Xenopus laevis Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Arbors Develop
... activity have examined RGC axon development at the target, neuronal activity is also important in the development of dendritic arbors within the retina. In one study, TTX was used to block action potentials in the eyes of kittens (Wong et al., 1991). RGCs in eyes deprived of neuronal activity showed ...
... activity have examined RGC axon development at the target, neuronal activity is also important in the development of dendritic arbors within the retina. In one study, TTX was used to block action potentials in the eyes of kittens (Wong et al., 1991). RGCs in eyes deprived of neuronal activity showed ...
Sensorimotor cortical influences on cuneate nucleus
... recording. In three animals, the frontoparietal cortex was bilaterally removed to study whether cuneate cells presented rhythmic activity in the absence of corticocuneate input. Only cuneate neurons responding to cortical stimulation were selected from the animals with intact cerebral cortices. Shar ...
... recording. In three animals, the frontoparietal cortex was bilaterally removed to study whether cuneate cells presented rhythmic activity in the absence of corticocuneate input. Only cuneate neurons responding to cortical stimulation were selected from the animals with intact cerebral cortices. Shar ...
Giant Fibre Activation of Direct Flight Muscles in
... Fig. 3. Evoked potentials in»DLM andpal fibre following brain stimulation. (A) Stimulus voltage at threshold for the DLM response (9 V, 001 ms duration). DLM responses to an effective (suprathreahold) stimulus and an ineffective (subthreshold) stimulus are shown superimposed. Note that neither stimu ...
... Fig. 3. Evoked potentials in»DLM andpal fibre following brain stimulation. (A) Stimulus voltage at threshold for the DLM response (9 V, 001 ms duration). DLM responses to an effective (suprathreahold) stimulus and an ineffective (subthreshold) stimulus are shown superimposed. Note that neither stimu ...
Effects of uniform extracellular DC electric fields on excitability in rat
... allowed to stabilize before applying the fields. Control responses were obtained before and after application of polarizing current. Orthodromic stimuli were applied >0.5 s after field application or termination. Unless otherwise stated, orthodromic stimulation intensity was adjusted to produce 30–7 ...
... allowed to stabilize before applying the fields. Control responses were obtained before and after application of polarizing current. Orthodromic stimuli were applied >0.5 s after field application or termination. Unless otherwise stated, orthodromic stimulation intensity was adjusted to produce 30–7 ...
Layer IV of the primary somatosensory cortex has the highest
... there were significant differences in layers and treatment conditions (F(4, 39) = 49.61, P b 0.001 and F(2, 39) = 5.01, P b 0.05, respectively, Table 4). Post hoc tests showed that there were significant differences in treatment conditions within layer IV (control vs. lidocaine treatment, P = 0.017 ...
... there were significant differences in layers and treatment conditions (F(4, 39) = 49.61, P b 0.001 and F(2, 39) = 5.01, P b 0.05, respectively, Table 4). Post hoc tests showed that there were significant differences in treatment conditions within layer IV (control vs. lidocaine treatment, P = 0.017 ...
the vagus nerve - European Medical Journal
... stomach and duodenum followed by a progressive reduction in the small intestine and colon.17 The fact that gastric myenteric neurons are activated by vagal input was also demonstrated immunohistochemically with the detection of c-Fos and phosphorylated c-AMP response element binding protein (p-CREB) ...
... stomach and duodenum followed by a progressive reduction in the small intestine and colon.17 The fact that gastric myenteric neurons are activated by vagal input was also demonstrated immunohistochemically with the detection of c-Fos and phosphorylated c-AMP response element binding protein (p-CREB) ...
Anatomic Studies on the Superior Colliculus
... the optic terminals, but many contain flattened vesicles. Whether these new connections are functional is not clear. A considerable percentage of them show aggregation of synaptic vesicles along at least part of the membrane. There is reasonable evidence that the presence of synaptic vesicles indica ...
... the optic terminals, but many contain flattened vesicles. Whether these new connections are functional is not clear. A considerable percentage of them show aggregation of synaptic vesicles along at least part of the membrane. There is reasonable evidence that the presence of synaptic vesicles indica ...
Effects of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Antagonist MCPG
... that there are multiple forms of LTD in CA1 (Oliet et al., 1997). In any case, the data are clear that MC PG treatment does not reliably block NMDA receptor-dependent LTD and LTP in CA1. These results seemed to exclude the hypothesis that activation of MC PG-sensitive mGluRs is a requirement for ind ...
... that there are multiple forms of LTD in CA1 (Oliet et al., 1997). In any case, the data are clear that MC PG treatment does not reliably block NMDA receptor-dependent LTD and LTP in CA1. These results seemed to exclude the hypothesis that activation of MC PG-sensitive mGluRs is a requirement for ind ...
Probing electrical signals in the retina via graphene
... graphene underneath either dehydrated or fixed retinal tissues, verifying that the photocurrent responses generated in the graphene underneath the ONH were indeed induced by the electrical activity in living retina. This method not only provides a way to investigate electrical processes in living ret ...
... graphene underneath either dehydrated or fixed retinal tissues, verifying that the photocurrent responses generated in the graphene underneath the ONH were indeed induced by the electrical activity in living retina. This method not only provides a way to investigate electrical processes in living ret ...
Modulation of Sympathetic and Somatomotor Function by the
... Strong lines of evidence also implicate RP in the descending control of thermoregulatory cold defense. Bicuculline microinjection into RP elicits nonshivering thermogenesis in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) (Morrison et al. 1999), whereas muscimol microinjection into RP blocks the BAT ...
... Strong lines of evidence also implicate RP in the descending control of thermoregulatory cold defense. Bicuculline microinjection into RP elicits nonshivering thermogenesis in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) (Morrison et al. 1999), whereas muscimol microinjection into RP blocks the BAT ...
Phantom limb pain: a case of maladaptive CNS plasticity?
... supraspinal changes could be important. For example, paraplegic individuals with high spinal cord injuries can experience pain in the lower part of the body4, although the relevance of this phenomenon for phantom pain after amputation is not clear. Moreover, spinal anaesthesia does not always elimin ...
... supraspinal changes could be important. For example, paraplegic individuals with high spinal cord injuries can experience pain in the lower part of the body4, although the relevance of this phenomenon for phantom pain after amputation is not clear. Moreover, spinal anaesthesia does not always elimin ...
The psychophisiology of pain: a literature review - Reciis
... emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage”. The sensation of pain plays a physiological role, warning us about threats to the physical integrity of our body (CHAPMAN et al., 1999). In this sense, pain is a clinically important symptom ...
... emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage”. The sensation of pain plays a physiological role, warning us about threats to the physical integrity of our body (CHAPMAN et al., 1999). In this sense, pain is a clinically important symptom ...
Natural Stimulation of the Nonclassical Receptive Field Increases
... coding is that information should be translated without loss into an efficient representation where the responses of a few active neurons are rich in information content. Reducing the number of active neurons is metabolically economical, thus easing a major constraint on information processing in th ...
... coding is that information should be translated without loss into an efficient representation where the responses of a few active neurons are rich in information content. Reducing the number of active neurons is metabolically economical, thus easing a major constraint on information processing in th ...
Functional territories in primate substantia nigra pars reticulata
... To test the behavioral representation of stable object-value memories, we used a free viewing task (Yasuda et al. 2012). On each trial, four of a set of eight fractal objects were chosen randomly, regardless of their values, and were presented simultaneously for 2 s. The monkey was free to look at t ...
... To test the behavioral representation of stable object-value memories, we used a free viewing task (Yasuda et al. 2012). On each trial, four of a set of eight fractal objects were chosen randomly, regardless of their values, and were presented simultaneously for 2 s. The monkey was free to look at t ...
Neurobiology of Pain - Lewis Mehl
... central, and descending — are important. • In actuality, it may be that the “wholeness” of the entire pain matrix is really the most important issue in pain (i.e., that symptoms of pain may result whenever there is damage anywhere within the circuit-like neural matrix). • When a disruption of the pa ...
... central, and descending — are important. • In actuality, it may be that the “wholeness” of the entire pain matrix is really the most important issue in pain (i.e., that symptoms of pain may result whenever there is damage anywhere within the circuit-like neural matrix). • When a disruption of the pa ...
Optical imaging combined with targeted electrical recordings
... To facilitate the combination of optical imaging with various electrode-based techniques, we have designed and produced a skullmounting ‘sliding-top cranial window’ and a removable ‘electrode positioner microdrive’. These new devices were used to study sensory processing in chronic and acute experim ...
... To facilitate the combination of optical imaging with various electrode-based techniques, we have designed and produced a skullmounting ‘sliding-top cranial window’ and a removable ‘electrode positioner microdrive’. These new devices were used to study sensory processing in chronic and acute experim ...
Cross-modal Circuitry Between Auditory and
... cresyl-violet-stained section and imported back to the digitized plot. The software then calculated the number of labeled neurons or boutons in supragranular (above layer IV), granular (layer IV) and infragranular (below layer IV) locations for a specific area of tissue. The number of granular, supr ...
... cresyl-violet-stained section and imported back to the digitized plot. The software then calculated the number of labeled neurons or boutons in supragranular (above layer IV), granular (layer IV) and infragranular (below layer IV) locations for a specific area of tissue. The number of granular, supr ...
Respiratory-related neurons of the fastigial nucleus in response to
... reflexes. After paralysis of the animal, supplemental anesthetic was administered when irregularities were observed in ABP, heart rate, and respiratory rate and pattern. To minimize movement of brain by mechanical ventilation, a bilateral pneumothorax was created. The inlet of the ventilator was con ...
... reflexes. After paralysis of the animal, supplemental anesthetic was administered when irregularities were observed in ABP, heart rate, and respiratory rate and pattern. To minimize movement of brain by mechanical ventilation, a bilateral pneumothorax was created. The inlet of the ventilator was con ...
primary visual cortex and visual awareness
... input layer, V1 might exert a powerful organizing influence on patterns of activity across multiple extrastriate areas such that in its absence, only degenerate activity patterns can occur in the remainder of the network. In this context, V1 would have an integral and necessary role in the distribut ...
... input layer, V1 might exert a powerful organizing influence on patterns of activity across multiple extrastriate areas such that in its absence, only degenerate activity patterns can occur in the remainder of the network. In this context, V1 would have an integral and necessary role in the distribut ...
the effects of microstimulation and microlesions in the ventral and
... slow sweep speed traces. The data also were displayed at faster sweep speeds with the oscilloscope triggered by the recorded stimulus pulses. Whenever a short latency response to stimulation was observed in a single trial in any of the recorded signals, the response was examined more closely by usin ...
... slow sweep speed traces. The data also were displayed at faster sweep speeds with the oscilloscope triggered by the recorded stimulus pulses. Whenever a short latency response to stimulation was observed in a single trial in any of the recorded signals, the response was examined more closely by usin ...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Vestibular Pathways to the Extraocular
... Baker. Excitatory and inhibitory vestibular pathways to the extraocular motor nuclei in goldfish. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2765–2779, 1997. Electrophysiological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical techniques were utilized to describe the excitatory and inhibitory vestibular innervation of extraocu ...
... Baker. Excitatory and inhibitory vestibular pathways to the extraocular motor nuclei in goldfish. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2765–2779, 1997. Electrophysiological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical techniques were utilized to describe the excitatory and inhibitory vestibular innervation of extraocu ...
Five Sources of a Dorsal Root Potential: Their Interactions and
... Wall, Patrick D. and Malcolm Lidierth. Five sources of a dorsal root potential: their interactions and origins in the superficial dorsal horn. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 860–871, 1997. The dorsal root potential (DRP) was measured on the lumbar dorsal roots of urethan anesthetized rats and evoked by stimul ...
... Wall, Patrick D. and Malcolm Lidierth. Five sources of a dorsal root potential: their interactions and origins in the superficial dorsal horn. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 860–871, 1997. The dorsal root potential (DRP) was measured on the lumbar dorsal roots of urethan anesthetized rats and evoked by stimul ...
Segregated cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area
... In anesthetized rats, DA neurons fire in regular, irregular or bursting mode. Here we analyzed the spike trains of DA neurons that showed bursting activity during the baseline and/or during optogenetic stimulation of PPN and LDT cholinergic axons. We detected a switch from nonbursting to bursting mo ...
... In anesthetized rats, DA neurons fire in regular, irregular or bursting mode. Here we analyzed the spike trains of DA neurons that showed bursting activity during the baseline and/or during optogenetic stimulation of PPN and LDT cholinergic axons. We detected a switch from nonbursting to bursting mo ...
S-potentials precede and drive nearly all LGN spikes in a burst.
... The spiking activity of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is often categorized into two modes: burst and tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one i ...
... The spiking activity of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is often categorized into two modes: burst and tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one i ...
Differential Classical Conditioning of the Gill
... one per 5 min. Stimulation of the other side of the siphon (CS⫺) occurred 2.5 min after each occurrence of the paired stimulation. In other experiments, the preparations received training in which only the CSs were delivered (CS-alone experiments) (see Materials and Methods). 50 gallon aquarium fill ...
... one per 5 min. Stimulation of the other side of the siphon (CS⫺) occurred 2.5 min after each occurrence of the paired stimulation. In other experiments, the preparations received training in which only the CSs were delivered (CS-alone experiments) (see Materials and Methods). 50 gallon aquarium fill ...