Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
... electrophysiological properties recorded in in vitro experiments is more limited. Three types of neurons have been described on the basis of their membrane properties (A-current type, low-threshold spikes type and mixed A-current plus LTS type; Leonard and Llinas, 1994; Takakusaki et al., 1997; Sai ...
... electrophysiological properties recorded in in vitro experiments is more limited. Three types of neurons have been described on the basis of their membrane properties (A-current type, low-threshold spikes type and mixed A-current plus LTS type; Leonard and Llinas, 1994; Takakusaki et al., 1997; Sai ...
Patterns of GABAergic Immunoreactivity Define Subdivisions of the
... independent of the number of GABAergic neurons in the thalamic divisions, with the ventral division having the largest number/unit area, the medial division about 75% of this value, and the dorsal division only about 50%; and 4) the form of the puncta was unique to each division, those in the ventra ...
... independent of the number of GABAergic neurons in the thalamic divisions, with the ventral division having the largest number/unit area, the medial division about 75% of this value, and the dorsal division only about 50%; and 4) the form of the puncta was unique to each division, those in the ventra ...
Identification of key signaling molecules involved - diss.fu
... 苦的培育深深地影响着我。我在博⼠士学习期间取得的任何⼀一点点成绩都与他们对我 ⽆无时⽆无刻的支持与鼓励息息相关。他们对我所付出的⼀一切会在我的⼀一⽣生中留下不可 磨灭的烙印。 ...
... 苦的培育深深地影响着我。我在博⼠士学习期间取得的任何⼀一点点成绩都与他们对我 ⽆无时⽆无刻的支持与鼓励息息相关。他们对我所付出的⼀一切会在我的⼀一⽣生中留下不可 磨灭的烙印。 ...
Executive Control Over Cognition: Stronger and Earlier Rule
... (match and nonmatch) was randomized over trials. Monkeys performed sets of trials consisting of 12 or 15 repetitions of each sample position under each of the two boundary orientations. On trials in which the boundary cue was vertical (Fig. 1 A, C, boundary cue), it instructed the LR (left/right) ca ...
... (match and nonmatch) was randomized over trials. Monkeys performed sets of trials consisting of 12 or 15 repetitions of each sample position under each of the two boundary orientations. On trials in which the boundary cue was vertical (Fig. 1 A, C, boundary cue), it instructed the LR (left/right) ca ...
Memory Maintenance in Synapses with Calcium
... synaptic efficacy, with time scales of minutes. We then identify two ways in which this memory time scale can be extended: (i) the extracellular calcium concentration in the experiments used to fit the model are larger than estimated concentrations in vivo. Lowering extracellular calcium concentrati ...
... synaptic efficacy, with time scales of minutes. We then identify two ways in which this memory time scale can be extended: (i) the extracellular calcium concentration in the experiments used to fit the model are larger than estimated concentrations in vivo. Lowering extracellular calcium concentrati ...
Essentials in the neuronal organization of the CNS
... The neuronal organization of the central nervous system provides the backbone to the functional studies of the nervous system. Without the fundamental knowledge of the form, location and connectivity of the neurons in the brain and in the spinal cord, neurological diagnosis would be impossible. Exce ...
... The neuronal organization of the central nervous system provides the backbone to the functional studies of the nervous system. Without the fundamental knowledge of the form, location and connectivity of the neurons in the brain and in the spinal cord, neurological diagnosis would be impossible. Exce ...
Conductance-Based Model of the Voltage
... 255–264, 2004; 10.1152/jn.00508.2003. Because the subthalamic nucleus (STN) acts as a driving force of the basal ganglia, it is important to know how the activities of STN neurons are regulated. Previously, we have reported that a subset of STN neurons generates a plateau potential in a voltage-depe ...
... 255–264, 2004; 10.1152/jn.00508.2003. Because the subthalamic nucleus (STN) acts as a driving force of the basal ganglia, it is important to know how the activities of STN neurons are regulated. Previously, we have reported that a subset of STN neurons generates a plateau potential in a voltage-depe ...
Pleiotrophin is a Neurotrophic Factor for Spinal Motor Neurons
... of the explants (Fig. 2). In fact, the motor axons formed ‘‘miniventral rootlets.’’ This pattern of motor axon outgrowth was not seen with gelfoams soaked with the vehicle. In similar experiments, parallel results were observed when the source of PTN was HEK293PTN cells, but not when the HEK-293vect ...
... of the explants (Fig. 2). In fact, the motor axons formed ‘‘miniventral rootlets.’’ This pattern of motor axon outgrowth was not seen with gelfoams soaked with the vehicle. In similar experiments, parallel results were observed when the source of PTN was HEK293PTN cells, but not when the HEK-293vect ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... neurons was also found in the AP itself. This distribution of EGFP neurons is similar to immunohistochemically identified POMC neurons in the rat brainstem (Joseph et al., 1983; Schwartzberg and Nakane, 1983; Bronstein et al., 1992). The bright fluorescence made POMC–EGFP neurons easily identifiable ...
... neurons was also found in the AP itself. This distribution of EGFP neurons is similar to immunohistochemically identified POMC neurons in the rat brainstem (Joseph et al., 1983; Schwartzberg and Nakane, 1983; Bronstein et al., 1992). The bright fluorescence made POMC–EGFP neurons easily identifiable ...
Antinociceptive Action of Nitrous Oxide Is Mediated
... A high-intensity light was focused on the ventral surface of the tail, and the time for the animal to move its tail from the light beam was recorded. A different patch of the middle (rat) or distal (mice) third of the tail was exposed to the light beam each time to minimize the risk of tissue damage ...
... A high-intensity light was focused on the ventral surface of the tail, and the time for the animal to move its tail from the light beam was recorded. A different patch of the middle (rat) or distal (mice) third of the tail was exposed to the light beam each time to minimize the risk of tissue damage ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... number of synaptic contacts within an endplate actually increases while the number of presynaptic axons innervating a given muscle fiber decreases. The observation that only one axon ends up taking over the entire NMJ suggested that there is a competition among the presynaptic inputs. Consistent wi ...
... number of synaptic contacts within an endplate actually increases while the number of presynaptic axons innervating a given muscle fiber decreases. The observation that only one axon ends up taking over the entire NMJ suggested that there is a competition among the presynaptic inputs. Consistent wi ...
glial versus neuronal uptake of glutamate
... established for monoaminergic systems. GABA, for instance, is taken up at high affinity by glia and GABAergic neurones, and the two uptake systems have been distinguished by the use of competitive analogues in vivo and in vitro. Consequently, autoradiographic location of neuronal GABA uptake has bec ...
... established for monoaminergic systems. GABA, for instance, is taken up at high affinity by glia and GABAergic neurones, and the two uptake systems have been distinguished by the use of competitive analogues in vivo and in vitro. Consequently, autoradiographic location of neuronal GABA uptake has bec ...
Kisspeptin Signaling Is Required for the Luteinizing Introduction of Males
... mice [12]. The product of the Kiss1 gene, kisspeptin, is one neuropeptide that may provide a link between the olfactory system and GnRH neurons. Kisspeptin signaling is essential for GnRH secretion and reproduction [13,14]. In humans and mice, loss of function mutations in the kisspeptin receptor (K ...
... mice [12]. The product of the Kiss1 gene, kisspeptin, is one neuropeptide that may provide a link between the olfactory system and GnRH neurons. Kisspeptin signaling is essential for GnRH secretion and reproduction [13,14]. In humans and mice, loss of function mutations in the kisspeptin receptor (K ...
doc PHGY311
... hormone release. This control mechanism of negative (or positive) feedback regulation, discussed in detail in Chapter 1, consists of the ability of a hormone to regulate its own cascade of release (Figure 1–11). For example, as discussed in greater detail in Chapter 6, cortisol produced from the adr ...
... hormone release. This control mechanism of negative (or positive) feedback regulation, discussed in detail in Chapter 1, consists of the ability of a hormone to regulate its own cascade of release (Figure 1–11). For example, as discussed in greater detail in Chapter 6, cortisol produced from the adr ...
Electrophysiological and Pharmacological Evidence for the Role of
... Figure 1. Extracellular recordings of neuronal activity from the NAS of a rat during self-administration trials using chronically implanted microwires. A, Photographic image of oscilloscope traces of an extracellularly recorded action potential. B, Two NAS neurons whose spike activity was recorded f ...
... Figure 1. Extracellular recordings of neuronal activity from the NAS of a rat during self-administration trials using chronically implanted microwires. A, Photographic image of oscilloscope traces of an extracellularly recorded action potential. B, Two NAS neurons whose spike activity was recorded f ...
associations
... Local mechanism: By its very nature, a synapse is the transmission site where information-bearing signals are in spationtemporal contiguity. This locally available information is used by the synapse to produce a local modification that is input specific; ...
... Local mechanism: By its very nature, a synapse is the transmission site where information-bearing signals are in spationtemporal contiguity. This locally available information is used by the synapse to produce a local modification that is input specific; ...
Neuronal Activity in Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata during Target
... position. The bottom portion of the figure depicts the spatial arrangement of the task and the different trial types. The large boxes are the screen on which visual stimuli were displayed. The cross represents the fixation point, and the small box indicates the eye position criterion window for corr ...
... position. The bottom portion of the figure depicts the spatial arrangement of the task and the different trial types. The large boxes are the screen on which visual stimuli were displayed. The cross represents the fixation point, and the small box indicates the eye position criterion window for corr ...
cerebellar projections to the superior colliculus in the cat1
... nucleus. These findings point to the lateral nucleus and, to a lesser extent, to the anterior interpositus as the origin of the degenerated fibers described by Lago (1975) as ending in the stratum griseum intermedium of the superior colliculus after lesions of the brachium conjunctivum in the cat. I ...
... nucleus. These findings point to the lateral nucleus and, to a lesser extent, to the anterior interpositus as the origin of the degenerated fibers described by Lago (1975) as ending in the stratum griseum intermedium of the superior colliculus after lesions of the brachium conjunctivum in the cat. I ...
Electronic Realization of Human Brain`s Neo
... The objective of this thesis is a low-power, hardware implementation of columns of neurons in the human brain’s neo-cortex. The biological neo-cortex of the human brain consists of innumerable number of columns. Each column is made of six layers with millions of neurons in each layer. This implement ...
... The objective of this thesis is a low-power, hardware implementation of columns of neurons in the human brain’s neo-cortex. The biological neo-cortex of the human brain consists of innumerable number of columns. Each column is made of six layers with millions of neurons in each layer. This implement ...
Neuronal control of leech behavior - Emory Biology
... because the somata are relatively large (10–80 mm) and every soma is visible in segmental ganglia. These properties also make optical recording feasible. 5. Long, easily accessible peripheral nerves allow for stimulation of selected neurons and monitoring of neuronal activity with extracellular elec ...
... because the somata are relatively large (10–80 mm) and every soma is visible in segmental ganglia. These properties also make optical recording feasible. 5. Long, easily accessible peripheral nerves allow for stimulation of selected neurons and monitoring of neuronal activity with extracellular elec ...
Proprioceptive Information from the Pinna Provides
... Surg ical preparation. C ats were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg, i.m.) and atropine (0.1 mg, i.m.) and anesthetized with ketamine (initial dose of 40 mg / kg, i.m.; supplemental doses of 15 mg / kg, i.v.). Body temperature (measured rectally) was maintained at 38.5°C. The head was fixed in a nose ...
... Surg ical preparation. C ats were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg, i.m.) and atropine (0.1 mg, i.m.) and anesthetized with ketamine (initial dose of 40 mg / kg, i.m.; supplemental doses of 15 mg / kg, i.v.). Body temperature (measured rectally) was maintained at 38.5°C. The head was fixed in a nose ...
Hypergravity hinders axonal development of motor neurons
... Earth and its stable gravitational conditions. Altering gravity can have profound impacts on the human body. This is especially relevant with the possibility of long-term space travel and habitation and the associated changes in gravity in different space environments. Although some of the effects o ...
... Earth and its stable gravitational conditions. Altering gravity can have profound impacts on the human body. This is especially relevant with the possibility of long-term space travel and habitation and the associated changes in gravity in different space environments. Although some of the effects o ...
Traveling Theta Waves along the Entire
... (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral (temporal) sites (Figures 3F, 3G, and S4). Theta oscillations were less regular, lower in amplitude, and more intermittent ...
... (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral (temporal) sites (Figures 3F, 3G, and S4). Theta oscillations were less regular, lower in amplitude, and more intermittent ...
Inhibitory Plasticity Balances Excitation and Inhibition in Sensory
... which inhibitory synapses were distributed so that excitation and inhibition were balanced only on average across all channels, the peristimulus time histogram (PSTH) faithfully reproduced the firing rates of the preferred signals. The other, nonpreferred input signals evoked more inhibition than ex ...
... which inhibitory synapses were distributed so that excitation and inhibition were balanced only on average across all channels, the peristimulus time histogram (PSTH) faithfully reproduced the firing rates of the preferred signals. The other, nonpreferred input signals evoked more inhibition than ex ...
A dendritic disinhibitory circuit mechanism for pathway
... comprises one spiking somatic compartment and multiple dendritic compartments, which are electrically coupled to the soma but otherwise independent of each other. The somatic and dendritic compartments have no spatial extent themselves. This choice of morphology is inspired by previous studies showi ...
... comprises one spiking somatic compartment and multiple dendritic compartments, which are electrically coupled to the soma but otherwise independent of each other. The somatic and dendritic compartments have no spatial extent themselves. This choice of morphology is inspired by previous studies showi ...