slides
... measures is called acute – pain is part of the body’s defense system – pain that becomes pathological rather than beneficial is called chronic © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. ...
... measures is called acute – pain is part of the body’s defense system – pain that becomes pathological rather than beneficial is called chronic © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. ...
Effect of sodium fluoride on the grey matter of spinal cord in the
... “Subgroup Ia” showed a significant increase in the body weight at the end of the experiment as compared to their weight at the beginning of the experiment. The animals of the positive control subgroup “Subgroup Ib”, treated group “Group II” and protected group “Group III” showed a significant decrea ...
... “Subgroup Ia” showed a significant increase in the body weight at the end of the experiment as compared to their weight at the beginning of the experiment. The animals of the positive control subgroup “Subgroup Ib”, treated group “Group II” and protected group “Group III” showed a significant decrea ...
paraplegia and spinal cor syndromes
... Paraplegia & Spinal cord syndromes Spinal shock is a loss of sensation accompanied by motor paralysis with initial loss but gradual recovery of reflexes, following a spinal cord injury (SCI) – most often a complete transaction. Reflexes in the spinal cord caudal to the SCI are depressed hyporefle ...
... Paraplegia & Spinal cord syndromes Spinal shock is a loss of sensation accompanied by motor paralysis with initial loss but gradual recovery of reflexes, following a spinal cord injury (SCI) – most often a complete transaction. Reflexes in the spinal cord caudal to the SCI are depressed hyporefle ...
the brainstem control of saccadic eye movements
... Motor neuron commands. Torsional rotations are produced by contractions of combinations of superior/ inferior rectus and superior/inferior oblique muscle pairs. Consider the activity of motor neurons that innervate one of these muscles, the superior oblique. On the basis of its pulling direction (FI ...
... Motor neuron commands. Torsional rotations are produced by contractions of combinations of superior/ inferior rectus and superior/inferior oblique muscle pairs. Consider the activity of motor neurons that innervate one of these muscles, the superior oblique. On the basis of its pulling direction (FI ...
Conserved pattern of tangential neuronal migration
... To examine the source and pattern of the tangentially migrating neurons during early development of the turtle pallium, we analyzed the regional expression of selected developmental genes and studied the migratory patterns in embryonic organotypic slice and explant cultures from stages 14 through 20 ...
... To examine the source and pattern of the tangentially migrating neurons during early development of the turtle pallium, we analyzed the regional expression of selected developmental genes and studied the migratory patterns in embryonic organotypic slice and explant cultures from stages 14 through 20 ...
Intention, Action Planning, and Decision Making in Parietal
... review, we will refer to the hand and eye preference for movement planning as effector specificity, and this term is meant to indicate relative, not absolute, specificity. For example, an area may be active for planning a reach or a saccade, but if it is significantly more active for one plan over t ...
... review, we will refer to the hand and eye preference for movement planning as effector specificity, and this term is meant to indicate relative, not absolute, specificity. For example, an area may be active for planning a reach or a saccade, but if it is significantly more active for one plan over t ...
Energy Metabolism of the Brain, Including the Cooperation between
... causing it to move from the normally inactive form (GPb) to the active phosphorylated form (GPa). PK contains four Ca2+ binding sites. The increase in the level of Ca2+ in the period of increased uptake of K+ may result from the intracellular signaling cascade, but also may be caused by the increase ...
... causing it to move from the normally inactive form (GPb) to the active phosphorylated form (GPa). PK contains four Ca2+ binding sites. The increase in the level of Ca2+ in the period of increased uptake of K+ may result from the intracellular signaling cascade, but also may be caused by the increase ...
Cerebellar control of the inferior olive
... to the cerebellum. This nucleo-olivary projection follows the zonal and, probably also, the microzonal arrangement of the cerebellum so that closed loops are formed between the neurones in the olive, the cerebellar cortex and the nuclei. The nucleo-olivary pathway is GABAergic, but several investiga ...
... to the cerebellum. This nucleo-olivary projection follows the zonal and, probably also, the microzonal arrangement of the cerebellum so that closed loops are formed between the neurones in the olive, the cerebellar cortex and the nuclei. The nucleo-olivary pathway is GABAergic, but several investiga ...
Mental Processes -- How the Mind Arises from the Brain Roger Ellman
... everyone is familiar with the problem of reading another person's handwriting, which involves properly recognizing various sample letters as samples of particular letters of the alphabet, which is a set of letter universals. The process of perception involves an input, a data processor, and an outpu ...
... everyone is familiar with the problem of reading another person's handwriting, which involves properly recognizing various sample letters as samples of particular letters of the alphabet, which is a set of letter universals. The process of perception involves an input, a data processor, and an outpu ...
Molecular Pathological Classification of Neurodegenerative
... development of novel therapeutic strategies. Indeed, vaccination against α-synuclein, amyloid-β (Aβ), or tau has been explored, in particular that these proteins seem to propagate cell-to-cell and may be accessible to antibodies [10]. Disease-modifying therapeutic strategies may require reducing the ...
... development of novel therapeutic strategies. Indeed, vaccination against α-synuclein, amyloid-β (Aβ), or tau has been explored, in particular that these proteins seem to propagate cell-to-cell and may be accessible to antibodies [10]. Disease-modifying therapeutic strategies may require reducing the ...
nutrient composition of dandelions and its potential as human food
... fibre and (b) the indigestibility of the cellulosic cell walls. Normally herbivores assimilate the plant proteins and man consumes the herbivore protein and avoids the cellulose. This detour through the food chain is inefficient as only 2-20% of the plant protein fed to animals is recoverable as ani ...
... fibre and (b) the indigestibility of the cellulosic cell walls. Normally herbivores assimilate the plant proteins and man consumes the herbivore protein and avoids the cellulose. This detour through the food chain is inefficient as only 2-20% of the plant protein fed to animals is recoverable as ani ...
Forward Processing of Long-Term Associative Memory in Monkey
... Figure 2. Stimulus-selective responses to both paired associates of two representative A36 neurons (A and B for one neuron; C and D for the other neuron). A, C, Raster displays and PSTHs in the optimal (optimal, thick black line) and pair ( pair, thick gray line) trials. The trials were aligned at t ...
... Figure 2. Stimulus-selective responses to both paired associates of two representative A36 neurons (A and B for one neuron; C and D for the other neuron). A, C, Raster displays and PSTHs in the optimal (optimal, thick black line) and pair ( pair, thick gray line) trials. The trials were aligned at t ...
Chemical Nature of Synaptic Transmission in Vertebrates
... but more than one type of receptor can be present on the same cell: for example, ...
... but more than one type of receptor can be present on the same cell: for example, ...
Looking for the roots of cortical sensory computation in three
... with the absence of clear retinotopic mapping of visual space along the surface of DCx [69]. Although VSD experiments reveal no functional evidence for the anatomical lamellae of thalamo-cortical projections [10], they do not necessarily disprove the older tracing studies. For example, widespread as ...
... with the absence of clear retinotopic mapping of visual space along the surface of DCx [69]. Although VSD experiments reveal no functional evidence for the anatomical lamellae of thalamo-cortical projections [10], they do not necessarily disprove the older tracing studies. For example, widespread as ...
A Theory of Cerebral Cortex - Temporal Dynamics of Learning Center
... knowledge and how is it acquired and stored?, and How is cortical knowledge used to carry out thinking? The theory’s explanation for another key aspect of cortical and thalamic function – the moment-by-moment selection, evaluation, and execution of the action commands that control waking brain activ ...
... knowledge and how is it acquired and stored?, and How is cortical knowledge used to carry out thinking? The theory’s explanation for another key aspect of cortical and thalamic function – the moment-by-moment selection, evaluation, and execution of the action commands that control waking brain activ ...
Shapes and Level Tolerances of Frequency Tuning Curves in
... General shape of excitatory bands In general, there was tremendous variety in the shapes and symmetries of eFTCs for the 160 neurons recorded from primary auditory cortex (A1). To characterize eFTC shape, the most commonly employed method of classification was used; eFTCs were classified based on vi ...
... General shape of excitatory bands In general, there was tremendous variety in the shapes and symmetries of eFTCs for the 160 neurons recorded from primary auditory cortex (A1). To characterize eFTC shape, the most commonly employed method of classification was used; eFTCs were classified based on vi ...
memory systems in the brain
... Emotions can usefully be defined as states elicited by rewards and punishers (Rolls 1990, 1999a, 2000a). A reward is anything for which an animal will work. A punisher is anything an animal will work to escape or avoid. An example of an emotion might thus be happiness produced by being given a rewar ...
... Emotions can usefully be defined as states elicited by rewards and punishers (Rolls 1990, 1999a, 2000a). A reward is anything for which an animal will work. A punisher is anything an animal will work to escape or avoid. An example of an emotion might thus be happiness produced by being given a rewar ...
Activity of Ventral Medial Thalamic Neurons during
... (40 mg, i.m., every 2 h; Specia, Paris, France) and artificially ventilated. The degree of anesthesia was assessed by continuously monitoring the EEG and heart rate, and additional doses of fentanyl were administered at the slightest change toward a waking pattern (i.e., an increase in the frequency ...
... (40 mg, i.m., every 2 h; Specia, Paris, France) and artificially ventilated. The degree of anesthesia was assessed by continuously monitoring the EEG and heart rate, and additional doses of fentanyl were administered at the slightest change toward a waking pattern (i.e., an increase in the frequency ...
Cortical evolution and development: Conserved
... Tessier-Lavigne 2001), and activity-dependent stabilization of synaptic connections (Greenough & Bailey 1988). Though highly conserved, such a set of fundamental mechanisms seems ill-described as “constraints”. A longer view of the definition of “adaptation” and “environment” than each particular an ...
... Tessier-Lavigne 2001), and activity-dependent stabilization of synaptic connections (Greenough & Bailey 1988). Though highly conserved, such a set of fundamental mechanisms seems ill-described as “constraints”. A longer view of the definition of “adaptation” and “environment” than each particular an ...
Local anaesthetics
... mg/kg) is effective in controlling muscle twitching and seizures. Seizures can also be treated with thiopental (1-2 mg/kg). In severe cases seizures have to be terminated with suxamethonium, which allows endotracheal intubation and hyperventilation of the lungs. Treatment of cocaine overdose include ...
... mg/kg) is effective in controlling muscle twitching and seizures. Seizures can also be treated with thiopental (1-2 mg/kg). In severe cases seizures have to be terminated with suxamethonium, which allows endotracheal intubation and hyperventilation of the lungs. Treatment of cocaine overdose include ...
Hindbrain Glucoprivation Effects on Gastric Vagal Reflex Circuits
... Figure 1. Schematic diagram of primary components involved in gastric accommodation reflex responsible for controlling gastric tone and motility (adapted from Rogers and Hermann, 2012). Vagal afferent sensors are activated when the antrum is distended with a small balloon. Vagal afferents release gl ...
... Figure 1. Schematic diagram of primary components involved in gastric accommodation reflex responsible for controlling gastric tone and motility (adapted from Rogers and Hermann, 2012). Vagal afferent sensors are activated when the antrum is distended with a small balloon. Vagal afferents release gl ...
The Urea Cycle
... Most amino acids are catabolized in the liver. Some of the ammonia produced in amino acid catabolism in the liver is used to synthesize nitrogenous biomolecules such as nucleotides. The excess ammonia is converted into urea for excretion. Only the liver and kidneys can convert ammonia into urea. Ot ...
... Most amino acids are catabolized in the liver. Some of the ammonia produced in amino acid catabolism in the liver is used to synthesize nitrogenous biomolecules such as nucleotides. The excess ammonia is converted into urea for excretion. Only the liver and kidneys can convert ammonia into urea. Ot ...
Brain asymmetry is encoded at the level of axon terminal morphology
... Conclusion: By taking the analysis of asymmetric neural circuitry to the level of single cells, we have resolved left-right differences in circuit microarchitecture and show that lateralization can be recognized at the level of the morphology and connectivity of single projection neuron axons. Cruci ...
... Conclusion: By taking the analysis of asymmetric neural circuitry to the level of single cells, we have resolved left-right differences in circuit microarchitecture and show that lateralization can be recognized at the level of the morphology and connectivity of single projection neuron axons. Cruci ...
Clinical neurochemistry
Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans. While neurochemistry is mostly associated with the effects of neurotransmitters and similarly-functioning chemicals on neurons themselves, clinical neurochemistry relates these phenomena to system-wide symptoms. Clinical neurochemistry is related to neurogenesis, neuromodulation, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and neuroimmunology in the context of associating neurological findings at both lower and higher level organismal functions.