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Climbing Neuronal Activity as an Event
... the length of the delay period. This is in agreement with the scaling property of interval timing found in psychophysical studies on humans (Rakitin et al., 1998) and recently confirmed by in vivo experiments with monkeys (Leon and Shadlen, 2003). When the duration of a time interval is estimated, t ...
... the length of the delay period. This is in agreement with the scaling property of interval timing found in psychophysical studies on humans (Rakitin et al., 1998) and recently confirmed by in vivo experiments with monkeys (Leon and Shadlen, 2003). When the duration of a time interval is estimated, t ...
Treatment of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and lactic acidosis
... A special form of acidosis is lactic acidosis, which is caused by an overproduction of lactate. Lactate is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis, and 90% of all lactate will pass through the liver where it will be converted into pyruvate and later on into glucose. The remaining 10% is cleared by t ...
... A special form of acidosis is lactic acidosis, which is caused by an overproduction of lactate. Lactate is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis, and 90% of all lactate will pass through the liver where it will be converted into pyruvate and later on into glucose. The remaining 10% is cleared by t ...
Projection patterns from the amygdaloid nuclear complex to
... track, but rather variable diffusion of tracer into the surrounding periaqueductal gray matter (PAG). Thus, the DR injection sites were processed for 5-HT immunostaining to confirm the exact location of the tracer infusion within each DR subdivision (Fig. 1). Tracer spillage into the aqueduct or the ...
... track, but rather variable diffusion of tracer into the surrounding periaqueductal gray matter (PAG). Thus, the DR injection sites were processed for 5-HT immunostaining to confirm the exact location of the tracer infusion within each DR subdivision (Fig. 1). Tracer spillage into the aqueduct or the ...
Neural Correlates of Perceived Brightness in the Retina, Lateral
... There was no perceived brightness modulation in the central area containing the receptive field in this condition. (3 ) Same as ( 1) with the addition of drifting white (or black) bars over receptive field. Brightness induction was perceived in the area surrounding the bars. ( 4) L uminance modulati ...
... There was no perceived brightness modulation in the central area containing the receptive field in this condition. (3 ) Same as ( 1) with the addition of drifting white (or black) bars over receptive field. Brightness induction was perceived in the area surrounding the bars. ( 4) L uminance modulati ...
Metabolic Responses to Cardiac Hypoxia
... SUMMARY In oxygen-deprived heart muscle tissue, alanine levels increase, whereas levels of glutamate and aspartate decline, and it is therefore postulated that free tissue amino acids participate in the metabolic response to cardiac hypoxia. Succinate is a hypothetical end product of anaerobic metab ...
... SUMMARY In oxygen-deprived heart muscle tissue, alanine levels increase, whereas levels of glutamate and aspartate decline, and it is therefore postulated that free tissue amino acids participate in the metabolic response to cardiac hypoxia. Succinate is a hypothetical end product of anaerobic metab ...
Overview - Sinauer Associates
... types of connexins, found in different cell types and yielding gap junctions with diverse physiological properties. Electrical synapses work by allowing ionic current to flow passively through the gap junction pores from one neuron to another. The usual source of this current is the potential differ ...
... types of connexins, found in different cell types and yielding gap junctions with diverse physiological properties. Electrical synapses work by allowing ionic current to flow passively through the gap junction pores from one neuron to another. The usual source of this current is the potential differ ...
SAD Kinases Sculpt Axonal Arbors of Sensory Neurons through
... proprioceptor axons were present in the cuneate fascicle and nucleus as reported previously (Figures 3G–3G00 ; Solbach and Celio, 1991). Proprioceptor axons were also abundant in the cuneate fascicle of SADIsl1-cre mutants, but their numbers were dramatically reduced in the cuneate nucleus (Figures ...
... proprioceptor axons were present in the cuneate fascicle and nucleus as reported previously (Figures 3G–3G00 ; Solbach and Celio, 1991). Proprioceptor axons were also abundant in the cuneate fascicle of SADIsl1-cre mutants, but their numbers were dramatically reduced in the cuneate nucleus (Figures ...
Protein-protein interactions: mechanisms and
... the electrostatic interaction can define the lifetime of complexes (Archakov and Ivanov, 1999). (d) Hydrogen bonding. The average number of hydrogen bonds is proportional to the area of subunit interfaces: one bond for each 100–200 Å2 (Jones and Thornton, 1996) or about 10 bonds per interface (Lo C ...
... the electrostatic interaction can define the lifetime of complexes (Archakov and Ivanov, 1999). (d) Hydrogen bonding. The average number of hydrogen bonds is proportional to the area of subunit interfaces: one bond for each 100–200 Å2 (Jones and Thornton, 1996) or about 10 bonds per interface (Lo C ...
Metabolism of [14C]glutamate and [14C]glutamine by
... To examine pathways of glutamate and glutamine metabolism in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus, tracer kinetic experiments were performed using ~-[U-l~C]glutamate and ~-[U-~~C]glutamine and the enzyme inhibitors methionine sulfoximine (MSX), azaserine (AZA) and aminooxyacetate (AOA). Whe ...
... To examine pathways of glutamate and glutamine metabolism in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus, tracer kinetic experiments were performed using ~-[U-l~C]glutamate and ~-[U-~~C]glutamine and the enzyme inhibitors methionine sulfoximine (MSX), azaserine (AZA) and aminooxyacetate (AOA). Whe ...
EVALUATION OF EXPOSURE TO AIRBORNE BACTERIAL
... of the bacterial cell, endotoxins remain in the fragments of the cell wall [2]. During the growth of the bacteria, endotoxins can be released into the environment from vesicles budding from the outer membrane [4]. In some studies, an association has been found between exposure to biologically-active ...
... of the bacterial cell, endotoxins remain in the fragments of the cell wall [2]. During the growth of the bacteria, endotoxins can be released into the environment from vesicles budding from the outer membrane [4]. In some studies, an association has been found between exposure to biologically-active ...
From Thought to Action
... The nervous system is composed of neurons, support cells (glia), blood supply (vasculature), and extracellular material (matrix). Each cell in the nervous system is composed of basic elements that are common to all cells. A lipid bilayer membrane defines the boundaries of the cell. Within the cell, ...
... The nervous system is composed of neurons, support cells (glia), blood supply (vasculature), and extracellular material (matrix). Each cell in the nervous system is composed of basic elements that are common to all cells. A lipid bilayer membrane defines the boundaries of the cell. Within the cell, ...
Functional Independence of Layer IV Barrels in
... fields encompassing multiple neighboring vibrissae (Armstrong-James et al. 1991; Fox 1994), whereas others have proposed that interactions among neighboring whiskers reflect local, intrabarrel processing of multiwhisker thalamic inputs (Simons and Carvell 1989). In both visual and somatosensory cort ...
... fields encompassing multiple neighboring vibrissae (Armstrong-James et al. 1991; Fox 1994), whereas others have proposed that interactions among neighboring whiskers reflect local, intrabarrel processing of multiwhisker thalamic inputs (Simons and Carvell 1989). In both visual and somatosensory cort ...
Synchronisation hubs in the visual cortex may arise from strong
... To quantify the oscillation strength of the recorded neuronal responses, we computed the oscillation score, as described previously (Muresan et al., 2008). In brief, this measure is based on analysing the power spectrum of autocorrelation histograms (ACHs) computed with 1-ms resolution (see below). ...
... To quantify the oscillation strength of the recorded neuronal responses, we computed the oscillation score, as described previously (Muresan et al., 2008). In brief, this measure is based on analysing the power spectrum of autocorrelation histograms (ACHs) computed with 1-ms resolution (see below). ...
BOLD fMRI study of ultrahigh frequency encoding in the
... Many vertebrates communicate with ultrahigh frequency (UHF) vocalizations to limit auditory detection by predators. The mechanisms underlying the neural encoding of such UHF sounds may provide important insights for understanding neural processing of other complex sounds (e.g. human speeches). In th ...
... Many vertebrates communicate with ultrahigh frequency (UHF) vocalizations to limit auditory detection by predators. The mechanisms underlying the neural encoding of such UHF sounds may provide important insights for understanding neural processing of other complex sounds (e.g. human speeches). In th ...
Effects of Acute and Neurotoxic Exposure in the Rat
... suggest that that MDMA may induce cognitive (or behavioral) impairment in humans (1,16,19), as do extrapolations from animal studies (8,11). No one has previously examined whether the drug interferes with the initial acquisition of operant behavior, but such an effect would be significant in human u ...
... suggest that that MDMA may induce cognitive (or behavioral) impairment in humans (1,16,19), as do extrapolations from animal studies (8,11). No one has previously examined whether the drug interferes with the initial acquisition of operant behavior, but such an effect would be significant in human u ...
Neurotoxicity and Mechanism of Toluene Abuse
... reflect actual increased transmission (i.e., if toluene stimulated dopaminergic efferents from the substantia nigra/pars compacta or blocked the dopamine transporter), decreased transmission (i.e., if toluene caused postsynaptic blockade of the dopamine receptor), or any mechanism involving altered ...
... reflect actual increased transmission (i.e., if toluene stimulated dopaminergic efferents from the substantia nigra/pars compacta or blocked the dopamine transporter), decreased transmission (i.e., if toluene caused postsynaptic blockade of the dopamine receptor), or any mechanism involving altered ...
Are there three subdivisions in the primate subthalamic nucleus? Max C. Keuken
... With respect to the animal studies, we included studies only on nonhuman primates: just as in humans, the STN in nonhuman primates is a closed nucleus (i.e., dendrites are restricted to the nucleus), in contrast for example to the rat STN (Smith et al., 1990; Marani et al., 2008). With respect to th ...
... With respect to the animal studies, we included studies only on nonhuman primates: just as in humans, the STN in nonhuman primates is a closed nucleus (i.e., dendrites are restricted to the nucleus), in contrast for example to the rat STN (Smith et al., 1990; Marani et al., 2008). With respect to th ...
MAY 5, 2000 Submitted to the Annual Review of Neuroscience AN
... patterns of activity that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes, but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional eval ...
... patterns of activity that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes, but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional eval ...
During Arm-Reaching and Isometric-Force Tasks
... ics during a reaching task, Kalaska et al. (1989) showed that the activity of many M1 neurons was modulated both by the direction in which the arm was pulled by the external forces and by the direction of movement and the static posture of the arm during unloaded arm movements. Furthermore, the dire ...
... ics during a reaching task, Kalaska et al. (1989) showed that the activity of many M1 neurons was modulated both by the direction in which the arm was pulled by the external forces and by the direction of movement and the static posture of the arm during unloaded arm movements. Furthermore, the dire ...
Chapter 11 PowerPoint Slides PDF - CM
... response to mechanical stimulation (pressure, stretch, or ...
... response to mechanical stimulation (pressure, stretch, or ...
surgical anatomy of dorsal root entry zone of cervical spinal nerves
... Background: The main purpose of this study is to determine the detailed morphometric data of Dorsal Root Entry Zone (DREZ) of cervical spinal nerves. This knowledge is necessary for diagnosis, treatment and surgical management of pain due to many conditions like brachial plexus avulsion injury, post ...
... Background: The main purpose of this study is to determine the detailed morphometric data of Dorsal Root Entry Zone (DREZ) of cervical spinal nerves. This knowledge is necessary for diagnosis, treatment and surgical management of pain due to many conditions like brachial plexus avulsion injury, post ...
Plasticity during stroke recovery: from synapse to behaviour
... their initial injury 12. Similar patterns of improved behavioural performance are also observed in animal stroke models and can be facilitated by behavioural training (FIG. 2), although the time course of post-stroke recovery is typically much shorter in animals. Clinical and biomedical scientists r ...
... their initial injury 12. Similar patterns of improved behavioural performance are also observed in animal stroke models and can be facilitated by behavioural training (FIG. 2), although the time course of post-stroke recovery is typically much shorter in animals. Clinical and biomedical scientists r ...
Mirror neurons responding to the observation of ingestive and
... Mirror neurons for mouth actions in F5 a three-dimensional (3-D) system. This system is constituted of two video-cameras (xc-999p, SONY), a 3-D to 2-D switching box (vrmux2p, VREX), a card and a 3-D projector (VR2100, VREX). Several different hand and mouth actions performed by the experimenter or ...
... Mirror neurons for mouth actions in F5 a three-dimensional (3-D) system. This system is constituted of two video-cameras (xc-999p, SONY), a 3-D to 2-D switching box (vrmux2p, VREX), a card and a 3-D projector (VR2100, VREX). Several different hand and mouth actions performed by the experimenter or ...
Identification of key signaling molecules involved - diss.fu
... Thermoregulation is a crucial homeostatic function orchestrated by the central nervous system for all homothermic animals to obtain an optimal thermal environment. The thermoregulatory center of homothermic animals is located in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, which not only receives the temp ...
... Thermoregulation is a crucial homeostatic function orchestrated by the central nervous system for all homothermic animals to obtain an optimal thermal environment. The thermoregulatory center of homothermic animals is located in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, which not only receives the temp ...
High-dose vitamin therapy stimulates variant enzymes with
... 200-fold increase in substrate concentration to [S] = 400. This mechanism of action of gene mutation is only one of several that lead to disadvantageous manifestations that could be overcome by an increase, perhaps a great increase, in the concentration of a vital substance in the body. These consid ...
... 200-fold increase in substrate concentration to [S] = 400. This mechanism of action of gene mutation is only one of several that lead to disadvantageous manifestations that could be overcome by an increase, perhaps a great increase, in the concentration of a vital substance in the body. These consid ...
Clinical neurochemistry
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Neuron_with_mHtt_inclusion.jpg?width=300)
Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans. While neurochemistry is mostly associated with the effects of neurotransmitters and similarly-functioning chemicals on neurons themselves, clinical neurochemistry relates these phenomena to system-wide symptoms. Clinical neurochemistry is related to neurogenesis, neuromodulation, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and neuroimmunology in the context of associating neurological findings at both lower and higher level organismal functions.