Kobayashi S, Kawagoe R, Takikawa Y, Koizumi M, Sakagami M
... extent, by the currently expected reward value. For example, when the reinforcement ratio is different for each choice position, choice behavior is biased to a position where reward is expected with a higher probability (Herrnstein 1961). The basal ganglia have been suggested to play an important ro ...
... extent, by the currently expected reward value. For example, when the reinforcement ratio is different for each choice position, choice behavior is biased to a position where reward is expected with a higher probability (Herrnstein 1961). The basal ganglia have been suggested to play an important ro ...
Loss of TDP-43 causes age-dependent progressive motor neuron
... Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects upper and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. Although previous studies using animal models of ALS have focused mainly on the toxicity of mutant SOD1, one of the causative genes of f ...
... Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects upper and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. Although previous studies using animal models of ALS have focused mainly on the toxicity of mutant SOD1, one of the causative genes of f ...
View/Open - DukeSpace
... corresponds roughly to a zone (F7) delineated by Matelli, Luppino, and Rizzolatti using cytoarchitectonics, ...
... corresponds roughly to a zone (F7) delineated by Matelli, Luppino, and Rizzolatti using cytoarchitectonics, ...
Review Article Type 3 adenylyl cyclase: a key enzyme mediating the
... Consequently, cilia depend on a unique complex of motor and adaptor proteins (coined intraflagellar transport, IFT) for protein transportation [9]. Large ciliary proteins (with a diameter > 7.9 nm) have to be transported into and out of cilia by the IFT system [7, 10], which is essential for cilium ...
... Consequently, cilia depend on a unique complex of motor and adaptor proteins (coined intraflagellar transport, IFT) for protein transportation [9]. Large ciliary proteins (with a diameter > 7.9 nm) have to be transported into and out of cilia by the IFT system [7, 10], which is essential for cilium ...
Neural Networks
... SNIPE: This manuscript frequently incorporates Snipe. Shaded Snipe-paragraphs cost for non-commercial purposes. It was like this one are scattered among large originally designed for high performance parts of the manuscript, providing inforsimulations with lots and lots of neural mation on how to im ...
... SNIPE: This manuscript frequently incorporates Snipe. Shaded Snipe-paragraphs cost for non-commercial purposes. It was like this one are scattered among large originally designed for high performance parts of the manuscript, providing inforsimulations with lots and lots of neural mation on how to im ...
Neural Networks
... SNIPE: This manuscript frequently incorporates Snipe. Shaded Snipe-paragraphs cost for non-commercial purposes. It was like this one are scattered among large originally designed for high performance parts of the manuscript, providing inforsimulations with lots and lots of neural mation on how to im ...
... SNIPE: This manuscript frequently incorporates Snipe. Shaded Snipe-paragraphs cost for non-commercial purposes. It was like this one are scattered among large originally designed for high performance parts of the manuscript, providing inforsimulations with lots and lots of neural mation on how to im ...
Postnatal Development of the Corticospinal Tract in the Reeler Mouse
... Corticospinal tract (CST) neurons are located in layer V of the motor cortex, and send their axons to the spinal motoneurons, directly (5, 23) or indirectly (2, 35). The CST forms the longest axonal projection in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The development of CST axons is the latest ...
... Corticospinal tract (CST) neurons are located in layer V of the motor cortex, and send their axons to the spinal motoneurons, directly (5, 23) or indirectly (2, 35). The CST forms the longest axonal projection in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The development of CST axons is the latest ...
Coordinate Roles for LIM Homeobox Genes in Directing the
... column (LMC) and are generated only at levels of the neural tube that lie in register with the limb fields (Hamburger, 1977; Ensini et al., 1998). LMC neurons initially project their axons along a common path, but at the base of the limb, the motor nerve bifurcates to form distinct dorsal and ventra ...
... column (LMC) and are generated only at levels of the neural tube that lie in register with the limb fields (Hamburger, 1977; Ensini et al., 1998). LMC neurons initially project their axons along a common path, but at the base of the limb, the motor nerve bifurcates to form distinct dorsal and ventra ...
AANEM Glossary of Terms in Neuromuscular
... end of the spike and the time when the membrane potential is restored to its resting value. The membrane during this period may be depolarized or hyperpolarized at different times. akinesia Lack or marked delay of intended movement, often observed in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Often used syn ...
... end of the spike and the time when the membrane potential is restored to its resting value. The membrane during this period may be depolarized or hyperpolarized at different times. akinesia Lack or marked delay of intended movement, often observed in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Often used syn ...
Dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum form an
... brain, just ~30,000 dopamine neurons reside in these nuclei (Zaborszky and Vadasz, 2001). As with other monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain such as serotonin and noradrenaline, this small population of midbrain dopamine neurons exerts its influence over much of the brain as a neuromodulator. Ho ...
... brain, just ~30,000 dopamine neurons reside in these nuclei (Zaborszky and Vadasz, 2001). As with other monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain such as serotonin and noradrenaline, this small population of midbrain dopamine neurons exerts its influence over much of the brain as a neuromodulator. Ho ...
the human entorhinal cortex
... morphologically interneurons. Although calretinin and calbindin were localized in non-pyramidal cells, they also labeled some pyramidal-like neurons. The high density of non-pyramidal neurons containing these calciumbinding proteins in layers II and III suggests they form a critical network that con ...
... morphologically interneurons. Although calretinin and calbindin were localized in non-pyramidal cells, they also labeled some pyramidal-like neurons. The high density of non-pyramidal neurons containing these calciumbinding proteins in layers II and III suggests they form a critical network that con ...
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience
... rates and behavioral data where indicated ( p ⬍ 0.05). Chi-square tests ( p ⬍ 0.05) were used to determine whether counts of cells were different from zero. Significant direction signaling, as a function of time, was determined using a sliding window analysis. For STOP and GO trials independently, a ...
... rates and behavioral data where indicated ( p ⬍ 0.05). Chi-square tests ( p ⬍ 0.05) were used to determine whether counts of cells were different from zero. Significant direction signaling, as a function of time, was determined using a sliding window analysis. For STOP and GO trials independently, a ...
Filamentous contacts: the ultrastructure and three
... Since the axon terminals are often very large, it is common in such planes of section to encounter filamentous contacts extending over several micrometers (e.g. Fig. 3). One such contact, along the interface between a dendritic shaft in VB and an elongated sausage-like lemniscal terminal, was 7 µm l ...
... Since the axon terminals are often very large, it is common in such planes of section to encounter filamentous contacts extending over several micrometers (e.g. Fig. 3). One such contact, along the interface between a dendritic shaft in VB and an elongated sausage-like lemniscal terminal, was 7 µm l ...
Review Spectrin and calpain
... Molecular modeling of the 11th repeat segment provided evidence that the calpain cleavage site (with the critical Tyr1176–Gly1177 bond) with its flanking calmodulin binding domain forms a highly exposed loop within helix C (see fig. 1B). Moreover, from site-directed mutagenesis experiments it was co ...
... Molecular modeling of the 11th repeat segment provided evidence that the calpain cleavage site (with the critical Tyr1176–Gly1177 bond) with its flanking calmodulin binding domain forms a highly exposed loop within helix C (see fig. 1B). Moreover, from site-directed mutagenesis experiments it was co ...
Mammalian Models of CNS Regeneration - Wiley-VCH
... 2002). Typically, the dorsal corticospinal tracts are destroyed in all but the mildest contusion injuries with loss of much gray matter and sparing of a variable amount of peripheral white matter. The axons in the lesioned tracts often terminate well short of the region of primary impact. Although c ...
... 2002). Typically, the dorsal corticospinal tracts are destroyed in all but the mildest contusion injuries with loss of much gray matter and sparing of a variable amount of peripheral white matter. The axons in the lesioned tracts often terminate well short of the region of primary impact. Although c ...
Neural Networks
... Want to learn not only by reading, but also by coding? Use SNIPE! SNIPE 1 is a well-documented JAVA library that implements a framework for neural networks in a speedy, feature-rich and usable way. It is available at no cost for non-commercial purposes. It was originally designed for high performanc ...
... Want to learn not only by reading, but also by coding? Use SNIPE! SNIPE 1 is a well-documented JAVA library that implements a framework for neural networks in a speedy, feature-rich and usable way. It is available at no cost for non-commercial purposes. It was originally designed for high performanc ...
Modulation of premotor circuits controlling locomotor activity by
... supraspinal brain structures and circuits in the spinal cord. Understanding how the central nervous system generates a large repertoire of motor sequences, coordinate limbs and body orientation in an ever-changing environment while adapting to a myriad of sensory cues remains a central question in t ...
... supraspinal brain structures and circuits in the spinal cord. Understanding how the central nervous system generates a large repertoire of motor sequences, coordinate limbs and body orientation in an ever-changing environment while adapting to a myriad of sensory cues remains a central question in t ...
The time of course of BDNF levels in brain and plasma after cerebral
... coupled to the measurement of BDNF levels in the whole hemispheres before and after (4h, 24h and 8d) ischemic stroke in rats. Stroke was performed by means of intracarotid injection of calibrated microspheres (Bralet et al., 1979), a model which allows the modulation of neuronal death severity by va ...
... coupled to the measurement of BDNF levels in the whole hemispheres before and after (4h, 24h and 8d) ischemic stroke in rats. Stroke was performed by means of intracarotid injection of calibrated microspheres (Bralet et al., 1979), a model which allows the modulation of neuronal death severity by va ...
Calcium Regulation of Dendritic Growth via CaM Kinase IV and
... the calcium-dependent increase in dendritic growth in KCl-stimulated neurons (Figure 3F). This result indicates that the level of expression of CaM kinase IV is a key determinant of calcium-dependent dendritic growth. As a final test of the role of CaM kinase IV in dendritic development, we examined ...
... the calcium-dependent increase in dendritic growth in KCl-stimulated neurons (Figure 3F). This result indicates that the level of expression of CaM kinase IV is a key determinant of calcium-dependent dendritic growth. As a final test of the role of CaM kinase IV in dendritic development, we examined ...
cellular mechanisms of classical and operant conditioning A model
... Sensory neurons in the cerebral ganglion (i.e., cerebral mechanoafferents, CM) mediate tactile stimuli from the lips. A subclass of CM cells (i.e., interganglionic cerebral buccal mechanoafferents, ICBM) projects to the buccal ganglion. Chemosensory cells are thought to have cell bodies in the perip ...
... Sensory neurons in the cerebral ganglion (i.e., cerebral mechanoafferents, CM) mediate tactile stimuli from the lips. A subclass of CM cells (i.e., interganglionic cerebral buccal mechanoafferents, ICBM) projects to the buccal ganglion. Chemosensory cells are thought to have cell bodies in the perip ...
Temporal modulation of the dynamics of neuronal networks with
... the dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC) of monkeys. dACC is thought to trigger behavioral adaptation. We found evidence for (i) high spike count variability and (ii) temporal reliability (favored by temporal correlations) which respectively hindered and favored information transmission when monk ...
... the dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC) of monkeys. dACC is thought to trigger behavioral adaptation. We found evidence for (i) high spike count variability and (ii) temporal reliability (favored by temporal correlations) which respectively hindered and favored information transmission when monk ...
Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization
... that it ensures the simple morphology of class I dendritic arborization neurons28,29. Future identification of genes that are downstream of Abrupt will help elucidate the mechanism underlying dendrite confinement. Moreover, larval class I dendritic arborization neurons extend secondary dendrites mos ...
... that it ensures the simple morphology of class I dendritic arborization neurons28,29. Future identification of genes that are downstream of Abrupt will help elucidate the mechanism underlying dendrite confinement. Moreover, larval class I dendritic arborization neurons extend secondary dendrites mos ...
Chemical Transmitters and Modulation of Sleep
... and sleep generation, the neurotransmitter identity and activity ofBF neurons serving these different functions have remained uncertain. Furthermore, few studies have been done to clarify how the wake vs. sleep promoting neurons may be modulated to generate their differential activity and sleep-wake ...
... and sleep generation, the neurotransmitter identity and activity ofBF neurons serving these different functions have remained uncertain. Furthermore, few studies have been done to clarify how the wake vs. sleep promoting neurons may be modulated to generate their differential activity and sleep-wake ...