Endomembrane proton pumps: connecting membrane and vesicle
... V-ATPases constitute a family of highly conserved, multisubunit proton-pumps that are found throughout the endomembrane systems of all eukaryotes [3]. They share a common ancestor with F-ATPases and, like their distant relatives, are composed of two subcomplexes. The peripheral V1 complex, which con ...
... V-ATPases constitute a family of highly conserved, multisubunit proton-pumps that are found throughout the endomembrane systems of all eukaryotes [3]. They share a common ancestor with F-ATPases and, like their distant relatives, are composed of two subcomplexes. The peripheral V1 complex, which con ...
Universal strategies in research and drug discovery based on protein
... represented on the left, and the interactions between the pathway enzymes are depicted on the right. Perturbation of one enzyme (B4) with, for example, a drug, changes the interactions of other enzymes coupled to B4 (B6:B7). This way it can be inferred that these enzymes have a role in the same bioc ...
... represented on the left, and the interactions between the pathway enzymes are depicted on the right. Perturbation of one enzyme (B4) with, for example, a drug, changes the interactions of other enzymes coupled to B4 (B6:B7). This way it can be inferred that these enzymes have a role in the same bioc ...
Linear ubiquitin chains: enzymes, mechanisms and biology
... forms the thioester intermediate during ubiquitin transfer (figure 1b) [18]. Recent structural and biochemical studies have allowed first insight into individual steps of the ubiquitin transfer reaction from E2 to E3 (HOIP) and onto a ubiquitin substrate, and have provided a mechanistic explanation ...
... forms the thioester intermediate during ubiquitin transfer (figure 1b) [18]. Recent structural and biochemical studies have allowed first insight into individual steps of the ubiquitin transfer reaction from E2 to E3 (HOIP) and onto a ubiquitin substrate, and have provided a mechanistic explanation ...
The beneficial role of proteolysis in skeletal muscle growth and
... © 2016 Bell et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit t ...
... © 2016 Bell et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit t ...
Positive Regulation of IκB Kinase Signaling by Protein
... efficiently integrated into endogenous IKK complexes containing the IKKα and IKKβ catalytic subunits. ...
... efficiently integrated into endogenous IKK complexes containing the IKKα and IKKβ catalytic subunits. ...
Misregulation of autophagy and protein degradation systems in
... early autophagic vesicles by their fusion with endosomes and lysosomes. LAMP2-deficient cells exhibit accumulation of early autophagic vesicles, intracellular mistargeting of lysosomal enzymes and of LAMP1, abnormal retention of mannose 6-phosphate receptors in autophagosomes and reduced degradation ...
... early autophagic vesicles by their fusion with endosomes and lysosomes. LAMP2-deficient cells exhibit accumulation of early autophagic vesicles, intracellular mistargeting of lysosomal enzymes and of LAMP1, abnormal retention of mannose 6-phosphate receptors in autophagosomes and reduced degradation ...
Interactions of Virus Proteins Within the Host Cell
... influences to the cellular pathway that the virus can exploit. Possible routes are e.g. the clathrin-mediated pathway, the caveolin-mediated pathway, clathrinand caveolin- independent pathways, phagosytosis or macropinocytosis (Mercer et al. 2010). The clathrin-mediated route is explained in more de ...
... influences to the cellular pathway that the virus can exploit. Possible routes are e.g. the clathrin-mediated pathway, the caveolin-mediated pathway, clathrinand caveolin- independent pathways, phagosytosis or macropinocytosis (Mercer et al. 2010). The clathrin-mediated route is explained in more de ...
REVIEW - The Journal of Cell Biology
... B. INTERMEMBRANE SPACE" A list of enzymatic activities that have been localized to the space between the outer and the inner mitochondrial membranes can be found in references 2 and 40. The sites of synthesis of these enzymes have not been defined but, presumably, these enzymes are made on cytoplasm ...
... B. INTERMEMBRANE SPACE" A list of enzymatic activities that have been localized to the space between the outer and the inner mitochondrial membranes can be found in references 2 and 40. The sites of synthesis of these enzymes have not been defined but, presumably, these enzymes are made on cytoplasm ...
Modification-specific proteomics: Strategies for characterization of
... for identifying candidate substrate proteins for certain types of PTM, such as tyrosine phosphorylation. However, the small size of the structural motifs of other common PTMs (for example, protein methylation and acetylation) makes it difficult to generate pan-specific antibodies, which recognize PT ...
... for identifying candidate substrate proteins for certain types of PTM, such as tyrosine phosphorylation. However, the small size of the structural motifs of other common PTMs (for example, protein methylation and acetylation) makes it difficult to generate pan-specific antibodies, which recognize PT ...
Hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry for the analysis of protein
... especially in the case of analysis of protein complexes, may dictate D2O introduction of a specific type. The primary method for introducing deuterium into a protein sample is by dilution. Typically, a solution of protein in a protiated buffer is diluted with a deuterated buffer that has a deuterium ...
... especially in the case of analysis of protein complexes, may dictate D2O introduction of a specific type. The primary method for introducing deuterium into a protein sample is by dilution. Typically, a solution of protein in a protiated buffer is diluted with a deuterated buffer that has a deuterium ...
Heterotrimeric G proteins in C. elegans
... Heterotrimeric G proteins, composed of α, β, and γ subunits, are able to transduce signals from membrane receptors to a wide variety of intracellular effectors. In this role, G proteins effectively function as dimers since the signal is communicated either by the Gα subunit or the stable Gβγ complex ...
... Heterotrimeric G proteins, composed of α, β, and γ subunits, are able to transduce signals from membrane receptors to a wide variety of intracellular effectors. In this role, G proteins effectively function as dimers since the signal is communicated either by the Gα subunit or the stable Gβγ complex ...
Usha`s project - The University of Texas at Dallas
... Nearly all proteins have structural similarities with other proteins and most of them share a common evolutionary origin. Individual structures provide explanations of specific biochemical functions and mechanisms, whereas comparisons of structures give insight to general principles governing these ...
... Nearly all proteins have structural similarities with other proteins and most of them share a common evolutionary origin. Individual structures provide explanations of specific biochemical functions and mechanisms, whereas comparisons of structures give insight to general principles governing these ...
Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
... increasing salt concentration and increasing pH, and that electron-microscope images showed particles with diameters of 18 um, observations that were confirmed by Kahler and Bryan (80). However, it was not until the early 1950s that M . Petermann and her co-workers and Chao and Schachman could show ...
... increasing salt concentration and increasing pH, and that electron-microscope images showed particles with diameters of 18 um, observations that were confirmed by Kahler and Bryan (80). However, it was not until the early 1950s that M . Petermann and her co-workers and Chao and Schachman could show ...
Cardiac O-GlcNAc signaling is increased in hypertrophy and heart
... Cardiac O-GlcNAc signaling is increased in hypertrophy and heart failure. Physiol Genomics 44: 162–172, 2012. First published November 29, 2011; doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00016.2011.— Reversible protein O-GlcNAc modification has emerged as an essential intracellular signaling system in several tis ...
... Cardiac O-GlcNAc signaling is increased in hypertrophy and heart failure. Physiol Genomics 44: 162–172, 2012. First published November 29, 2011; doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00016.2011.— Reversible protein O-GlcNAc modification has emerged as an essential intracellular signaling system in several tis ...
Prediction of protease substrates using sequence
... substrates to induce apoptosis in virally infected and neoplastic cells. While substrates for both types of proteases have been determined experimentally, there are many more yet to be discovered in humans and other metazoans. Here, we present a bioinformatics method based on support vector machine ...
... substrates to induce apoptosis in virally infected and neoplastic cells. While substrates for both types of proteases have been determined experimentally, there are many more yet to be discovered in humans and other metazoans. Here, we present a bioinformatics method based on support vector machine ...
Introduced amino terminal epitopes can reduce surface expression
... Epitope insertion into the α4 subunit can reduce surface expression of α4β4 receptors We and others have inserted the FLAG epitope (DYKDDDDK) near the amino-terminal end of GABAA receptor subunits without reducing surface expression [3, 4]. Accordingly, we constructed a nicotinic α4 subunit with FLA ...
... Epitope insertion into the α4 subunit can reduce surface expression of α4β4 receptors We and others have inserted the FLAG epitope (DYKDDDDK) near the amino-terminal end of GABAA receptor subunits without reducing surface expression [3, 4]. Accordingly, we constructed a nicotinic α4 subunit with FLA ...
Processing of 20S prerRNA to 18S ribosomal RNA in yeast requires
... process, numerous ribosomal and non-ribosomal proteins associate with the pre-rRNA intermediates to generate the pre-60S and 43S pre-ribosomal subunits, precursors to the 60S and 40S ribosomal subunits, respectively. These preribosomal subunits are eventually exported to the cytoplasm, where the ®na ...
... process, numerous ribosomal and non-ribosomal proteins associate with the pre-rRNA intermediates to generate the pre-60S and 43S pre-ribosomal subunits, precursors to the 60S and 40S ribosomal subunits, respectively. These preribosomal subunits are eventually exported to the cytoplasm, where the ®na ...
Mutational Analysis of Muscle Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
... changes resulting from these mutations are designated by position, wild-type amino acid~mutant amino acid. The sequence of the deletion mutants are presented in Materials and Methods. ¢ High affinity BTX binding was assayed by toxin antitoxin immunoprecipitation of extracts from cells pulse labeled ...
... changes resulting from these mutations are designated by position, wild-type amino acid~mutant amino acid. The sequence of the deletion mutants are presented in Materials and Methods. ¢ High affinity BTX binding was assayed by toxin antitoxin immunoprecipitation of extracts from cells pulse labeled ...
Alpha-COPI Coatomer Protein Is Required for Rough Endoplasmic
... the Golgi apparatus cellular component by GO analysis, its primary function is gene regulation and RNA processing [28]. The peptide frequency of SND1 was similar in protein samples from unfed and fed mosquitoes, even though EM analysis revealed that the majority of RER whorl unwinding had already oc ...
... the Golgi apparatus cellular component by GO analysis, its primary function is gene regulation and RNA processing [28]. The peptide frequency of SND1 was similar in protein samples from unfed and fed mosquitoes, even though EM analysis revealed that the majority of RER whorl unwinding had already oc ...
Review of Osmotic Pressure Driven Release of Proteins from
... factors affecting these changes are mechanical forces such as shear, the presence of surfactants, buffers, ionic strength, the presence of oxidizers such as ions, radicals and peroxide, light, pH and temperature. Denaturation of the protein molecule may result in a loss of its activity or may make t ...
... factors affecting these changes are mechanical forces such as shear, the presence of surfactants, buffers, ionic strength, the presence of oxidizers such as ions, radicals and peroxide, light, pH and temperature. Denaturation of the protein molecule may result in a loss of its activity or may make t ...
Investigation of the interactions between MreB, the
... trans ring. ATP then binds to the cis ring and causes conformational changes that leads to an expansion of the GroEL cavity, but which also seems to be important for GroES to be able to bind to the chaperonin-target protein complex. GroES binds to the top of the cis ring like a lid, stopping the tar ...
... trans ring. ATP then binds to the cis ring and causes conformational changes that leads to an expansion of the GroEL cavity, but which also seems to be important for GroES to be able to bind to the chaperonin-target protein complex. GroES binds to the top of the cis ring like a lid, stopping the tar ...
Multiple mechanisms determine the order of APC/C substrate
... We next pursued the mechanisms underlying the sequential degradation of APC/CCdc20 substrates. To quantify and compare the timing of substrate degradation in each cell, we determined the time point when 50% of the substrate was degraded, and calculated its timing relative to the reference SPB events ...
... We next pursued the mechanisms underlying the sequential degradation of APC/CCdc20 substrates. To quantify and compare the timing of substrate degradation in each cell, we determined the time point when 50% of the substrate was degraded, and calculated its timing relative to the reference SPB events ...
Delivery of a Secreted Soluble Protein to the Vacuole via a
... tonoplast. This is particularly relevant in the case of homologous proteins such as aquaporins, which are found in both membranes. Although amino acid sequence comparisons have revealed differences between the aquaporin homologs (Schaffner, 1998), it is not clear that these domains contain the targe ...
... tonoplast. This is particularly relevant in the case of homologous proteins such as aquaporins, which are found in both membranes. Although amino acid sequence comparisons have revealed differences between the aquaporin homologs (Schaffner, 1998), it is not clear that these domains contain the targe ...
Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV) RNA Binding Protein
... the AMAXA™ Nucleofector™ (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland) and Ingenio transfection reagents (Mirus Bio, Madison, WI, USA). This construct was made by cloning the Glesvaer s8ORF2 gene (Genbank acc. no. DQ785276) into the EcoRI/XhoI restriction sites of the pcDNA3.1+Myc-His vector C (Invitrogen Thermo-Fish ...
... the AMAXA™ Nucleofector™ (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland) and Ingenio transfection reagents (Mirus Bio, Madison, WI, USA). This construct was made by cloning the Glesvaer s8ORF2 gene (Genbank acc. no. DQ785276) into the EcoRI/XhoI restriction sites of the pcDNA3.1+Myc-His vector C (Invitrogen Thermo-Fish ...
Proteasome
Proteasomes are protein complexes inside all eukaryotes and archaea, and in some bacteria. The main function of the proteasome is to degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds.