscription of our society into the forms of the district court took place a little bit later. However, I consider the birth of an idea to be much more exciting than its official record. I am thus proud to say that the idea of establishing a ...
... we actually celebrate the birth of a great idea, since the inscription of our society into the forms of the district court took place a little bit later. However, I consider the birth of an idea to be much more exciting than its official record. I am thus proud to say that the idea of establishing a ...
Lecture 4: Wilderness Ecosystems
... Sensitive management of human use to minimise disturbance of natural ecosystems – e.g. limiting use within carry capacities Understanding of basic ecology is essential “The ecosystem is the basic fundamental unit in ecology, because it includes both organisms... and abiotic environments, each in ...
... Sensitive management of human use to minimise disturbance of natural ecosystems – e.g. limiting use within carry capacities Understanding of basic ecology is essential “The ecosystem is the basic fundamental unit in ecology, because it includes both organisms... and abiotic environments, each in ...
Functional diversity - Centre d`étude de la forêt
... degradation (Vinther et al. 2003) and bioturbation (Solan et al. 2004) may represent patterns of resource use, but may also result from other requirements. For example, bioturbation can result from shelter building. Thus, one could produce a functional classification of organisms based on one set of ...
... degradation (Vinther et al. 2003) and bioturbation (Solan et al. 2004) may represent patterns of resource use, but may also result from other requirements. For example, bioturbation can result from shelter building. Thus, one could produce a functional classification of organisms based on one set of ...
Adaptation, density dependence and the responses of trophic level
... responses of trophic level abundances to increased per capita mortality at any one level. However, the signs of the responses at each level can often be predicted from a knowledge of the strength of direct density dependence together with three additional quantities: the shape of the relationship be ...
... responses of trophic level abundances to increased per capita mortality at any one level. However, the signs of the responses at each level can often be predicted from a knowledge of the strength of direct density dependence together with three additional quantities: the shape of the relationship be ...
ppt檔案
... serrata and D. pseudoobscura. The solid lines are observed isoclines; the dashed lines are isoclines predicted by the ...
... serrata and D. pseudoobscura. The solid lines are observed isoclines; the dashed lines are isoclines predicted by the ...
Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Communities C
... by the physical and chemical environment, which sets limits on species’ distributions and abundances. Invertebrate species interactions determine community composition within these limits through processes that parallel those observed in coastal habitats, but sometimes in ways that challenge establi ...
... by the physical and chemical environment, which sets limits on species’ distributions and abundances. Invertebrate species interactions determine community composition within these limits through processes that parallel those observed in coastal habitats, but sometimes in ways that challenge establi ...
Tentative List with Brief Descriptions
... Wooded meadows are traditional seminatural communities that few hundred years ago were widespread in the countries around the Baltic Sea but also in other parts of Europe. They are sparse natural wooded areas with regularly mown herb layer where the characteristic appearance and species composition ...
... Wooded meadows are traditional seminatural communities that few hundred years ago were widespread in the countries around the Baltic Sea but also in other parts of Europe. They are sparse natural wooded areas with regularly mown herb layer where the characteristic appearance and species composition ...
indirect facilitation: evidence and predictions from a riparian
... among the most common species rooting into tussocks, with .90% of their individuals in this habitat found on Carex tussocks (J. Levine, unpublished data). In this system, M. guttatus grows rapidly and primarily prostrate, and its dense stoloniferous growth is known to cover areas nearly a square met ...
... among the most common species rooting into tussocks, with .90% of their individuals in this habitat found on Carex tussocks (J. Levine, unpublished data). In this system, M. guttatus grows rapidly and primarily prostrate, and its dense stoloniferous growth is known to cover areas nearly a square met ...
Zoology 100/101 Lecture Study Guide
... 62. Describe genetic drift, founder effect, and bottlenecks. 63. Can founder effect and bottlenecks be examples of natural selection? Explain. 64. What kind of isolating mechanisms lead to speciation and give examples of each? 65. Describe allopatric, sympatric, and parapatric speciation. 66. Descri ...
... 62. Describe genetic drift, founder effect, and bottlenecks. 63. Can founder effect and bottlenecks be examples of natural selection? Explain. 64. What kind of isolating mechanisms lead to speciation and give examples of each? 65. Describe allopatric, sympatric, and parapatric speciation. 66. Descri ...
Ecological fitting
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.