stretch reflex 2
... At the cortical level, the net effect of area 4 & area 6 & area 4s on the stretch reflex & muscle tone is inhibitory, so a lesion causing damage of area 4, 4s & 6 (UMNL) leads to increase in muscle tone •In animals the separation between the cerebral cortex & brain stem leads to marked increase in m ...
... At the cortical level, the net effect of area 4 & area 6 & area 4s on the stretch reflex & muscle tone is inhibitory, so a lesion causing damage of area 4, 4s & 6 (UMNL) leads to increase in muscle tone •In animals the separation between the cerebral cortex & brain stem leads to marked increase in m ...
Using light to tell the time of day: sensory coding in the mammalian
... Fig. 2. Colour and brightness as indicators of time of day. (A) Spectral irradiance of ‘average’ daylight measured when the sun is 6 deg above or below the horizon. Note that, in addition to the pronounced difference in the amount of light, there is also a substantial change in spectral composition, ...
... Fig. 2. Colour and brightness as indicators of time of day. (A) Spectral irradiance of ‘average’ daylight measured when the sun is 6 deg above or below the horizon. Note that, in addition to the pronounced difference in the amount of light, there is also a substantial change in spectral composition, ...
Neuronal-Derived Nitric Oxide and Somatodendritically Released
... The classical model of neurovascular coupling (NVC) implies that activity-dependent axonal glutamate release at synapses evokes the production and release of vasoactive signals from both neurons and astrocytes, which dilate arterioles, increasing in turn cerebral blood flow (CBF) to areas with incre ...
... The classical model of neurovascular coupling (NVC) implies that activity-dependent axonal glutamate release at synapses evokes the production and release of vasoactive signals from both neurons and astrocytes, which dilate arterioles, increasing in turn cerebral blood flow (CBF) to areas with incre ...
Defining the complementarities between antibodies and haptens to
... allowed anti-hapten binders with exquisite specificity and sensitivity to be successfully generated from a number of sources [16, 17]. Antibody based immunosorbent assays have been developed as efficient and inexpensive tools for hapten detection [18]. Antibodies developed against various antigen cl ...
... allowed anti-hapten binders with exquisite specificity and sensitivity to be successfully generated from a number of sources [16, 17]. Antibody based immunosorbent assays have been developed as efficient and inexpensive tools for hapten detection [18]. Antibodies developed against various antigen cl ...
Experience-Dependent Sharpening of Visual Shape Selectivity in
... this study, we test this hypothesis by comparing the strength of stimulus selectivity for these stimuli at both the trained orientation and untrained image-plane rotated orientations. Over the course of these prior experiments, monkeys had extensive experience with the stimuli at a single fixed (trai ...
... this study, we test this hypothesis by comparing the strength of stimulus selectivity for these stimuli at both the trained orientation and untrained image-plane rotated orientations. Over the course of these prior experiments, monkeys had extensive experience with the stimuli at a single fixed (trai ...
Dynamics of spontaneous activity in the cerebral cortex across brain states
... d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció a ...
... d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció a ...
Individual olfactory sensory neurons project into more than one
... there to innervate a glomerulus close to the midline (lower inset). In all cases, irrespectively of the number of glomeruli innervated by one primary axon, not less than two axonal branches entered each glomerulus, usually from opposite sides, as shown in Figure 3C. In Amphibia, the olfactory bulb’s ...
... there to innervate a glomerulus close to the midline (lower inset). In all cases, irrespectively of the number of glomeruli innervated by one primary axon, not less than two axonal branches entered each glomerulus, usually from opposite sides, as shown in Figure 3C. In Amphibia, the olfactory bulb’s ...
ch_12_lecture_presentation
... • Learning Outcomes • 12-7 Describe the structure of a synapse, and explain the mechanism involved in synaptic activity. • 12-8 Describe the major types of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and discuss their effects on postsynaptic membranes. ...
... • Learning Outcomes • 12-7 Describe the structure of a synapse, and explain the mechanism involved in synaptic activity. • 12-8 Describe the major types of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and discuss their effects on postsynaptic membranes. ...
Anatomy of Neuropsychiatry : The New Anatomy of the
... not only from new methods of exploring the brain, including new neuroanatomical staining techniques and brain imaging methods in humans, but also from a need to unite our knowledge of brain function and structure with clinical observations. The task is to enable an integration of brain-behavior rela ...
... not only from new methods of exploring the brain, including new neuroanatomical staining techniques and brain imaging methods in humans, but also from a need to unite our knowledge of brain function and structure with clinical observations. The task is to enable an integration of brain-behavior rela ...
PDF version - Richard Andersen
... tory responses varied too (4-l 8%). The time course of inhibition monkeys [for reviews of these deficits in humans and monwas roughly opposite that of excitation; the highest frequency of keys see Andersen (1987) and Hyvarinen (1982)]. These inhibitory responses occurred during the saccade. deficits ...
... tory responses varied too (4-l 8%). The time course of inhibition monkeys [for reviews of these deficits in humans and monwas roughly opposite that of excitation; the highest frequency of keys see Andersen (1987) and Hyvarinen (1982)]. These inhibitory responses occurred during the saccade. deficits ...
Receptive Fields of Second-order Neurons in the Olfactory Bulb of
... via a tracheal cannula. The animals were placed in a specially designed head holder that allowed free access to the nasal area. Surgical procedures included exposure of both the dorsal surface of the nasal bones overlying the olfactory epithelium and the anterior portion of the frontal bones overlyi ...
... via a tracheal cannula. The animals were placed in a specially designed head holder that allowed free access to the nasal area. Surgical procedures included exposure of both the dorsal surface of the nasal bones overlying the olfactory epithelium and the anterior portion of the frontal bones overlyi ...
Branched-chain amino acids alter neurobehavioral function in rats
... (19). Tyr is the precursor of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) (37), whereas Trp is the precursor of serotonin (5-HT) (38). Thus, the rate of production of important neurotransmitters may be affected by changes in amino acid concentrations in the blood (18). This could potentially include serot ...
... (19). Tyr is the precursor of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) (37), whereas Trp is the precursor of serotonin (5-HT) (38). Thus, the rate of production of important neurotransmitters may be affected by changes in amino acid concentrations in the blood (18). This could potentially include serot ...
Case Study 5 Literature - Department of Chemistry
... lism in Archaea and its regulation in response to growth conditions, we focused on Thermoproteus tenax, a hyperthermophilic crenarchaeote able to grow chemolithotrophically as well as chemoorganotrophically. Although a modified EntnerDoudoroff pathway is active in T. tenax, glucose is mainly degrade ...
... lism in Archaea and its regulation in response to growth conditions, we focused on Thermoproteus tenax, a hyperthermophilic crenarchaeote able to grow chemolithotrophically as well as chemoorganotrophically. Although a modified EntnerDoudoroff pathway is active in T. tenax, glucose is mainly degrade ...
Neural substrates for conditioned taste aversion in the rat.
... 5-10 min after injection of LiC1 [38,102,104]. An electrophysiological study [ 162] showed that neurons in the viscerosensory insular cortex of the rat responded tonically to an i.p. injection of 0.15 M LiC1 with the shortest latency being approximately 5 min. These findings suggest that LiC1 exerts ...
... 5-10 min after injection of LiC1 [38,102,104]. An electrophysiological study [ 162] showed that neurons in the viscerosensory insular cortex of the rat responded tonically to an i.p. injection of 0.15 M LiC1 with the shortest latency being approximately 5 min. These findings suggest that LiC1 exerts ...
Coexposure of Neonatal Mice to a Flame
... that low-dose exposure to persistent environmental toxic agents such as PCBs, DDT, and BFRs during the BGS in neonatal mice can lead to persistent defects in adult behavior and to the cholinergic system (Eriksson, 1997, 2007; Viberg et al., 2003, 2004a,b). The disturbances are manifested as defectiv ...
... that low-dose exposure to persistent environmental toxic agents such as PCBs, DDT, and BFRs during the BGS in neonatal mice can lead to persistent defects in adult behavior and to the cholinergic system (Eriksson, 1997, 2007; Viberg et al., 2003, 2004a,b). The disturbances are manifested as defectiv ...
The Big Picture File
... ganglia and at synapses between autonomic nerves and targets SS also uses norepinephrine and epinephrine (noradrenalin and adrenalin) operates at four major receptor types, collectively called adrenoreceptors http://pharmacology-notes-free.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/neurotransmitters-associated-with.htm ...
... ganglia and at synapses between autonomic nerves and targets SS also uses norepinephrine and epinephrine (noradrenalin and adrenalin) operates at four major receptor types, collectively called adrenoreceptors http://pharmacology-notes-free.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/neurotransmitters-associated-with.htm ...
Targeting apicoplasts in malaria parasites
... The first complete picture of apicoplast metabolic pathways was generated from a virtual proteome assembled by combining information about the characteristic signals needed to direct nuclear-encoded proteins to the apicoplast with the function of the genes that carried those signals. The Plasmodium ...
... The first complete picture of apicoplast metabolic pathways was generated from a virtual proteome assembled by combining information about the characteristic signals needed to direct nuclear-encoded proteins to the apicoplast with the function of the genes that carried those signals. The Plasmodium ...
download file
... of rat posterior auditory field (PAF) neurons, we compared neurophysiological responses to simple tones, frequency modulated (FM) sweeps, and amplitude modulated noise and tones with responses of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons. PAF neurons have excitatory receptive fields that are on average 6 ...
... of rat posterior auditory field (PAF) neurons, we compared neurophysiological responses to simple tones, frequency modulated (FM) sweeps, and amplitude modulated noise and tones with responses of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons. PAF neurons have excitatory receptive fields that are on average 6 ...
Spatial and temporal frequency selectivity of neurons in
... components (Campbell & Robson, 1968; Glezer et al., 1973; Maffei & Fiorentini, 1973). While at one stage this may have been seen as incompatible with feature-based representations (Hubel & Wiesel, 1962, 1968), physiological and psychophysical studies have since indicated that different Fourier chann ...
... components (Campbell & Robson, 1968; Glezer et al., 1973; Maffei & Fiorentini, 1973). While at one stage this may have been seen as incompatible with feature-based representations (Hubel & Wiesel, 1962, 1968), physiological and psychophysical studies have since indicated that different Fourier chann ...
The Unusual Binding Properties of the Third Distinct Teleost
... duplication of ER early in the teleost lineage after the divergence of ray- and lobe-finned fishes. These three subtypes were subsequently identified in zebrafish (19). The acER ortholog in zebrafish is now designated ERb or ESR2b (previously ER1) to comply with official zebrafish nomenclature r ...
... duplication of ER early in the teleost lineage after the divergence of ray- and lobe-finned fishes. These three subtypes were subsequently identified in zebrafish (19). The acER ortholog in zebrafish is now designated ERb or ESR2b (previously ER1) to comply with official zebrafish nomenclature r ...
NIH Public Access
... variation in reported CsA sensitivity was explained by the observation of Bambrick et al. [47] that only astrocytic (but not neuronal) mitochondria displayed a CsA-sensitive Ca2+ accumulation capacity. In addition permeabilized astrocytes could accumulate more Ca2+ than permeabilized granule neurons ...
... variation in reported CsA sensitivity was explained by the observation of Bambrick et al. [47] that only astrocytic (but not neuronal) mitochondria displayed a CsA-sensitive Ca2+ accumulation capacity. In addition permeabilized astrocytes could accumulate more Ca2+ than permeabilized granule neurons ...
Reaching beyond the classical receptive field of V1 neurons
... size of the RF center is to stimulate the cell with a moving high contrast sinewave grating of optimal orientation, spatial and temporal frequencies for the cell, and to increase its size until the response of the neuron ceases to increase [20,54,84]. The high contrast summation RF (hsRF) correspond ...
... size of the RF center is to stimulate the cell with a moving high contrast sinewave grating of optimal orientation, spatial and temporal frequencies for the cell, and to increase its size until the response of the neuron ceases to increase [20,54,84]. The high contrast summation RF (hsRF) correspond ...
Electrical Stimulation of the Horizontal Limb of the Diagonal Band
... piriform cortex in response to stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract. A: responses to baseline pulse (baseline response) and test pulse 50 ms after HDB stimulation (test response, Dt 5 50 ms). The population EPSP observed in layer Ia of the PC after stimulation of the LOT has a first negative p ...
... piriform cortex in response to stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract. A: responses to baseline pulse (baseline response) and test pulse 50 ms after HDB stimulation (test response, Dt 5 50 ms). The population EPSP observed in layer Ia of the PC after stimulation of the LOT has a first negative p ...
Clinical neurochemistry
Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans. While neurochemistry is mostly associated with the effects of neurotransmitters and similarly-functioning chemicals on neurons themselves, clinical neurochemistry relates these phenomena to system-wide symptoms. Clinical neurochemistry is related to neurogenesis, neuromodulation, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and neuroimmunology in the context of associating neurological findings at both lower and higher level organismal functions.