Kisspeptin Signaling Is Required for the Luteinizing Introduction of Males
... mice [12]. The product of the Kiss1 gene, kisspeptin, is one neuropeptide that may provide a link between the olfactory system and GnRH neurons. Kisspeptin signaling is essential for GnRH secretion and reproduction [13,14]. In humans and mice, loss of function mutations in the kisspeptin receptor (K ...
... mice [12]. The product of the Kiss1 gene, kisspeptin, is one neuropeptide that may provide a link between the olfactory system and GnRH neurons. Kisspeptin signaling is essential for GnRH secretion and reproduction [13,14]. In humans and mice, loss of function mutations in the kisspeptin receptor (K ...
Sonic hedgehog and cerebellum development
... Purkinje neurons could then act on oEGL cells and in cells within the PL. The distribution of SHH protein and its localization with respect to a variety of cell-specific markers as prelude for functional studies was carried out in the chick cerebellum, as the pattern of cerebellar cell types is high ...
... Purkinje neurons could then act on oEGL cells and in cells within the PL. The distribution of SHH protein and its localization with respect to a variety of cell-specific markers as prelude for functional studies was carried out in the chick cerebellum, as the pattern of cerebellar cell types is high ...
WHAT IS THE MAMMALIAN DENTATE GYRUS GOOD FOR? Alessandro Treves
... discussed several „Hebb-Marr‟ associative memory model architectures and whether they resembled hippocampal networks. The operation of such models can be more readily analyzed if the memory patterns to be stored are assigned `by hand‟, rather than self-organized under the influence of on-going input ...
... discussed several „Hebb-Marr‟ associative memory model architectures and whether they resembled hippocampal networks. The operation of such models can be more readily analyzed if the memory patterns to be stored are assigned `by hand‟, rather than self-organized under the influence of on-going input ...
Laminar differences in plasticity in area 17 following retinal lesions
... eye of 8-week-old kittens or adult (11±14 months old) cats anaesthetized with ketamine (40 mg/kg, i.m; Ketalar) and xylazine (4 mg/kg, i.m; Rompun). Lesions of all neural layers in the near-upper nasal region of the retina were produced with an argon-green laser focused to 300 mm, at an intensity o ...
... eye of 8-week-old kittens or adult (11±14 months old) cats anaesthetized with ketamine (40 mg/kg, i.m; Ketalar) and xylazine (4 mg/kg, i.m; Rompun). Lesions of all neural layers in the near-upper nasal region of the retina were produced with an argon-green laser focused to 300 mm, at an intensity o ...
Lactate as a Metabolite and a Regulator in the Central Nervous
... might indeed derive from glycolysis [21]. Historically, the accumulation of lactic acid in muscles has been suggested as the main cause of muscle fatigue. Lactate and H+ ions are produced in muscles during intense exercise, and in humans, the intracellular lactate concentration may reach 30 mM or mo ...
... might indeed derive from glycolysis [21]. Historically, the accumulation of lactic acid in muscles has been suggested as the main cause of muscle fatigue. Lactate and H+ ions are produced in muscles during intense exercise, and in humans, the intracellular lactate concentration may reach 30 mM or mo ...
A neurocomputational model of the mammalian fear
... their functions [37]. It is a particularly interesting case study because of how well linked it is to learning and memory; fearful experiences have a strong effect on an animal’s future behaviour [37]. This link provides a potential avenue of investigation into how low-level reward and punishment sys ...
... their functions [37]. It is a particularly interesting case study because of how well linked it is to learning and memory; fearful experiences have a strong effect on an animal’s future behaviour [37]. This link provides a potential avenue of investigation into how low-level reward and punishment sys ...
Neurophysiological and Computational Principles of Cortical
... circuits. On the other hand, for systems neurophysiologists working with alert animals, who have long recorded single neurons with tremendous success in uncovering neural correlates of behavior, understanding coordinated neural population patterns in a circuit represents a new challenge. Moreover, c ...
... circuits. On the other hand, for systems neurophysiologists working with alert animals, who have long recorded single neurons with tremendous success in uncovering neural correlates of behavior, understanding coordinated neural population patterns in a circuit represents a new challenge. Moreover, c ...
Quinto trabajo
... 2005). This family comprises both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins. Proapoptotic proteins cause mitochondrial dysfunction leading to the release of apoptogenic factors whereas anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family prevent those events (Cory and Adams, 2002). Proteins belonging to the B ...
... 2005). This family comprises both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins. Proapoptotic proteins cause mitochondrial dysfunction leading to the release of apoptogenic factors whereas anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family prevent those events (Cory and Adams, 2002). Proteins belonging to the B ...
Patterned, But Not Tonic, Optogenetic Stimulation in Motor
... reaches was recorded for 5 min before, during, and after stimulation. We compared the effect of DBS using complex physiological patterns previously recorded in the Mthal of a control rat during reaching or exploring behavior, with tonic DBS delivering the same number of stimuli per second (rate-cont ...
... reaches was recorded for 5 min before, during, and after stimulation. We compared the effect of DBS using complex physiological patterns previously recorded in the Mthal of a control rat during reaching or exploring behavior, with tonic DBS delivering the same number of stimuli per second (rate-cont ...
A Subjective Distance Between Stimuli: Quantifying the Metric
... The Euclidean distance DE (qi , q j ) = k (q k − q k ) does not fulfill condition 5. Taking into account that the q vectors are normalized (see equation 1.1), the √ maximum value of the Euclidean distance between two stimuli is 2. It can be attained, for example, for (q1 )t = (1, 0, 0, 0) and (q2 )t ...
... The Euclidean distance DE (qi , q j ) = k (q k − q k ) does not fulfill condition 5. Taking into account that the q vectors are normalized (see equation 1.1), the √ maximum value of the Euclidean distance between two stimuli is 2. It can be attained, for example, for (q1 )t = (1, 0, 0, 0) and (q2 )t ...
TESIS DOCTORAL Dynamics and Synchronization in Neuronal Models
... Since many years scientists have been studying the nervous system and its constituent elements. One of the most notable advances in the description of the structural and functional units of the nervous system came from the Spanish physician Santiago Ramón y Cajal in the late 19th century with his ne ...
... Since many years scientists have been studying the nervous system and its constituent elements. One of the most notable advances in the description of the structural and functional units of the nervous system came from the Spanish physician Santiago Ramón y Cajal in the late 19th century with his ne ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Cortical Auditory Adaptation
... The loudspeaker was located 53 cm above the bottom of the recording chamber. The box was built in black acrylic and had a surface of 22 by 27 cm and the walls had a height of 65 cm. The walls of the box were covered with corrugated cardboard (4 mm thickness) for sound-resonance suppression. Measurem ...
... The loudspeaker was located 53 cm above the bottom of the recording chamber. The box was built in black acrylic and had a surface of 22 by 27 cm and the walls had a height of 65 cm. The walls of the box were covered with corrugated cardboard (4 mm thickness) for sound-resonance suppression. Measurem ...
Saccade Target Selection in Frontal Eye Field of Macaque. I. Visual
... = 0.626, y = 0.338) signaled the monkey to either execute (go) or withhold (nogo) a saccade, respectively. We refer to this color change as the trigger signal. The fraction of nogo trials in a set of blocks was 0% (all go trials), 100% (all nogo trials) or 12%. The time of the trigger signal could b ...
... = 0.626, y = 0.338) signaled the monkey to either execute (go) or withhold (nogo) a saccade, respectively. We refer to this color change as the trigger signal. The fraction of nogo trials in a set of blocks was 0% (all go trials), 100% (all nogo trials) or 12%. The time of the trigger signal could b ...
Learned Helplessness at Fifty: Insights From Neuroscience
... hypothesis against a variety of alternative ideas that were developed to explain why the experience of INESC leads to later failure to learn to escape in a different environment and whether control/ lack of control is the critical underlying dimension (summarized in Maier & Seligman, 1976). Most of ...
... hypothesis against a variety of alternative ideas that were developed to explain why the experience of INESC leads to later failure to learn to escape in a different environment and whether control/ lack of control is the critical underlying dimension (summarized in Maier & Seligman, 1976). Most of ...
morphological changes in chick embryo neural tissue associated
... Histological evaluation of the neural tissue of chick embryos exposed to 0.137M and 0.685M hydrocortisone showed reduced neuron density and morphological changes associated with cell death. Glutaraldehyde with added magnesium chloride (MgCl2) as stabilizing chemical and potassium permangenate were ...
... Histological evaluation of the neural tissue of chick embryos exposed to 0.137M and 0.685M hydrocortisone showed reduced neuron density and morphological changes associated with cell death. Glutaraldehyde with added magnesium chloride (MgCl2) as stabilizing chemical and potassium permangenate were ...
thyroid hormones in brain development and
... Thyroid hormones are essential for brain developat through specific time windows influencing neurogenesis, neuronal migration, neuronal and glial cell differentiation, myelination, and synaptogenesis. The actions of thyroid hormones are mostly due to interaction of the active hormone T3 with nuclear ...
... Thyroid hormones are essential for brain developat through specific time windows influencing neurogenesis, neuronal migration, neuronal and glial cell differentiation, myelination, and synaptogenesis. The actions of thyroid hormones are mostly due to interaction of the active hormone T3 with nuclear ...
NEUROGENESIS IN THE ANTERIOR OLFACTORY NUCLEUS AND
... was designated embryonic day one (El). Normally, births occur on E23, which is also designated as postnatal day zero (P0). The postnatal developmental series had two groups of rat pups, each group containing males from at least two litters. The pups were given four (P0-P3, P2-P5) consecutive daily i ...
... was designated embryonic day one (El). Normally, births occur on E23, which is also designated as postnatal day zero (P0). The postnatal developmental series had two groups of rat pups, each group containing males from at least two litters. The pups were given four (P0-P3, P2-P5) consecutive daily i ...
Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system
... phrase (encoded in semantic areas) predicts words (encoded in lexical areas), which predicts letters (encoded in ventral occipital areas), which predict oriented lines and edges (encoded in visual areas). All these hierarchically deployed explanations for visual input are internally consistent and d ...
... phrase (encoded in semantic areas) predicts words (encoded in lexical areas), which predicts letters (encoded in ventral occipital areas), which predict oriented lines and edges (encoded in visual areas). All these hierarchically deployed explanations for visual input are internally consistent and d ...
Duration Tuning across Vertebrates
... that neural inhibition is necessary for creating DTNs in the IC. Blocking receptors of inhibitory neurotransmitters via neuropharmacological agents abolishes or greatly diminishes duration-tuned responses (Fuzessery and Hall, 1999; Jen and Feng, 1999; Casseday et al., 2000; Jen and Wu, 2005; Yin et ...
... that neural inhibition is necessary for creating DTNs in the IC. Blocking receptors of inhibitory neurotransmitters via neuropharmacological agents abolishes or greatly diminishes duration-tuned responses (Fuzessery and Hall, 1999; Jen and Feng, 1999; Casseday et al., 2000; Jen and Wu, 2005; Yin et ...
Escape behavior and neuronal responses to looming stimuli in the
... The simulated looming stimulus used in the present study consisted of a 5·cm black square, which approached over a distance of 70·cm at a constant speed of 20·cm·s–1 (Fig.·1B). Thus, for the crab’s eye the stimulus had an apparent size subtending an angle of 4° at its stationary initial position and ...
... The simulated looming stimulus used in the present study consisted of a 5·cm black square, which approached over a distance of 70·cm at a constant speed of 20·cm·s–1 (Fig.·1B). Thus, for the crab’s eye the stimulus had an apparent size subtending an angle of 4° at its stationary initial position and ...
the physiology of a lepidopteran muscle receptor
... segments other than that stimulated. In contrast, Hughes (1957), who used amputation and transection of connectives in conjunction with cinematography on the same animal, had to postulate intersegmental connexions to explain his results. Wilson (1965) evoked this same stretch reflex using sinusoidal ...
... segments other than that stimulated. In contrast, Hughes (1957), who used amputation and transection of connectives in conjunction with cinematography on the same animal, had to postulate intersegmental connexions to explain his results. Wilson (1965) evoked this same stretch reflex using sinusoidal ...
Središnja medicinska knjižnica
... peripheral BTX-A suggest that the axonal transport of BTX-A occurs commonly following peripheral application. Highlights: > Peripheral BTX-A cleaves SNAP-25 in dorsal and ventral horn of the spinal cord. > Axonal transport of BTX-A occurs at low intramuscular dose.> BTX-A retrograde transport occurs ...
... peripheral BTX-A suggest that the axonal transport of BTX-A occurs commonly following peripheral application. Highlights: > Peripheral BTX-A cleaves SNAP-25 in dorsal and ventral horn of the spinal cord. > Axonal transport of BTX-A occurs at low intramuscular dose.> BTX-A retrograde transport occurs ...
Deep Brain stimulation in the Treatment of Dystonia – The
... anticholinergics and GABAB agonists(Fig.3).1,4-‐7 It has been hypothesised that impaired inhibition in various areas of the nervous system fails to supress neuronal excitability and this may lead ...
... anticholinergics and GABAB agonists(Fig.3).1,4-‐7 It has been hypothesised that impaired inhibition in various areas of the nervous system fails to supress neuronal excitability and this may lead ...
Axonal wiring of guanylate cyclase-D
... The main and accessory olfactory systems of the mouse detect a large variety of chemical stimuli from the external environment. Chemoreception is mediated by several types of receptor molecules that are expressed by specialized sensory neurons (Axel, 2005; Buck, 2005; Mombaerts, 2004). The informati ...
... The main and accessory olfactory systems of the mouse detect a large variety of chemical stimuli from the external environment. Chemoreception is mediated by several types of receptor molecules that are expressed by specialized sensory neurons (Axel, 2005; Buck, 2005; Mombaerts, 2004). The informati ...
Clinical neurochemistry
Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans. While neurochemistry is mostly associated with the effects of neurotransmitters and similarly-functioning chemicals on neurons themselves, clinical neurochemistry relates these phenomena to system-wide symptoms. Clinical neurochemistry is related to neurogenesis, neuromodulation, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and neuroimmunology in the context of associating neurological findings at both lower and higher level organismal functions.