Amo, Neuron, 2014
... et al., 2004; Hikida et al., 2010) and thus facilitate passive avoidance behavior. However, repression of DA activity alone cannot explain learning of the behavioral strategy to actively escape from an environment that warns of the incoming aversive stimuli, because this involves the reinforcement l ...
... et al., 2004; Hikida et al., 2010) and thus facilitate passive avoidance behavior. However, repression of DA activity alone cannot explain learning of the behavioral strategy to actively escape from an environment that warns of the incoming aversive stimuli, because this involves the reinforcement l ...
Parallel Processing of Appetitive Short- and Long
... adenylyl cyclase (AC) encoded by the rutabaga (rut) gene [21] is necessary to aversive olfactory conditioning where an odorant is associated to electric shock. RUT AC was proposed to function as a coincidence detector [11, 12, 22– 24], integrating both the olfactory information carried by projection ...
... adenylyl cyclase (AC) encoded by the rutabaga (rut) gene [21] is necessary to aversive olfactory conditioning where an odorant is associated to electric shock. RUT AC was proposed to function as a coincidence detector [11, 12, 22– 24], integrating both the olfactory information carried by projection ...
Spike train propagation in the axon of a visual interneuron,... Locusta migratoria
... Action potentials, such as those seen in axons, are required to send information over long distances. Action potentials are required to threshold out the noise, which would otherwise accumulate in a graded potential over long distances by the random opening of voltage-gated channels (Laughlin 2001). ...
... Action potentials, such as those seen in axons, are required to send information over long distances. Action potentials are required to threshold out the noise, which would otherwise accumulate in a graded potential over long distances by the random opening of voltage-gated channels (Laughlin 2001). ...
Direct Inhibition Evoked by Whisker Stimulation in Somatic Sensory
... occurs at longer latencies than the fastest excitation produced at low stimulus frequencies. The cells showing I-only inhibition were found only in or at the border of septa. Very early in the history of recording from single units in cat SI cortex, Mountcastle (1957) reported that stimulation with ...
... occurs at longer latencies than the fastest excitation produced at low stimulus frequencies. The cells showing I-only inhibition were found only in or at the border of septa. Very early in the history of recording from single units in cat SI cortex, Mountcastle (1957) reported that stimulation with ...
Mental Processes -- How the Mind Arises from the Brain Roger Ellman
... that the evolved human nervous system recapitulates and has as functioning subsystems the evolutionary history of the earlier developed stages of nervous system. Whether, if one were to design a human "from scratch", one would include all of these mechanisms is a hypothetical question to be perhaps ...
... that the evolved human nervous system recapitulates and has as functioning subsystems the evolutionary history of the earlier developed stages of nervous system. Whether, if one were to design a human "from scratch", one would include all of these mechanisms is a hypothetical question to be perhaps ...
Understanding Circuit Dynamics Using the Stomatogastric Nervous
... We now know that (a) neuromodulatory substances reconfigure circuit dynamics by altering synaptic strength and voltage-dependent conductances and (b) individual neurons can switch among different functional circuits. Computational and experimental studies of single-neuron and network homeostatic regu ...
... We now know that (a) neuromodulatory substances reconfigure circuit dynamics by altering synaptic strength and voltage-dependent conductances and (b) individual neurons can switch among different functional circuits. Computational and experimental studies of single-neuron and network homeostatic regu ...
The neural basis for combinatorial coding in a cortical population response
... events: either a cell generates an action potential or it remains silent (Adrian, 1926). If we average, either over long periods of time or over many presentations of the same sensory inputs, then we can recover a continuous description of neural responses in terms of the firing rate or probability ...
... events: either a cell generates an action potential or it remains silent (Adrian, 1926). If we average, either over long periods of time or over many presentations of the same sensory inputs, then we can recover a continuous description of neural responses in terms of the firing rate or probability ...
Networks of Spiking Neurons: The Third Generation of
... However, at least with regard to fast analog computations by networks of neurons in the cortex, the "firing rate interpretation" itself has become questionable. Perrett, Rolls, and Caan (1982) and Thorpe and Imbert (1989) have demonstrated that visual pattern analysis and pattern classification can ...
... However, at least with regard to fast analog computations by networks of neurons in the cortex, the "firing rate interpretation" itself has become questionable. Perrett, Rolls, and Caan (1982) and Thorpe and Imbert (1989) have demonstrated that visual pattern analysis and pattern classification can ...
A local circuit approach to understanding integration of
... produced for the synapse between cell j and cell i. The numbers of excitator y and inhibitor y synapses received by cell i were k and l respectively. A MPA receptor-mediated excitatory synaptic effects and GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic inhibitory effects were implemented as linear conductance ch ...
... produced for the synapse between cell j and cell i. The numbers of excitator y and inhibitor y synapses received by cell i were k and l respectively. A MPA receptor-mediated excitatory synaptic effects and GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic inhibitory effects were implemented as linear conductance ch ...
Neuron Production, Neuron Number, and Structure Size Are
... activity and spatial information processing for food storing begin. Chickadees that had received injections of the cell birth marker [3H] thymidine in October and were sacrificed 6 weeks later had more labeled neurons in the hippocampal formation (HF) than chickadees injected in any other month of t ...
... activity and spatial information processing for food storing begin. Chickadees that had received injections of the cell birth marker [3H] thymidine in October and were sacrificed 6 weeks later had more labeled neurons in the hippocampal formation (HF) than chickadees injected in any other month of t ...
Tang et al - Pro Aid Autisme
... mTOR integrates signaling from various ASD synaptic and regulatory proteins, including SHANK3, FMRP, and the glutamate receptors mGluR1/5 (Peça and Feng, 2012; Bourgeron, 2009). Overactive mTOR signaling may produce an excess of synaptic protein synthesis, which could indicate a common mechanism un ...
... mTOR integrates signaling from various ASD synaptic and regulatory proteins, including SHANK3, FMRP, and the glutamate receptors mGluR1/5 (Peça and Feng, 2012; Bourgeron, 2009). Overactive mTOR signaling may produce an excess of synaptic protein synthesis, which could indicate a common mechanism un ...
Negatively-Correlated Firing - Department of Computer Science
... important fact is that a neuron which spikes will be on average more likely to have a positive noise component than a negative one (because positive noise components lead to an increased membrane potential, which in turn increases the probability of spiking). In order to simulate the effect of negat ...
... important fact is that a neuron which spikes will be on average more likely to have a positive noise component than a negative one (because positive noise components lead to an increased membrane potential, which in turn increases the probability of spiking). In order to simulate the effect of negat ...
Kalirin, a Multifunctional Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor
... 2001a). Overexpression of Kal-7 caused the formation of spinelike structures in cortical neurons (Penzes et al., 2001a). The increase in spine density induced by ephrin B1 was blocked by a Kal-7 mutant lacking GEF activity, by a dominant negative mutant of Rac1, or by a peptide inhibitor of Pak (Pen ...
... 2001a). Overexpression of Kal-7 caused the formation of spinelike structures in cortical neurons (Penzes et al., 2001a). The increase in spine density induced by ephrin B1 was blocked by a Kal-7 mutant lacking GEF activity, by a dominant negative mutant of Rac1, or by a peptide inhibitor of Pak (Pen ...
The role of temporal parameters in a thalamocortical model of analogy
... how can input-driven cortical activity be distinguished from cortex-driven cortical activity? As suggested in [27] and [28], the TRN is a promising location where such a filtering can occur. The basic idea is that the reticular neurons receive both ascending thalamic input- and descending-cortical f ...
... how can input-driven cortical activity be distinguished from cortex-driven cortical activity? As suggested in [27] and [28], the TRN is a promising location where such a filtering can occur. The basic idea is that the reticular neurons receive both ascending thalamic input- and descending-cortical f ...
The Spinal Interneurons and Properties of
... transferred to 10 M ␣-bungarotoxin saline. After immobilization, the tadpole was repinned so that skin and muscles over the right side of the spinal cord could be removed. A dorsal cut was then made along the midline of the spinal cord to open the neurocoel and expose neuronal cell bodies. Addition ...
... transferred to 10 M ␣-bungarotoxin saline. After immobilization, the tadpole was repinned so that skin and muscles over the right side of the spinal cord could be removed. A dorsal cut was then made along the midline of the spinal cord to open the neurocoel and expose neuronal cell bodies. Addition ...
Localization of Ca2+ Channel Subtypes on Rat Spinal Motor
... also provide an opportunity for analysis of the distribution of Ca 21 channels in the central cell body and dendrites compared with the peripheral nerve terminals of a single class of neurons. In these experiments, we have used specific antibodies to define the distribution of five C a 21 channel su ...
... also provide an opportunity for analysis of the distribution of Ca 21 channels in the central cell body and dendrites compared with the peripheral nerve terminals of a single class of neurons. In these experiments, we have used specific antibodies to define the distribution of five C a 21 channel su ...
Proper migration and axon outgrowth of zebrafish
... Following neuronal migration and terminal differentiation, neurons have to properly connect with corresponding targets in order to integrate the information flow throughout the nervous system. In analogy to neuronal migration, elongating neurites also grow along predetermined pathways relying on ins ...
... Following neuronal migration and terminal differentiation, neurons have to properly connect with corresponding targets in order to integrate the information flow throughout the nervous system. In analogy to neuronal migration, elongating neurites also grow along predetermined pathways relying on ins ...
Computation with Spikes in a Winner-Take-All Network
... Case 3 happens only under certain initial conditions, for example, when Vk Vj or when neuron j initially receives an external input spike frequency that is higher than that to neuron k. A leaky integrate-and-fire model will ensure that all membrane potentials are discharged (Vi = 0) at the onset of ...
... Case 3 happens only under certain initial conditions, for example, when Vk Vj or when neuron j initially receives an external input spike frequency that is higher than that to neuron k. A leaky integrate-and-fire model will ensure that all membrane potentials are discharged (Vi = 0) at the onset of ...
Model of Cortical-Basal Ganglionic Processing: Encoding the Serial
... one-third of the GPi (Hedreen and DeLong 1991), which in turn project to nuclei of the thalamus including ventralis anterior (VA) and ventralis lateral (VL) (DeVito and Anderson 1982). Neurons in the GPi are characterized by a high rate of tonic activity interspersed with momentary pauses due to spi ...
... one-third of the GPi (Hedreen and DeLong 1991), which in turn project to nuclei of the thalamus including ventralis anterior (VA) and ventralis lateral (VL) (DeVito and Anderson 1982). Neurons in the GPi are characterized by a high rate of tonic activity interspersed with momentary pauses due to spi ...
Rich-club organization in effective connectivity among cortical neurons
... fairly constant across resting periods except for the last 2 s of each resting period, where a consistent increase in firing rate was detected. Hence, we deleted the last 2 s from each resting period and then concatenated the different resting periods identified across the entire recording session t ...
... fairly constant across resting periods except for the last 2 s of each resting period, where a consistent increase in firing rate was detected. Hence, we deleted the last 2 s from each resting period and then concatenated the different resting periods identified across the entire recording session t ...
RHYTHM GENERATION IN SPINAL CULTURES: IS IT THE
... based on the two parameters of hyperexcitability and activity dependent depression (Tabak et al., 2001). Since theses rhythms share many properties with the bursting induced in spinal cultures by disinhibition, we will discuss this model more extensively later in this chapter. 1.1.5 CPGs in rodent s ...
... based on the two parameters of hyperexcitability and activity dependent depression (Tabak et al., 2001). Since theses rhythms share many properties with the bursting induced in spinal cultures by disinhibition, we will discuss this model more extensively later in this chapter. 1.1.5 CPGs in rodent s ...
A Computational Model of the Amygdala Nuclei`s Role in - laral
... in either BLA (which is lesioned) or LA (which is activated only when food is effectively eaten). As a result, since synaptic modification depends on dopamine, no learning can takes place during second-order conditioning. ...
... in either BLA (which is lesioned) or LA (which is activated only when food is effectively eaten). As a result, since synaptic modification depends on dopamine, no learning can takes place during second-order conditioning. ...
A quantitative description of the mouse piriform cortex
... olfaction: the number of glomeruli, the number of neurons, and the strength of synaptic connection between any glomerulus ‘i’ and neuron ‘j’, i.e. the entry (i,j) in the connection matrix. The number of glomeruli is already known, and the number of neurons is available from this report. To complete ...
... olfaction: the number of glomeruli, the number of neurons, and the strength of synaptic connection between any glomerulus ‘i’ and neuron ‘j’, i.e. the entry (i,j) in the connection matrix. The number of glomeruli is already known, and the number of neurons is available from this report. To complete ...
Review The Neural Basis of Perceptual Learning
... years of life, depending on the species. One might have assumed that these findings implied that in adulthood primary sensory cortex should be fixed in its properties and connections. It has become clear, however, that the critical period applies to a limited set of properties and connections, each ...
... years of life, depending on the species. One might have assumed that these findings implied that in adulthood primary sensory cortex should be fixed in its properties and connections. It has become clear, however, that the critical period applies to a limited set of properties and connections, each ...
Relative Contributions of Specific Activity Histories and
... side" of synaptic plasticity: that is, the implicit supposition that synapses, when not driven to change their characteristics, will retain these over time. This assumption would seem to be an essential complement of the synaptic plasticity concept; without it, spontaneous changes occurring independ ...
... side" of synaptic plasticity: that is, the implicit supposition that synapses, when not driven to change their characteristics, will retain these over time. This assumption would seem to be an essential complement of the synaptic plasticity concept; without it, spontaneous changes occurring independ ...
Nonsynaptic plasticity
Nonsynaptic plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that involves modification of ion channel function in the axon, dendrites, and cell body that results in specific changes in the integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Nonsynaptic plasticity is a modification of the intrinsic excitability of the neuron. It interacts with synaptic plasticity, but it is considered a separate entity from synaptic plasticity. Intrinsic modification of the electrical properties of neurons plays a role in many aspects of plasticity from homeostatic plasticity to learning and memory itself. Nonsynaptic plasticity affects synaptic integration, subthreshold propagation, spike generation, and other fundamental mechanisms of neurons at the cellular level. These individual neuronal alterations can result in changes in higher brain function, especially learning and memory. However, as an emerging field in neuroscience, much of the knowledge about nonsynaptic plasticity is uncertain and still requires further investigation to better define its role in brain function and behavior.