Review Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward
... A crucial feature of dopamine responses is their dependency on event unpredictability. The activations following rewards do not occur when food or liquid rewards are preceded by phasic stimuli that have been conditioned to predict such rewards (Romo and Schultz, 1990; Ljungberg et al., 1992; Mirenow ...
... A crucial feature of dopamine responses is their dependency on event unpredictability. The activations following rewards do not occur when food or liquid rewards are preceded by phasic stimuli that have been conditioned to predict such rewards (Romo and Schultz, 1990; Ljungberg et al., 1992; Mirenow ...
Cell-intrinsic drivers of dendrite morphogenesis
... Many studies have been carried out in Drosophila due to the wellcharacterized nature of specific neuron populations, the ability to carry out forward genetic screens, and the ease of studying unique aspects of dendrite morphogenesis. C. elegans also offers an elegant system for genetic studies of pr ...
... Many studies have been carried out in Drosophila due to the wellcharacterized nature of specific neuron populations, the ability to carry out forward genetic screens, and the ease of studying unique aspects of dendrite morphogenesis. C. elegans also offers an elegant system for genetic studies of pr ...
Cerebellar control of visceral responses–possible mechanisms
... involving virtually all links of the parasympathetic and sympathetic adrenal systems and, consequently, their subordinated effector organs. However, these different autonomic effects, which can almost all be induced from the same electrode position in the ...
... involving virtually all links of the parasympathetic and sympathetic adrenal systems and, consequently, their subordinated effector organs. However, these different autonomic effects, which can almost all be induced from the same electrode position in the ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... 8. Neurons differ most strongly from other body cells in their: a. temperature. b. shape. c. osmotic pressure. d. mitochondria. ANS: B and Glia ...
... 8. Neurons differ most strongly from other body cells in their: a. temperature. b. shape. c. osmotic pressure. d. mitochondria. ANS: B and Glia ...
Early Functional Impairment of Sensory-Motor Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... rather than neuronal loss. Several recent studies have examined whether abnormalities of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synapse can account for the motor behavioral deficits of SMA mice (Murray et al., 2008; Kariya et al., 2008; Kong et al., 2009; Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in ...
... rather than neuronal loss. Several recent studies have examined whether abnormalities of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synapse can account for the motor behavioral deficits of SMA mice (Murray et al., 2008; Kariya et al., 2008; Kong et al., 2009; Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in ...
Shape Selectivity in Primate Frontal Eye Field
... conventional, straightforward experimental design used to study single cell responses in visual areas of the “what” pathway, we directly test, for the first time, sensitivity of FEF neurons to simple, 2-D shapes. We also present fMRI evidence using a variety of shape stimuli to provide information a ...
... conventional, straightforward experimental design used to study single cell responses in visual areas of the “what” pathway, we directly test, for the first time, sensitivity of FEF neurons to simple, 2-D shapes. We also present fMRI evidence using a variety of shape stimuli to provide information a ...
1 - BrainMaster
... only be the primary source for neuroscientists interested in the initial discoveries in adult neurogenesis and how they came about, but should also be of value to those interested in science history, funding, and policy. Novel methods for labeling new neurons – new thymidine analogs such as BrdU, i ...
... only be the primary source for neuroscientists interested in the initial discoveries in adult neurogenesis and how they came about, but should also be of value to those interested in science history, funding, and policy. Novel methods for labeling new neurons – new thymidine analogs such as BrdU, i ...
The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus
... exceeding the mundane ‘relay’. For many mammals, it is structurally impressive: Exquisite lamination, sophisticated microcircuits, and blending of multiple inputs suggest some fundamental transform. This impression is bolstered by the fact that numerically, the retina accounts for a small fraction o ...
... exceeding the mundane ‘relay’. For many mammals, it is structurally impressive: Exquisite lamination, sophisticated microcircuits, and blending of multiple inputs suggest some fundamental transform. This impression is bolstered by the fact that numerically, the retina accounts for a small fraction o ...
Diversity of laminar connections linking periarcuate and
... procedures, we showed that laminar-specific connections between distinct prefrontal (areas 46 and 8) and lateral intraparietal (LIPv, LIPd and 7a) areas in Macaca mulatta, studied with neural tracers, varied systematically according to rules determined by the laminar architecture of the linked areas ...
... procedures, we showed that laminar-specific connections between distinct prefrontal (areas 46 and 8) and lateral intraparietal (LIPv, LIPd and 7a) areas in Macaca mulatta, studied with neural tracers, varied systematically according to rules determined by the laminar architecture of the linked areas ...
the phase-space dynamics of systems of spiking neurons
... Science remained out of favor until the beginning of the Renaissance. In 1543 Andreas Vesalius published De Humani Corporis Fabrica that helped correct numerous misconceptions about the human anatomy that had prevailed for fifteen hundred years. The 1641 publication of René Descartes’ Meditationes ...
... Science remained out of favor until the beginning of the Renaissance. In 1543 Andreas Vesalius published De Humani Corporis Fabrica that helped correct numerous misconceptions about the human anatomy that had prevailed for fifteen hundred years. The 1641 publication of René Descartes’ Meditationes ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... total level of synaptic efficacy. A frequent approach in neural network models is to globally adjust all the synapses onto each postsynaptic neuron based on its level of activity3. The adjustment can take two forms, depending on whether the synapses to a particular neuron are changed by the same amo ...
... total level of synaptic efficacy. A frequent approach in neural network models is to globally adjust all the synapses onto each postsynaptic neuron based on its level of activity3. The adjustment can take two forms, depending on whether the synapses to a particular neuron are changed by the same amo ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... 8. Neurons differ most strongly from other body cells in their: a. temperature. b. shape. c. osmotic pressure. d. mitochondria. ANS: B and Glia ...
... 8. Neurons differ most strongly from other body cells in their: a. temperature. b. shape. c. osmotic pressure. d. mitochondria. ANS: B and Glia ...
involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis activated by
... Twelve Ce-sham-operated, 20 Ce-lesioned, 12 BST-sham-operated and 20 BST-lesioned animals, which were implanted with a morphine pellet, were used in the CPA experiments. Apparatus. CPA was conducted as previously described (Watanabe et al., 2002a). The place conditioning apparatus consisted of a shu ...
... Twelve Ce-sham-operated, 20 Ce-lesioned, 12 BST-sham-operated and 20 BST-lesioned animals, which were implanted with a morphine pellet, were used in the CPA experiments. Apparatus. CPA was conducted as previously described (Watanabe et al., 2002a). The place conditioning apparatus consisted of a shu ...
View/Open - Minerva Access
... two mechanisms: top-down feedback and coherence between these oscillations. By forming these units into circuits that can perform logic operations, we identify the different ways in which operations can be initiated and manipulated by top-down feedback. We demonstrate that more sophisticated and fle ...
... two mechanisms: top-down feedback and coherence between these oscillations. By forming these units into circuits that can perform logic operations, we identify the different ways in which operations can be initiated and manipulated by top-down feedback. We demonstrate that more sophisticated and fle ...
Full Article
... section of thoracic spinal cord. Green, dorsal CST and collaterals; blue, SPN in intercalated area. Note paucity of CST collaterals among SPN. (C) Lumbar spinal section illustrating the extents of the smallest (S) and largest (L) spinal lesions. Left and right corticospinal tracts (CST) and the left ...
... section of thoracic spinal cord. Green, dorsal CST and collaterals; blue, SPN in intercalated area. Note paucity of CST collaterals among SPN. (C) Lumbar spinal section illustrating the extents of the smallest (S) and largest (L) spinal lesions. Left and right corticospinal tracts (CST) and the left ...
Hikosaka O - lsr
... Recent studies have revealed that dopamine neurons may receive these reward-related signals from the LHb. A functional MRI (fMRI) study in which human subjects performed a motion-prediction task13 showed that the habenula (in addition to the anterior cingulate cortex and insula) was activated when a ...
... Recent studies have revealed that dopamine neurons may receive these reward-related signals from the LHb. A functional MRI (fMRI) study in which human subjects performed a motion-prediction task13 showed that the habenula (in addition to the anterior cingulate cortex and insula) was activated when a ...
Dynamics of sensory thalamocortical synaptic networks during
... and retrieves sensory information is one of the most compelling questions in neuroscience. Central to information processing, are neural networks that interconnect the thalamus and the neocortex. Rather than being static, these neural pathways are highly dynamic and modifiable on a moment to moment ...
... and retrieves sensory information is one of the most compelling questions in neuroscience. Central to information processing, are neural networks that interconnect the thalamus and the neocortex. Rather than being static, these neural pathways are highly dynamic and modifiable on a moment to moment ...
Response Differences in Monkey TE and Perirhinal Cortex: Stimulus
... directly connected but distinct inferior temporal areas. Despite this distinctness, physiological properties of neurons in these two areas generally have been similar with neurons in both areas showing selectivity for complex visual patterns and showing response modulations related to behavioral con ...
... directly connected but distinct inferior temporal areas. Despite this distinctness, physiological properties of neurons in these two areas generally have been similar with neurons in both areas showing selectivity for complex visual patterns and showing response modulations related to behavioral con ...
Fluctuations in Perceptual Decisions Panagiota Theodoni
... impressions which are contrary to ours, and that the individual himself does not always think the same in matters of sense-perception. Thus it is uncertain which of these impressions are true or false; for one kind is no more true than another, but equally so. And hence Democritus says that either t ...
... impressions which are contrary to ours, and that the individual himself does not always think the same in matters of sense-perception. Thus it is uncertain which of these impressions are true or false; for one kind is no more true than another, but equally so. And hence Democritus says that either t ...
The dorsal raphe nucleus—From silver stainings to a role in
... for visualizing serotonergic neurons in the DRN and elsewhere. A major drawback of the FIF-technique was that βcarboline is highly UV-sensitive, which led to rapid fading of the fluorescence. In addition, freeze-drying of the tissue compromised the level of obtainable morphological detail. The latte ...
... for visualizing serotonergic neurons in the DRN and elsewhere. A major drawback of the FIF-technique was that βcarboline is highly UV-sensitive, which led to rapid fading of the fluorescence. In addition, freeze-drying of the tissue compromised the level of obtainable morphological detail. The latte ...
Dendritic Computation - UCSD Cognitive Science
... algorithm, that is, a sequence of simple computational steps organized in a flowchart that leads from the input to the output (Figure 1). Are there ways to deconstruct into such simpler building blocks the very complex mapping done by a neuron? Can we identify the crucial steps that occur during thi ...
... algorithm, that is, a sequence of simple computational steps organized in a flowchart that leads from the input to the output (Figure 1). Are there ways to deconstruct into such simpler building blocks the very complex mapping done by a neuron? Can we identify the crucial steps that occur during thi ...
Spatial distribution and characterization of non
... with gyrified cortex [9– 11], and can promote local overgrowth and cortical gyrification by self-renewal of its own population [7,17 –19]. In other studies, NAPs have been found in different regions of the developing nervous system of several non-mammalian species. Studies have described the presenc ...
... with gyrified cortex [9– 11], and can promote local overgrowth and cortical gyrification by self-renewal of its own population [7,17 –19]. In other studies, NAPs have been found in different regions of the developing nervous system of several non-mammalian species. Studies have described the presenc ...
Relative Contributions of Specific Activity Histories and
... Activity History–Dependent and –Independent Synapse Remodeling ...
... Activity History–Dependent and –Independent Synapse Remodeling ...