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... In a multi-‐agent environment, animals must often adopt a stochastic mixed-‐ strategy approach to maximize reward and minimize costs; otherwise, competitive opponents can exploit predictable choice patterns. This the ...
... In a multi-‐agent environment, animals must often adopt a stochastic mixed-‐ strategy approach to maximize reward and minimize costs; otherwise, competitive opponents can exploit predictable choice patterns. This the ...
Olfactory tract transection in neonatal rats: Evidence for Mitral cell
... functional recovery following nerve transection has been reported2. Munirathinam et al3. have demonstrated the axonal regeneration following olfactory tract transection. However, the study did not provide any evidence for the functional restoration in terms of integrated electrical activity between ...
... functional recovery following nerve transection has been reported2. Munirathinam et al3. have demonstrated the axonal regeneration following olfactory tract transection. However, the study did not provide any evidence for the functional restoration in terms of integrated electrical activity between ...
Inhibitory Gating of Basolateral Amygdala Inputs to the Prefrontal
... Carter, 2013). However, the overall influence of BLA inputs could be inhibitory if connections are stronger onto local GABAergic interneurons. The PFC also possesses a variety of GABAergic interneurons, which have distinct morphological and physiological properties, including parvalbumin (PV) and so ...
... Carter, 2013). However, the overall influence of BLA inputs could be inhibitory if connections are stronger onto local GABAergic interneurons. The PFC also possesses a variety of GABAergic interneurons, which have distinct morphological and physiological properties, including parvalbumin (PV) and so ...
... presence of caspase-cleaved fragments of glial fibrillary acidic protein (CCP-GFAP) in astrocytes. However, at longer survival times, when astroglial hypertrophy was observed, astroglial caspase-3 did not generally correlate with GFAP cleavage but instead was associated with de novo expression of vi ...
Glial cell biology in Drosophila and vertebrates
... neuropil, surface, and peripheral glia – exhibit many morphological and functional similarities to their mammalian counterparts (Figure 1a, Table 1). Cortex glia, which are also known as cell-body-associated glia, are structurally very similar to astrocytes, being embedded within the cell cortex in ...
... neuropil, surface, and peripheral glia – exhibit many morphological and functional similarities to their mammalian counterparts (Figure 1a, Table 1). Cortex glia, which are also known as cell-body-associated glia, are structurally very similar to astrocytes, being embedded within the cell cortex in ...
Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward
... participating in a probabilistic Pavlovian conditioning task with auditory conditioned stimuli (CSs) in ...
... participating in a probabilistic Pavlovian conditioning task with auditory conditioned stimuli (CSs) in ...
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental
... Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons have important roles in adaptive and pathological brain functions related to reward and motivation. However, it is unknown whether subpopulations of VTA dopamine neurons participate in distinct circuits that encode different motivational signatures, and ...
... Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons have important roles in adaptive and pathological brain functions related to reward and motivation. However, it is unknown whether subpopulations of VTA dopamine neurons participate in distinct circuits that encode different motivational signatures, and ...
DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIAS DA VIDA
... including myelination. Glial cells differ in the CNS and PNS. Besides other differences, while in the PNS Schwann cells that myelinate and support neurons, in the CNS oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelination. The myelin layers wrap around the axons allowing rapid transmission of action poten ...
... including myelination. Glial cells differ in the CNS and PNS. Besides other differences, while in the PNS Schwann cells that myelinate and support neurons, in the CNS oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelination. The myelin layers wrap around the axons allowing rapid transmission of action poten ...
Contrasting Effects of Reward Expectation on Sensory and Motor
... condition (either main or interaction effect) and checked their preference for large or small reward condition (i.e. whether the activity is high in the large or small reward condition) in each block. If the activity showed a significant dependence on reward condition in both blocks but the preferenc ...
... condition (either main or interaction effect) and checked their preference for large or small reward condition (i.e. whether the activity is high in the large or small reward condition) in each block. If the activity showed a significant dependence on reward condition in both blocks but the preferenc ...
A transcription factor network controls cell migration
... parapineal organ that, together with the flanking habenular nuclei, form a region of the forebrain called the dorsal diencephalon. Although they are derived from the same anlage, the pineal and parapineal organs comprise distinct neuronal types and perform different functions. The zebrafish pineal o ...
... parapineal organ that, together with the flanking habenular nuclei, form a region of the forebrain called the dorsal diencephalon. Although they are derived from the same anlage, the pineal and parapineal organs comprise distinct neuronal types and perform different functions. The zebrafish pineal o ...
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... inputs; the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory synaptic contacts is ⬃10:1, which is unprecedented in the CNS (71). This pattern of synaptic organization, which results in noise assuming the characteristics of signal, allows hypocretinergic neurons to be easily activated, leading to rapid arousal (71) ...
... inputs; the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory synaptic contacts is ⬃10:1, which is unprecedented in the CNS (71). This pattern of synaptic organization, which results in noise assuming the characteristics of signal, allows hypocretinergic neurons to be easily activated, leading to rapid arousal (71) ...
Nicotine excites hypothalamic arcuate anorexigenic
... 1 M ACh evoked a membrane depolarization of 3.2 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, left) and 100 M ACh evoked a depolarization of 8.8 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, right). We then studied the pharmacology of the nicotine receptors in POMC neurons. The experiments were conducted in the presence of TTX (0.5 M). ...
... 1 M ACh evoked a membrane depolarization of 3.2 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, left) and 100 M ACh evoked a depolarization of 8.8 ⫾ 0.6 mV (n ⫽ 6; Fig. 3A, right). We then studied the pharmacology of the nicotine receptors in POMC neurons. The experiments were conducted in the presence of TTX (0.5 M). ...
Projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus to the cochlear
... meaning of a sound depends on more than its physical characteristics. In the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) of the cat, the response properties of projection neurons (e.g., pyramidal and giant cells) are modulated by manipulating the pinna or electrically stimulating the nerve carrying proprioceptive ...
... meaning of a sound depends on more than its physical characteristics. In the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) of the cat, the response properties of projection neurons (e.g., pyramidal and giant cells) are modulated by manipulating the pinna or electrically stimulating the nerve carrying proprioceptive ...
the effects of microstimulation and microlesions in the ventral and
... In 4 experiments, arrays of electrodes were used to maximize lesion size within a given population and the speed at which extensive lesions could be made. These electrode arrays were made by epoxying four insulated tungsten microelectrodes together in a row so that the tips were 1.0 mm apart. In mos ...
... In 4 experiments, arrays of electrodes were used to maximize lesion size within a given population and the speed at which extensive lesions could be made. These electrode arrays were made by epoxying four insulated tungsten microelectrodes together in a row so that the tips were 1.0 mm apart. In mos ...
Synchronisation hubs in the visual cortex may arise from strong
... rhythmic inhibitory inputs can account for the correlations between these three properties. Neurons subject to strong inhibition tend to oscillate strongly in response to both optimal and suboptimal stimuli and synchronise promiscuously with other neurons, even if they have different orientation pre ...
... rhythmic inhibitory inputs can account for the correlations between these three properties. Neurons subject to strong inhibition tend to oscillate strongly in response to both optimal and suboptimal stimuli and synchronise promiscuously with other neurons, even if they have different orientation pre ...
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... or ‘pioneer’ neuron, blocks the migration of follower FBMNs into r5. This demonstrates that the pioneer neuron and its axon are crucial to the early migration of FBMNs. Later migration from r5 to r6 is not dependent on pioneer neurons but on the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), a bundle of axon ...
... or ‘pioneer’ neuron, blocks the migration of follower FBMNs into r5. This demonstrates that the pioneer neuron and its axon are crucial to the early migration of FBMNs. Later migration from r5 to r6 is not dependent on pioneer neurons but on the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), a bundle of axon ...
Stochastic neural network dynamics: synchronisation and control
... integrate and fire model of a neuron was first introduced [1]. Since then, neuronal models of varying complexity have been proposed to characterise a number of different behaviours with varying degrees of accuracy. Currently, it is not readily possible to simulate the actual size and complexity of t ...
... integrate and fire model of a neuron was first introduced [1]. Since then, neuronal models of varying complexity have been proposed to characterise a number of different behaviours with varying degrees of accuracy. Currently, it is not readily possible to simulate the actual size and complexity of t ...
Severely dystrophic axons at amyloid plaques
... studies showed dystrophic axons were tightly associated with disruption of presynaptic transmission machinery, suggesting local functional impairment. Thus, we rule out long-range degeneration axons or dendrites as major contributors to early synapse loss in this model, raising the prospect of a the ...
... studies showed dystrophic axons were tightly associated with disruption of presynaptic transmission machinery, suggesting local functional impairment. Thus, we rule out long-range degeneration axons or dendrites as major contributors to early synapse loss in this model, raising the prospect of a the ...
Hippocampus, 22, 1703-1719
... learning-dependent reductions in the amplitude and duration of calcium-dependent postburst afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs), accompanied by other increases in excitability (i.e., increased firing rate, or reduced spike-frequency accommodation) after trace eyeblink conditioning or spatial learning, wit ...
... learning-dependent reductions in the amplitude and duration of calcium-dependent postburst afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs), accompanied by other increases in excitability (i.e., increased firing rate, or reduced spike-frequency accommodation) after trace eyeblink conditioning or spatial learning, wit ...
(2012) Prediction of economic choice by primate amygdala neurons
... predict upcoming left or right eye movements, and it was independent of visual cue position or reaction time (Fig. 2 D, G, and H). Taken together, the neuron’s response predicted the behavioral choice to save or spend irrespective of value, action, and other measured choice parameters. Of 846 task-r ...
... predict upcoming left or right eye movements, and it was independent of visual cue position or reaction time (Fig. 2 D, G, and H). Taken together, the neuron’s response predicted the behavioral choice to save or spend irrespective of value, action, and other measured choice parameters. Of 846 task-r ...
Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... indicates that cognitive tasks involving verbal fluency activate the anterior cingulate region and reduce activity in superior temporal auditory cortices (Dolan et al., 1995; Frith and Dolan, ...
... indicates that cognitive tasks involving verbal fluency activate the anterior cingulate region and reduce activity in superior temporal auditory cortices (Dolan et al., 1995; Frith and Dolan, ...
melanogaster
... exhibit a boost in their response to visual motion during ight compared to quiescence. Pharmacological application of octopamine evokes responses in quiescent ies that mimic those observed during ight, and octopamine neurons that project to the optic lobes increase in activity during ight. Using ...
... exhibit a boost in their response to visual motion during ight compared to quiescence. Pharmacological application of octopamine evokes responses in quiescent ies that mimic those observed during ight, and octopamine neurons that project to the optic lobes increase in activity during ight. Using ...
Glucose-sensing neurons: Are they physiologically relevant?
... plateau at approximately 5 mM under severe plasma hyperglycemia. On the other hand, brain levels of approximately 0.2 –0.5 mM correlate with the 2– 3-mM plasma glucose levels, which trigger counterregulation (Fig. 1) [32]. In light of this work, most studies of both glucose-sensing and nonglucose-se ...
... plateau at approximately 5 mM under severe plasma hyperglycemia. On the other hand, brain levels of approximately 0.2 –0.5 mM correlate with the 2– 3-mM plasma glucose levels, which trigger counterregulation (Fig. 1) [32]. In light of this work, most studies of both glucose-sensing and nonglucose-se ...
Are there differences between the secretion characteristics of NGF
... (NGF) from native hippocampal slices and from NGF-cDNA transfected hippocampal neurons showed unusual characteristics [Blöchl and Thoenen (1995) Eur J Neurosci 7:1220–1228; (1996) Mol Cell Neurosci 7:173–190]. In both hippocampal slices and cultured hippocampal neurons the activity-dependent secret ...
... (NGF) from native hippocampal slices and from NGF-cDNA transfected hippocampal neurons showed unusual characteristics [Blöchl and Thoenen (1995) Eur J Neurosci 7:1220–1228; (1996) Mol Cell Neurosci 7:173–190]. In both hippocampal slices and cultured hippocampal neurons the activity-dependent secret ...