Co-declining mammals and dung beetles: an impending ecological
... with significantly higher beetle richness and overall abundance (Estrada et al. 1999), driven by changes in the dominance of dung beetle species with known affinities for howler monkey dung (Estrada et al. 1993). Caution should be taken, however, in inferring relationships between mammals and beetle ...
... with significantly higher beetle richness and overall abundance (Estrada et al. 1999), driven by changes in the dominance of dung beetle species with known affinities for howler monkey dung (Estrada et al. 1993). Caution should be taken, however, in inferring relationships between mammals and beetle ...
The role of selection within plant communities for ecosystem
... species selection history. Furthermore, using the corrected spectra, I determined that the greatest statistical distance was between the two groups. I demonstrate that alterations in biochemical composition change the fingerprint of plant individuals of eight species selected for in monocultures and ...
... species selection history. Furthermore, using the corrected spectra, I determined that the greatest statistical distance was between the two groups. I demonstrate that alterations in biochemical composition change the fingerprint of plant individuals of eight species selected for in monocultures and ...
pdf file
... acid - A substance with a pH less than 7 due to prevalent hydrogen ions. Acids tend to be sour and corrosive. The human stomach contains hydrochloric acid with a pH of 1; battery acid is stronger, but not by much. Contrast with basic. acid deposition - A comprehensive term for the various ways acid ...
... acid - A substance with a pH less than 7 due to prevalent hydrogen ions. Acids tend to be sour and corrosive. The human stomach contains hydrochloric acid with a pH of 1; battery acid is stronger, but not by much. Contrast with basic. acid deposition - A comprehensive term for the various ways acid ...
Co-declining mammals and dung beetles: an impending ecological
... with significantly higher beetle richness and overall abundance (Estrada et al. 1999), driven by changes in the dominance of dung beetle species with known affinities for howler monkey dung (Estrada et al. 1993). Caution should be taken, however, in inferring relationships between mammals and beetle ...
... with significantly higher beetle richness and overall abundance (Estrada et al. 1999), driven by changes in the dominance of dung beetle species with known affinities for howler monkey dung (Estrada et al. 1993). Caution should be taken, however, in inferring relationships between mammals and beetle ...
The functional role of biodiversity in ecosystems
... model systems to address this issue. With notable exceptions (Naeem et al. 1994; McGrady-Steed et al. 1997), early studies focused on assemblages of primary producers, asking how plant diversity influenced aggregate (ecosystem-level) production or biomass accumulation and resource use. Most experime ...
... model systems to address this issue. With notable exceptions (Naeem et al. 1994; McGrady-Steed et al. 1997), early studies focused on assemblages of primary producers, asking how plant diversity influenced aggregate (ecosystem-level) production or biomass accumulation and resource use. Most experime ...
PLANT-POLLINATOR NETWORKS: INCORPORATING INDIVIDUAL VARIATION AND FUNCTIONAL INFORMATION
... Conceptual model for the evaluation of quantitative and qualitative effects of pollinator-mediated interactions. . . . . . . . . . . In-degree and out-degree distributions of IPT networks . . . . . . Models of quantity and quality effects of pollinator-mediated interactions on pollen receptor specie ...
... Conceptual model for the evaluation of quantitative and qualitative effects of pollinator-mediated interactions. . . . . . . . . . . In-degree and out-degree distributions of IPT networks . . . . . . Models of quantity and quality effects of pollinator-mediated interactions on pollen receptor specie ...
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal effects on plant competition and
... found that positive effects of AMF on plant diversity and productivity declined with increasing soil P availability. Additionally, different species of AMF may have distinct colonization strategies and functional roles in nutrient uptake and pathogen protection (Maherali & Klironomos 2007). Indeed, ...
... found that positive effects of AMF on plant diversity and productivity declined with increasing soil P availability. Additionally, different species of AMF may have distinct colonization strategies and functional roles in nutrient uptake and pathogen protection (Maherali & Klironomos 2007). Indeed, ...
trait-mediated indirect interactions in a simple aquatic food web
... turn reduces consumption of the small tadpoles by another predator (Tramea) (e. g., Soluk and Collins 1988, Soluk 1993). (3) Predators alter competitive interactions between small tadpole species by differentially affecting activity levels of these species. These hypotheses thus represent TMIIs indu ...
... turn reduces consumption of the small tadpoles by another predator (Tramea) (e. g., Soluk and Collins 1988, Soluk 1993). (3) Predators alter competitive interactions between small tadpole species by differentially affecting activity levels of these species. These hypotheses thus represent TMIIs indu ...
do similar communities develop in similar sites? a test
... dynamics on community function (productivity, respiration, nutrient regeneration) in similar sites. In addition, perceived ecological pattern is scale dependent: community-level metrics such as species richness may mask more detailed patterns (species distribution and timing, density, biomass) that ...
... dynamics on community function (productivity, respiration, nutrient regeneration) in similar sites. In addition, perceived ecological pattern is scale dependent: community-level metrics such as species richness may mask more detailed patterns (species distribution and timing, density, biomass) that ...
HERBIVORE OFFENSE Richard Karban Anurag A. Agrawal
... Herbivores may select host plants that provide poor growth but good protection from their own natural enemies (Price et al. 1980, Bernays & Graham 1988). For example, a marine amphipod specializes on a seaweed that minimizes its risk of predation by fish (Hay et al. 1990). If host choice affects ris ...
... Herbivores may select host plants that provide poor growth but good protection from their own natural enemies (Price et al. 1980, Bernays & Graham 1988). For example, a marine amphipod specializes on a seaweed that minimizes its risk of predation by fish (Hay et al. 1990). If host choice affects ris ...
consumer species richness and autotrophic biomass
... inoculum (a negligible biomass for a 50-mL system) was assumed to have no significant impact on the nutrient composition of the microcosm. We designed our experiment this way because this is typically how many communities begin, especially microbial communities—systems are colonized by a few individ ...
... inoculum (a negligible biomass for a 50-mL system) was assumed to have no significant impact on the nutrient composition of the microcosm. We designed our experiment this way because this is typically how many communities begin, especially microbial communities—systems are colonized by a few individ ...
Littoral Ecosystems
... Competition between two barnacle species: a classic story in ecology Chthamalus adults ...
... Competition between two barnacle species: a classic story in ecology Chthamalus adults ...
The place of the steppe marmot in steppe ecosystems of Ukraine: an
... the territories around the horse farms. This fact was known but ignored for a long time. We suppose that the dramatic increase of the occupied area and population numbers of the steppe marmot in the late 1950s was caused by the change in economic use of the area; specifically, by the increase of gra ...
... the territories around the horse farms. This fact was known but ignored for a long time. We suppose that the dramatic increase of the occupied area and population numbers of the steppe marmot in the late 1950s was caused by the change in economic use of the area; specifically, by the increase of gra ...
Impact of pocket gopher disturbance on plant species diversity in a
... would be expected based on the availability o f this disturbed habitat. This result was consistent for all 10 species studied. In every case, the p r o p o r t i o n of plants establishing in disturbed habitat was greater than the proportion o f available disturbed habitat, and this relationship was ...
... would be expected based on the availability o f this disturbed habitat. This result was consistent for all 10 species studied. In every case, the p r o p o r t i o n of plants establishing in disturbed habitat was greater than the proportion o f available disturbed habitat, and this relationship was ...
Climate Change and Invasibility of the Antarctic Benthos
... Nowhere else do giant pycnogonids, nemerteans, and isopods occur in shallow marine environments, cohabiting with fish that have antifreeze glycoproteins in their blood. An emphasis on brooding and lecithotrophic reproductive strategies (Pearse et al. 1991, Thorson 1950) and a trend toward gigantism ( ...
... Nowhere else do giant pycnogonids, nemerteans, and isopods occur in shallow marine environments, cohabiting with fish that have antifreeze glycoproteins in their blood. An emphasis on brooding and lecithotrophic reproductive strategies (Pearse et al. 1991, Thorson 1950) and a trend toward gigantism ( ...
potential mechanisms underlying the displacement of native red
... Abstract. The bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) is a widespread invasive species that may displace several species of native ranid frogs throughout its introduced range. Although this pattern is well known, the underlying mechanism of displacement remains unclear. Previous work has suggested that interact ...
... Abstract. The bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) is a widespread invasive species that may displace several species of native ranid frogs throughout its introduced range. Although this pattern is well known, the underlying mechanism of displacement remains unclear. Previous work has suggested that interact ...
Bio-Diversity, Extinction, and Incentives to Save/Exterminate Species
... Describe how successful solutions for maintaining the integrity of natural systems must also address the needs of local people and should include those local communities in the planning and implementation. Describe examples of the different viewpoints local people may have about land use issues. Str ...
... Describe how successful solutions for maintaining the integrity of natural systems must also address the needs of local people and should include those local communities in the planning and implementation. Describe examples of the different viewpoints local people may have about land use issues. Str ...
Invisible invaders: non-pathogenic invasive microbes in aquatic and
... from defining microbial invasions broadly and, consequently, including invasions by pathogenic, as well as nonpathogenic microbes from diverse taxa. There are multiple definitions of invasive species and most of them emphasize rapid spread and ⁄ or negative impact of introduced species on local ecos ...
... from defining microbial invasions broadly and, consequently, including invasions by pathogenic, as well as nonpathogenic microbes from diverse taxa. There are multiple definitions of invasive species and most of them emphasize rapid spread and ⁄ or negative impact of introduced species on local ecos ...
background - Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
... Nile Kurashige (2001-2004) primary advisor, MSc Botany, University of Toronto. Phenotypic plasticity to light competition and herbivory in Chenopodium album. Marc Johnson (2002-2006) primary advisor, PhD Botany, University of Toronto. Community genetics of Evening Primrose and its insects: testing h ...
... Nile Kurashige (2001-2004) primary advisor, MSc Botany, University of Toronto. Phenotypic plasticity to light competition and herbivory in Chenopodium album. Marc Johnson (2002-2006) primary advisor, PhD Botany, University of Toronto. Community genetics of Evening Primrose and its insects: testing h ...
Plant Patterning across the Swan Coastal Plain
... based on the earlier mapping by Speck. The original extent of the vegetation types is mapped. 1981 Beard produced a map at a 1 : 1 000 000 scale for the entire area. 1996 Beard’s 1 : 250 000 maps were digitised (Hopkins et al. ...
... based on the earlier mapping by Speck. The original extent of the vegetation types is mapped. 1981 Beard produced a map at a 1 : 1 000 000 scale for the entire area. 1996 Beard’s 1 : 250 000 maps were digitised (Hopkins et al. ...
Weed Ecology in Natural and Agricultural Systems
... species are considered to be a weed, we make no attempt at a detailed definition. We could really have used the word ‘plant’ throughout the text. We have tried to present a broad array of weed examples, and have therefore selected weed examples from different types of systems – agricultural, managed ...
... species are considered to be a weed, we make no attempt at a detailed definition. We could really have used the word ‘plant’ throughout the text. We have tried to present a broad array of weed examples, and have therefore selected weed examples from different types of systems – agricultural, managed ...
Fractal Hypothesis of the Pelagic Microbial Ecosystem—Can Simple
... for an explanation beyond spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Based on observations of simple parasite-host and predator-prey interactions occurring at different trophic levels and levels of phylogenetic resolution, we present a theoretical perspective on this enormous biodiversity, discussing in pa ...
... for an explanation beyond spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Based on observations of simple parasite-host and predator-prey interactions occurring at different trophic levels and levels of phylogenetic resolution, we present a theoretical perspective on this enormous biodiversity, discussing in pa ...
Abstract Effects of Nutrient Availability and Disturbance on the
... dominant plant species due to nutrient addition. Nutrient addition increases the canopy size of certain plant species. Herbivores and grazers select for dominant plant species and feast on these larger plants decreasing light limitation or competitive exclusion. Eliminating these factors ultimately ...
... dominant plant species due to nutrient addition. Nutrient addition increases the canopy size of certain plant species. Herbivores and grazers select for dominant plant species and feast on these larger plants decreasing light limitation or competitive exclusion. Eliminating these factors ultimately ...
Key Terrestrial Adaptations Were Crucial to the
... 11. Explain how outgroup comparison can be used to differentiate shared ancestral characters from shared derived characters. 12. Explain how molecular clocks are used to determine the approximate time of key evolutionary events. Explain how molecular clocks are calibrated in actual time. 13. Describ ...
... 11. Explain how outgroup comparison can be used to differentiate shared ancestral characters from shared derived characters. 12. Explain how molecular clocks are used to determine the approximate time of key evolutionary events. Explain how molecular clocks are calibrated in actual time. 13. Describ ...
Cohort Dynamics Give Rise to Alternative Stable Community States.
... governing community composition and alternative stable community states. Another example of how the dynamics of populations may affect community composition is when mutual invasibility is possible (i.e., all populations experience positive population growth rates when they are rare) but longterm coe ...
... governing community composition and alternative stable community states. Another example of how the dynamics of populations may affect community composition is when mutual invasibility is possible (i.e., all populations experience positive population growth rates when they are rare) but longterm coe ...
Ecological fitting
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.