Multisensory Integration of Dynamic Faces and Voices
... fixate on this spot within a 1 or 2° radius for 500 ms. This was followed by (1) the appearance of a video sequence with the audio track, (2) the appearance of the video alone (no audio), or (3) the audio track alone (black screen). The videos were displayed centrally at 10 ⫻ 6.6°, and the audio tra ...
... fixate on this spot within a 1 or 2° radius for 500 ms. This was followed by (1) the appearance of a video sequence with the audio track, (2) the appearance of the video alone (no audio), or (3) the audio track alone (black screen). The videos were displayed centrally at 10 ⫻ 6.6°, and the audio tra ...
Response characteristics of neurons in the pulvinar of awake cats to
... movements. Extracellular cell activity during saccades, saccade-like image shifts, and various stationary visual stimuli was recorded together with the animals’ eye positions. All neurons analyzed had receptive fields that covered most of the central 80×80° of the animals’ visual field and did only ...
... movements. Extracellular cell activity during saccades, saccade-like image shifts, and various stationary visual stimuli was recorded together with the animals’ eye positions. All neurons analyzed had receptive fields that covered most of the central 80×80° of the animals’ visual field and did only ...
Different Stimuli, Different Spatial Codes: A Visual Map and an
... Maps are a mainstay of visual, somatosensory, and motor coding in many species. However, auditory maps of space have not been reported in the primate brain. Instead, recent studies have suggested that sound location may be encoded via broadly responsive neurons whose firing rates vary roughly propor ...
... Maps are a mainstay of visual, somatosensory, and motor coding in many species. However, auditory maps of space have not been reported in the primate brain. Instead, recent studies have suggested that sound location may be encoded via broadly responsive neurons whose firing rates vary roughly propor ...
Joseph and Heberlein 1 Tissue-specific Activation of a
... to Gr66aGAL4; UAS-CD8-GFP flies. Resulting tubulin-FRT-GAL80-FRT/+; UASTeTx/Gr66aGAL4; heat shock-FLP/UAS-CD8-GFP progeny were then heat shocked for one hour 15 minutes at the pupal stage to generate clones. Briefly, heat shock activation of hs-FLP randomly causes FRT sites to recombine GAL80 away f ...
... to Gr66aGAL4; UAS-CD8-GFP flies. Resulting tubulin-FRT-GAL80-FRT/+; UASTeTx/Gr66aGAL4; heat shock-FLP/UAS-CD8-GFP progeny were then heat shocked for one hour 15 minutes at the pupal stage to generate clones. Briefly, heat shock activation of hs-FLP randomly causes FRT sites to recombine GAL80 away f ...
Neuronal basis of contrast discrimination
... For more than 30 years, psychophysical studies of visual pattern perception have paralleled research on the neurophysiological response properties of neurons in the visual cortex. The prevailing view has been that psychophysical judgements about pattern discrimination and pattern appearance are limi ...
... For more than 30 years, psychophysical studies of visual pattern perception have paralleled research on the neurophysiological response properties of neurons in the visual cortex. The prevailing view has been that psychophysical judgements about pattern discrimination and pattern appearance are limi ...
the primate amygdala: neuronal representations of
... 2001). Almost nothing is known, however, about whether aspects of food other than taste and smell are represented in the amygdala. The texture of food is important in its palatability and acceptability (Bourne, 2002, consider e.g. damp cereal or potato chips), and temperature may also be important ( ...
... 2001). Almost nothing is known, however, about whether aspects of food other than taste and smell are represented in the amygdala. The texture of food is important in its palatability and acceptability (Bourne, 2002, consider e.g. damp cereal or potato chips), and temperature may also be important ( ...
Artificial Neural Network in Drug Delivery and Pharmaceutical
... sources, processes them, and makes decisions. Interestingly, ANN simulates the biological nervous system and draws on analogues of adaptive biological neurons. ANNs do not require rigidly structured experimental designs and can map functions using historical or incomplete data, which makes them a po ...
... sources, processes them, and makes decisions. Interestingly, ANN simulates the biological nervous system and draws on analogues of adaptive biological neurons. ANNs do not require rigidly structured experimental designs and can map functions using historical or incomplete data, which makes them a po ...
Early Appearance of Inhibitory Input to the MNTB Supports Binaural
... Coding properties are also influenced heavily by the pinnae and head size. In the juvenile ferret, auditory cortex neurons can display adult-like spatial coding properties when activated with dichotic stimuli that reflect the filtering characteristic of adult external ears (Mrsic-Flogel et al. 2003) ...
... Coding properties are also influenced heavily by the pinnae and head size. In the juvenile ferret, auditory cortex neurons can display adult-like spatial coding properties when activated with dichotic stimuli that reflect the filtering characteristic of adult external ears (Mrsic-Flogel et al. 2003) ...
Fig. 2 - eNeuro
... M), which specifically binds with nicotinic receptors at the tadpole neuromuscular junctions (Li et al., 2004b; Li et al., 2014). After immobilization with ␣-bungarotoxin, the tadpole was re-pinned in the dissection bath and further cuts were made to remove ependymal cells from the inside of the hi ...
... M), which specifically binds with nicotinic receptors at the tadpole neuromuscular junctions (Li et al., 2004b; Li et al., 2014). After immobilization with ␣-bungarotoxin, the tadpole was re-pinned in the dissection bath and further cuts were made to remove ependymal cells from the inside of the hi ...
Emotion, Cognition, and Mental State Representation in Amygdala
... emotional expression. We review recent neurobiological data concerning the amygdala and the PFC and discuss how these data fit into a proposed framework for understanding interactions between emotion and cognition. The concept of a mental state plays a central role in our theoretical framework. We de ...
... emotional expression. We review recent neurobiological data concerning the amygdala and the PFC and discuss how these data fit into a proposed framework for understanding interactions between emotion and cognition. The concept of a mental state plays a central role in our theoretical framework. We de ...
Pontine Gustatory Activity Is Altered by Electrical Stimulation in the
... Lundy, Robert F., Jr. and Ralph Norgren. Pontine gustatory activity is altered by electrical stimulation in the central nucleus of the amygdala. J Neurophysiol 85: 770 –783, 2001. Visceral signals and experience modulate the responses of brain stem neurons to gustatory stimuli. Both behavioral and a ...
... Lundy, Robert F., Jr. and Ralph Norgren. Pontine gustatory activity is altered by electrical stimulation in the central nucleus of the amygdala. J Neurophysiol 85: 770 –783, 2001. Visceral signals and experience modulate the responses of brain stem neurons to gustatory stimuli. Both behavioral and a ...
Cellular, synaptic and network effects of neuromodulation
... potentials, and the bottom neuron was firing in bursts of action potentials separated by long interburst intervals. When we consider that biological neurons may display eight, ten, or more different voltage-dependent currents, and that the subunit composition of each channel type can regulate its ki ...
... potentials, and the bottom neuron was firing in bursts of action potentials separated by long interburst intervals. When we consider that biological neurons may display eight, ten, or more different voltage-dependent currents, and that the subunit composition of each channel type can regulate its ki ...
Parallel Transformation of Tactile Signals in Central Circuits of
... the headstage by 6 inches of flexible shielded wire. Extracellular bristle signals were acquired in zero-current (I=0) mode with an Axon 200B patch-clamp amplifier, and digitized at 10 kHz. The same basic configuration was used for recording bristle neuron spikes (Figure 2 and Figure 3) and also for ...
... the headstage by 6 inches of flexible shielded wire. Extracellular bristle signals were acquired in zero-current (I=0) mode with an Axon 200B patch-clamp amplifier, and digitized at 10 kHz. The same basic configuration was used for recording bristle neuron spikes (Figure 2 and Figure 3) and also for ...
On the use of cognitive maps - David Redish
... A reinforcement learning approach to animal behavior was used to develop a theory of cognitive map function. Reinforcement learning provides a theoretical framework within which the components of cognitive map function can be readily defined and explored. This approach addresses long-standing critici ...
... A reinforcement learning approach to animal behavior was used to develop a theory of cognitive map function. Reinforcement learning provides a theoretical framework within which the components of cognitive map function can be readily defined and explored. This approach addresses long-standing critici ...
Activity of Defined Mushroom Body Output Neurons
... neurons induces avoidance behavior. We therefore propose that drive to the M4/6 neurons reflects odor-directed behavioral choice. ...
... neurons induces avoidance behavior. We therefore propose that drive to the M4/6 neurons reflects odor-directed behavioral choice. ...
Action Potentials in Earthworms
... to the dorsal nerve cord of vertebrates. The ventral nerve cord of an earthworm contains three giant neurons. The cord has one medial giant neuron with a lateral giant neuron on either side of the medial neuron. Because of their size, the three giant neurons in the earthworm nerve cord can generate ...
... to the dorsal nerve cord of vertebrates. The ventral nerve cord of an earthworm contains three giant neurons. The cord has one medial giant neuron with a lateral giant neuron on either side of the medial neuron. Because of their size, the three giant neurons in the earthworm nerve cord can generate ...
chapter 4 the evolution of body, brain, behavior, and mind in
... are interconnected by way of a meshwork of vertically aligned bipolar cells and horizontally oriented amacrine cells, and there is a layer of ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve (Dowling, 1968; Fig. 4-5B). The processing of visual input begins at the retinal level where many ganglion cel ...
... are interconnected by way of a meshwork of vertically aligned bipolar cells and horizontally oriented amacrine cells, and there is a layer of ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve (Dowling, 1968; Fig. 4-5B). The processing of visual input begins at the retinal level where many ganglion cel ...
FREE Sample Here
... Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.4 List the sequence of events that generate an action potential. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 15) During the resting state of a volta ...
... Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.4 List the sequence of events that generate an action potential. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 15) During the resting state of a volta ...
ASL: Hierarchy, Composition, Heterogeneity, and Multi
... development of distributed heterogeneous systems. ASL presents a hierarchical approach for the design and implementation of systems where intensive processing and continuous inter-process communication are intrinsic properties. ASL unifies schema modeling [Arbib 1992] with concurrent object-oriented ...
... development of distributed heterogeneous systems. ASL presents a hierarchical approach for the design and implementation of systems where intensive processing and continuous inter-process communication are intrinsic properties. ASL unifies schema modeling [Arbib 1992] with concurrent object-oriented ...
Experience-dependent corticofugal adjustment
... ‘‘unmatched’’ subcortical neurons. This cortical function for the adjustment and improvement of subcortical information processing is called egocentric selection. Egocentric selection enhances the neural representation of frequently occurring signals in the central auditory system. For our present s ...
... ‘‘unmatched’’ subcortical neurons. This cortical function for the adjustment and improvement of subcortical information processing is called egocentric selection. Egocentric selection enhances the neural representation of frequently occurring signals in the central auditory system. For our present s ...
The Suppressive Field of Neurons in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
... firing rate varied over 18 ⫾ 11 spikes/s, with variations ⬎25 spikes/s in 9 of 34 neurons. Similarly, the overall responsiveness varied substantially over time. The harmonic response to a 50% contrast stimulus varied on average by 25 ⫾ 16 spikes/s, with variations of ⬎40 spikes/s in 4 of 34 neurons. ...
... firing rate varied over 18 ⫾ 11 spikes/s, with variations ⬎25 spikes/s in 9 of 34 neurons. Similarly, the overall responsiveness varied substantially over time. The harmonic response to a 50% contrast stimulus varied on average by 25 ⫾ 16 spikes/s, with variations of ⬎40 spikes/s in 4 of 34 neurons. ...
Functional Properties of Parietal Visual Neurons: Mechanisms of
... system in visuospatial perception. We sought to construct positive images of these perceptual functions, defects which characterize so vividly primates with lesions of the parietal lobe system. We first give a new description of the receptive fields of PVNs. These receptive fields are dynamically ma ...
... system in visuospatial perception. We sought to construct positive images of these perceptual functions, defects which characterize so vividly primates with lesions of the parietal lobe system. We first give a new description of the receptive fields of PVNs. These receptive fields are dynamically ma ...
Activity of Neurons in Anterior Inferior Temporal Cortex during a
... tasks that require the monkey to retain memories across a “blank” retention interval, during which no visual stimuli are presented. Outside the laboratory, however, memories frequently must be retained while new information is being processed. It is not understood how IT neurons can participate in m ...
... tasks that require the monkey to retain memories across a “blank” retention interval, during which no visual stimuli are presented. Outside the laboratory, however, memories frequently must be retained while new information is being processed. It is not understood how IT neurons can participate in m ...
Medical Gross Anatomy - University of Michigan
... parasympathetic and sympathetic systems are located within the central nervous system. These presynaptic autonomic neurons synapse only with postsynaptic autonomic neurons. (There is one exception, in the adrenal gland, which will be discussed later in this module.) The cell bodies of postsynaptic a ...
... parasympathetic and sympathetic systems are located within the central nervous system. These presynaptic autonomic neurons synapse only with postsynaptic autonomic neurons. (There is one exception, in the adrenal gland, which will be discussed later in this module.) The cell bodies of postsynaptic a ...
Chapter 143: Auditory System - Physiology
... The middle ear serves to transmit sound energy from the air space in the external auditory meatus to the fluid in the cochlea. This coupling is accomplished through the vibration of the three middle ear ossicles. The movement of the tympanic membrane in response to pressure changes in the external e ...
... The middle ear serves to transmit sound energy from the air space in the external auditory meatus to the fluid in the cochlea. This coupling is accomplished through the vibration of the three middle ear ossicles. The movement of the tympanic membrane in response to pressure changes in the external e ...
Neuroethology
Neuroethology is the evolutionary and comparative approach to the study of animal behavior and its underlying mechanistic control by the nervous system. This interdisciplinary branch of behavioral neuroscience endeavors to understand how the central nervous system translates biologically relevant stimuli into natural behavior. For example, many bats are capable of echolocation which is used for prey capture and navigation. The auditory system of bats is often cited as an example for how acoustic properties of sounds can be converted into a sensory map of behaviorally relevant features of sounds. Neuroethologists hope to uncover general principles of the nervous system from the study of animals with exaggerated or specialized behaviors.As its name implies, neuroethology is a multidisciplinary field composed of neurobiology (the study of the nervous system) and ethology (the study of behavior in natural conditions). A central theme of the field of neuroethology, delineating it from other branches of neuroscience, is this focus on natural behavior. Natural behaviors may be thought of as those behaviors generated through means of natural selection (i.e. finding mates, navigation, locomotion, predator avoidance) rather than behaviors in disease states, or behavioral tasks that are particular to the laboratory.