The subfornical organ: A central nervous system site for actions of
... neurons with a mean change in membrane potential of 7.3 ⫾ 0.6 mV (39% of all SFO neurons), while the remaining cells that responded to leptin hyperpolarized (⫺6.9 ⫾ 0.7 mV, 25% of all SFO neurons). Similar depolarizing and hyperpolarizing effects of leptin were observed in recordings from acutely pr ...
... neurons with a mean change in membrane potential of 7.3 ⫾ 0.6 mV (39% of all SFO neurons), while the remaining cells that responded to leptin hyperpolarized (⫺6.9 ⫾ 0.7 mV, 25% of all SFO neurons). Similar depolarizing and hyperpolarizing effects of leptin were observed in recordings from acutely pr ...
S-potentials precede and drive nearly all LGN spikes in a burst.
... tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occur because IT depolarizes the cell, generating several INa act ...
... tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occur because IT depolarizes the cell, generating several INa act ...
Effective connectivity of the subthalamic nucleus
... data from our in vivo electrophysiological recordings of cortical oscillations and neurons in the STN–GP network in a clinically relevant rat model of PD, as well as by biological data in existing publications. As detailed below, our general strategy was to mathematically define several firing rate- ...
... data from our in vivo electrophysiological recordings of cortical oscillations and neurons in the STN–GP network in a clinically relevant rat model of PD, as well as by biological data in existing publications. As detailed below, our general strategy was to mathematically define several firing rate- ...
Image-based Screening Identifies Novel Roles for I B Kinase and
... with a ⫻20 objective (GE Healthcare). From each of the 9 images of distal axon segments acquired per well, axon fragmentation was quantified using an ImageJ script modified from that described previously (10). Briefly, following background ...
... with a ⫻20 objective (GE Healthcare). From each of the 9 images of distal axon segments acquired per well, axon fragmentation was quantified using an ImageJ script modified from that described previously (10). Briefly, following background ...
concurrent, distributed control of saccade initiation in the frontal eye
... equivalent of the saccade neurons with buildup activity observed in the SC. FEF is also populated by fixation neurons that seem to parallel their counterparts in the SC84 . Hanes and Wurtz 69 showed that it was not possible to elicit saccades with microstimulation of the FEF, following reversible d ...
... equivalent of the saccade neurons with buildup activity observed in the SC. FEF is also populated by fixation neurons that seem to parallel their counterparts in the SC84 . Hanes and Wurtz 69 showed that it was not possible to elicit saccades with microstimulation of the FEF, following reversible d ...
Antennal Mechanosensory Neurons Mediate Wing Motor Reflexes
... driver. This intersectional strategy has been used successfully in a previous study to genetically ablate JO neurons (Yorozu et al., 2009). To further validate the selective expression of ricin A and the lack of leaky expression in individual flies, we inspected each fly’s brain after the experiment ...
... driver. This intersectional strategy has been used successfully in a previous study to genetically ablate JO neurons (Yorozu et al., 2009). To further validate the selective expression of ricin A and the lack of leaky expression in individual flies, we inspected each fly’s brain after the experiment ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
... mechanism that does not require dopamine. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the non-dopaminergic VTA circuitry supporting MOP positive reinforcement is currently extremely limited. Dopamine neuron firing can encode positive outcomes and produce positive reinforcement Although some pharmacological man ...
... mechanism that does not require dopamine. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the non-dopaminergic VTA circuitry supporting MOP positive reinforcement is currently extremely limited. Dopamine neuron firing can encode positive outcomes and produce positive reinforcement Although some pharmacological man ...
Linking Topography to Tonotopy in the Mouse Auditory
... depths with a tungsten microelectrode, and small lesions were made by passing 0.8 !A of current for 12 s at one or two points of interest along the lateral-to-medial penetration (e.g., the lateral or medial extremes of tone-driven recording sites or reversals in frequency tuning). Analysis of indivi ...
... depths with a tungsten microelectrode, and small lesions were made by passing 0.8 !A of current for 12 s at one or two points of interest along the lateral-to-medial penetration (e.g., the lateral or medial extremes of tone-driven recording sites or reversals in frequency tuning). Analysis of indivi ...
Three-dimensional organization of dendrites and local axon
... with local axon collaterals restricted to the dendritic field of the parent cell, and one with more widespread axon collaterals. The first type might be important for interactions between neurons within a particular functional striatal ‘territory’. The second type might provide a possibility for mor ...
... with local axon collaterals restricted to the dendritic field of the parent cell, and one with more widespread axon collaterals. The first type might be important for interactions between neurons within a particular functional striatal ‘territory’. The second type might provide a possibility for mor ...
Representing Spatial Relationships in Posterior
... evidence below that parietal neurons encode not only spatial locations or directions but also spatial relationships, when these are important to a given behavioral objective. Materials and Methods Subjects Neural activity was recorded bilaterally from area 7a in the posterior parietal cortex of 2 ma ...
... evidence below that parietal neurons encode not only spatial locations or directions but also spatial relationships, when these are important to a given behavioral objective. Materials and Methods Subjects Neural activity was recorded bilaterally from area 7a in the posterior parietal cortex of 2 ma ...
location and function of serotonin in the central and peripheral
... the Colorado potato beetle. Guided by the odour of the plant and the taste of the leaves, the beetle recognizes the host plant and feeds until satiation. The complex molecular composition of odour eliciting a locomotory response has been studied by Visser (1976), whereas the mechanisms of host odour ...
... the Colorado potato beetle. Guided by the odour of the plant and the taste of the leaves, the beetle recognizes the host plant and feeds until satiation. The complex molecular composition of odour eliciting a locomotory response has been studied by Visser (1976), whereas the mechanisms of host odour ...
New Concepts of the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Gonadotropin
... LHRH Pulse Generator In virtually all physiological situations, secretions of LH and FSH are governed by the neurosecretion of LHRH. The LHRH decapeptide is released from neurovascular terminals in the median eminence and conveyed via the hypophysial portal vasculature to the anterior pituitary glan ...
... LHRH Pulse Generator In virtually all physiological situations, secretions of LH and FSH are governed by the neurosecretion of LHRH. The LHRH decapeptide is released from neurovascular terminals in the median eminence and conveyed via the hypophysial portal vasculature to the anterior pituitary glan ...
The encoding and decoding of com-
... Speed of encoding. Number of bits encoded by the network’s activity trace as a function of time. The RS-TPC and BSTPC curves represent the bits encoded by the network’s activity trace without the wavelet circuit. The RS-Wav and BS-Wav correspond to the bits encoded by the wavelet coefficients using ...
... Speed of encoding. Number of bits encoded by the network’s activity trace as a function of time. The RS-TPC and BSTPC curves represent the bits encoded by the network’s activity trace without the wavelet circuit. The RS-Wav and BS-Wav correspond to the bits encoded by the wavelet coefficients using ...
On-line Optical Operant Conditioning of Cortical Activity
... Figure 1.2 Organization of motor cortex and related areas ............................................ 17 Figure 1.3 Operant conditioning with Skinner box ............................................................. 19 Figure ...
... Figure 1.2 Organization of motor cortex and related areas ............................................ 17 Figure 1.3 Operant conditioning with Skinner box ............................................................. 19 Figure ...
Involvement of GABAergic and cholinergic medial septal neurons in
... various phenomena, including attention and acquisition of sensory information. Two types of HPC (types I and II) exist based on pharmacological, behavioral, and electrophysiological characteristics. Both types occur during locomotion, whereas only type II (atropine-sensitive) is present under ureth ...
... various phenomena, including attention and acquisition of sensory information. Two types of HPC (types I and II) exist based on pharmacological, behavioral, and electrophysiological characteristics. Both types occur during locomotion, whereas only type II (atropine-sensitive) is present under ureth ...
Reverse pharmacology of orexin
... states as well as feeding behavior. This review summarizes recent relevant findings on orexins, and discusses physiological roles of these peptides. ...
... states as well as feeding behavior. This review summarizes recent relevant findings on orexins, and discusses physiological roles of these peptides. ...
ABSTRACT Title of dissertation: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF NEURONAL
... NMDARs are present and functional at axonal growth cones of young hippocampal neurons. Somatic whole-cell recordings of young neurons reveal NMDAR-mediated currents in response to local application of NMDA at axonal growth cones, while calcium imaging experiments show that these NMDARs elicit local ...
... NMDARs are present and functional at axonal growth cones of young hippocampal neurons. Somatic whole-cell recordings of young neurons reveal NMDAR-mediated currents in response to local application of NMDA at axonal growth cones, while calcium imaging experiments show that these NMDARs elicit local ...
Invulnerability of retinal ganglion cells to NMDA excitotoxicity
... the effects of glutamate and NMDA on rat RGCs in vitro and in situ. We show that highly purified RGCs express NR1 and NR2 receptor subunits by Western blotting and immunostaining, and functional NMDA receptor channels by whole-cell patch-clamp recording. Nevertheless, high concentrations of glutamat ...
... the effects of glutamate and NMDA on rat RGCs in vitro and in situ. We show that highly purified RGCs express NR1 and NR2 receptor subunits by Western blotting and immunostaining, and functional NMDA receptor channels by whole-cell patch-clamp recording. Nevertheless, high concentrations of glutamat ...
Lateral Hypothalamus Contains Two Types of Palatability
... Recording sessions typically lasted less than an hour and consisted of 15–20 repeats of each of the five taste stimuli, for a total of 75–100 separate taste deliveries. We have previously shown that palatability and neural responses are stable across this length of session and volume of fluid consum ...
... Recording sessions typically lasted less than an hour and consisted of 15–20 repeats of each of the five taste stimuli, for a total of 75–100 separate taste deliveries. We have previously shown that palatability and neural responses are stable across this length of session and volume of fluid consum ...
Long, intrinsic horizontal axons radiating through and beyond rat
... cytochrome oxidase staining. Thus, radiations of long horizontal axons indeed have the spatial characteristics necessary to explain horizontal activity spreads. These axons may contribute to multimodal cortical responses and various forms of cortical neural plasticity. Keywords Barrel cortex Horiz ...
... cytochrome oxidase staining. Thus, radiations of long horizontal axons indeed have the spatial characteristics necessary to explain horizontal activity spreads. These axons may contribute to multimodal cortical responses and various forms of cortical neural plasticity. Keywords Barrel cortex Horiz ...
Individual olfactory sensory neurons project into more than one
... in the present study does not allow any conclusion as to how many glomeruli are innervated by OSNs expressing the same OR. On the basis of the light microscopic observation of an avidin-stained fiber in the olfactory nerve layer, it is often impossible to distinguish whether this fiber consists of one ...
... in the present study does not allow any conclusion as to how many glomeruli are innervated by OSNs expressing the same OR. On the basis of the light microscopic observation of an avidin-stained fiber in the olfactory nerve layer, it is often impossible to distinguish whether this fiber consists of one ...
Cholinergic Elements in the Zebrafish Central Nervous System
... cholinergic/cholinoceptive system of the zebrafish CNS was analyzed by using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry in the brain, retina, and spinal cord. AChE labeling was more abundant and more widely distributed than ChAT immunoreactivi ...
... cholinergic/cholinoceptive system of the zebrafish CNS was analyzed by using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry in the brain, retina, and spinal cord. AChE labeling was more abundant and more widely distributed than ChAT immunoreactivi ...
Magel2 Is Required for Leptin-Mediated Depolarization of POMC
... several genes, including MAGEL2. Mice lacking Magel2 display increased weight gain with excess adiposity and other defects suggestive of hypothalamic deficiency. We demonstrate Magel2-null mice are insensitive to the anorexic effect of peripherally administered leptin. Although their excessive adipo ...
... several genes, including MAGEL2. Mice lacking Magel2 display increased weight gain with excess adiposity and other defects suggestive of hypothalamic deficiency. We demonstrate Magel2-null mice are insensitive to the anorexic effect of peripherally administered leptin. Although their excessive adipo ...