PDF File - Max-Planck
... Figure 1. MARK2 is expressed in the developing brain, and its levels can be effectively reduced in vitro and in vivo. A, B, Bⴕ, In situ hybridization of E14 brain sections shows high expression of MARK2 mRNA in the CP and VZ/SVZ, where NeuN staining is excluded (brown), and lower expression levels i ...
... Figure 1. MARK2 is expressed in the developing brain, and its levels can be effectively reduced in vitro and in vivo. A, B, Bⴕ, In situ hybridization of E14 brain sections shows high expression of MARK2 mRNA in the CP and VZ/SVZ, where NeuN staining is excluded (brown), and lower expression levels i ...
NA EXAM 3 (May 2001)
... Sends inhibitory (GABA) projections to the thalamus (targets vary by “loop”). Part of the DIRECT output pathway, which via two inhibitory connections disinhibits the thalamus and thus promotes movement. Dopamine excites the direct pathway (D1 receptor), thus facilitates movement. Also sends projecti ...
... Sends inhibitory (GABA) projections to the thalamus (targets vary by “loop”). Part of the DIRECT output pathway, which via two inhibitory connections disinhibits the thalamus and thus promotes movement. Dopamine excites the direct pathway (D1 receptor), thus facilitates movement. Also sends projecti ...
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... synergistic pairs. For example, horizontal lateral gaze to the left requires the simultaneous contraction of the left lateral rectus and right medial rectus muscles (and relaxation of their antagonists). Such complex coordination is achieved through the integration of cortical, brain stem, and cran ...
... synergistic pairs. For example, horizontal lateral gaze to the left requires the simultaneous contraction of the left lateral rectus and right medial rectus muscles (and relaxation of their antagonists). Such complex coordination is achieved through the integration of cortical, brain stem, and cran ...
Neuronal Regulation Implements Efficient Synaptic Pruning
... By studying NR-driven synaptic modification in the framework of associative memory networks, we show that NR prunes the weaker synapses and modifies the remaining synapses in a sigmoidal manner. The critical variables that govern the pruning process are the degradation dimension and the upper synapt ...
... By studying NR-driven synaptic modification in the framework of associative memory networks, we show that NR prunes the weaker synapses and modifies the remaining synapses in a sigmoidal manner. The critical variables that govern the pruning process are the degradation dimension and the upper synapt ...
Mechanisms of cell migration in the nervous system
... and the variety of adhesion proteins and attachment points for traction. Not all neurons are alike, however, and exhibit almost as much variation in their migration as slime molds, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and other cells commonly used as model systems. In addition to describing these differences ...
... and the variety of adhesion proteins and attachment points for traction. Not all neurons are alike, however, and exhibit almost as much variation in their migration as slime molds, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and other cells commonly used as model systems. In addition to describing these differences ...
Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Control
... but their respective contributions are not clear; they have largely been studied in separate experiments, rendering comparisons difficult and obscuring timing differences that could give clues to information flow (7). We therefore recorded from multiple electrodes simultaneously implanted in the fro ...
... but their respective contributions are not clear; they have largely been studied in separate experiments, rendering comparisons difficult and obscuring timing differences that could give clues to information flow (7). We therefore recorded from multiple electrodes simultaneously implanted in the fro ...
Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Control of Attention in the Prefrontal
... but their respective contributions are not clear; they have largely been studied in separate experiments, rendering comparisons difficult and obscuring timing differences that could give clues to information flow (7). We therefore recorded from multiple electrodes simultaneously implanted in the fro ...
... but their respective contributions are not clear; they have largely been studied in separate experiments, rendering comparisons difficult and obscuring timing differences that could give clues to information flow (7). We therefore recorded from multiple electrodes simultaneously implanted in the fro ...
IN VIVO Research Article SHIVAPRIYA SHIVAKUMAR
... activity may lead to cellular dysfunction which has been noticed in studies [24-27]. A balance between the pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant levels is required for normal physiological conditioning of the cells, and its imbalance may lead to increased production of ROS and RNS. In turn, these ROS and RNS ...
... activity may lead to cellular dysfunction which has been noticed in studies [24-27]. A balance between the pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant levels is required for normal physiological conditioning of the cells, and its imbalance may lead to increased production of ROS and RNS. In turn, these ROS and RNS ...
Enhanced cholinergic suppression of previously strengthened synapses enables the formation of
... storage process have shown that the memory capacity of a realistic cortical network can be greatly enhanced if cholinergic modulation blocks transmission at synaptic connections of the association fibers during the learning process. We here present experimental data from an olfactory cortex brain sli ...
... storage process have shown that the memory capacity of a realistic cortical network can be greatly enhanced if cholinergic modulation blocks transmission at synaptic connections of the association fibers during the learning process. We here present experimental data from an olfactory cortex brain sli ...
32 MaxPlanckResearch 3 | 09 Small but mighty: In mice, around ten
... higher concentrations, however, molecules with similar structures also activate the receptor. The olfactory sensory neurons that are activated in this way transform the olfactory stimuli into electrical signals. They do this through a chain of ...
... higher concentrations, however, molecules with similar structures also activate the receptor. The olfactory sensory neurons that are activated in this way transform the olfactory stimuli into electrical signals. They do this through a chain of ...
Embodied Cognition and Mirror Neurons
... In both the behavioral and neuroimaging literatures, the arguments offered in support of embodiment are based on numerous interesting findings. However, investigators do not agree on whether the findings actually provide support to the central claims of embodied cognition (Barsalou 2008, Fischer & Zwa ...
... In both the behavioral and neuroimaging literatures, the arguments offered in support of embodiment are based on numerous interesting findings. However, investigators do not agree on whether the findings actually provide support to the central claims of embodied cognition (Barsalou 2008, Fischer & Zwa ...
Functional Neuroanatomy for Posture and Gait Control
... motor pattern is generated by spinal locomotor networks that is termed as the central pattern generators (CPG). However, in order to learn motor skills or behave in unfamiliar circumstance, the subject requires cognitive posture-gait control that depends on cognition of self-body information togethe ...
... motor pattern is generated by spinal locomotor networks that is termed as the central pattern generators (CPG). However, in order to learn motor skills or behave in unfamiliar circumstance, the subject requires cognitive posture-gait control that depends on cognition of self-body information togethe ...
Neuronal generation, migration, and differentiation in the mouse
... and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan. ...
... and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan. ...
Impaired Cl Extrusion in Layer V Pyramidal Neurons of Chronically
... a normal low [Cl⫺]i under resting conditions but not during periods of Cl⫺ loading resulting from GABA release during intense interneuronal discharge as might occur during epileptiform activity (e.g., Fig. 11 in McCormick et al. 1985). To further explore this issue, we held Vm of neurons at –50 mV a ...
... a normal low [Cl⫺]i under resting conditions but not during periods of Cl⫺ loading resulting from GABA release during intense interneuronal discharge as might occur during epileptiform activity (e.g., Fig. 11 in McCormick et al. 1985). To further explore this issue, we held Vm of neurons at –50 mV a ...
Understanding Circuit Dynamics Using the Stomatogastric Nervous
... Recent years have seen a rebirth of interest in understanding how neural circuits generate behavior. Therefore, it is a particularly good time to review and critically examine what we know about the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS), one of the premier systems for analyzing how circuit dynamics a ...
... Recent years have seen a rebirth of interest in understanding how neural circuits generate behavior. Therefore, it is a particularly good time to review and critically examine what we know about the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS), one of the premier systems for analyzing how circuit dynamics a ...
Postnatal characterization of cells in the accessory olfactory bulb of
... pheromones to the same animal provoke responses from both MOB and AOB (Luo et al., 2003; Xu et al., 2005). This suggests that these two systems might not be as functionally distinct as was originally thought (Meredith, 1991; Baum and Kelliher, 2009). Molecular and functional characteristics of these ...
... pheromones to the same animal provoke responses from both MOB and AOB (Luo et al., 2003; Xu et al., 2005). This suggests that these two systems might not be as functionally distinct as was originally thought (Meredith, 1991; Baum and Kelliher, 2009). Molecular and functional characteristics of these ...
Ventral Medial Nucleus Neurons Send Thalamocortical Afferents
... Kuramoto et al. 2009). All the serial sections containing one palGFP- or pal-mRFP-labeled VM neuron in a hemisphere were incubated overnight with 0.5 µg/mL affinity-purified rabbit antibody to GFP (Tamamaki et al. 2000; Nakamura et al. 2008) or 0.5 µg/mL affinity-purified rabbit antibody to mRFP (Hioki ...
... Kuramoto et al. 2009). All the serial sections containing one palGFP- or pal-mRFP-labeled VM neuron in a hemisphere were incubated overnight with 0.5 µg/mL affinity-purified rabbit antibody to GFP (Tamamaki et al. 2000; Nakamura et al. 2008) or 0.5 µg/mL affinity-purified rabbit antibody to mRFP (Hioki ...
Hypocretin-2-Saporin Lesions of the Lateral Hypothalamus Produce
... Hypocretins (Hcrts) are recently discovered peptides linked to the human sleep disorder narcolepsy. Humans with narcolepsy have decreased numbers of Hcrt neurons and Hcrt-null mice also have narcoleptic symptoms. Hcrt neurons are located only in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) but neither electrolytic ...
... Hypocretins (Hcrts) are recently discovered peptides linked to the human sleep disorder narcolepsy. Humans with narcolepsy have decreased numbers of Hcrt neurons and Hcrt-null mice also have narcoleptic symptoms. Hcrt neurons are located only in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) but neither electrolytic ...
Complete morphologies of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in
... Morphologies of individual forebrain cholinergic neurons A series of 4HT titration experiments with Chat-IRES-CreER;R26IAP mice showed that intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 1–5 µg 4HT at P4-5 resulted in ∼10 forebrain cholinergic neurons labeled per brain. Using this protocol, 67 well-separated for ...
... Morphologies of individual forebrain cholinergic neurons A series of 4HT titration experiments with Chat-IRES-CreER;R26IAP mice showed that intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 1–5 µg 4HT at P4-5 resulted in ∼10 forebrain cholinergic neurons labeled per brain. Using this protocol, 67 well-separated for ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... Recall from figure 14.2 (page 417) that the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system are part of both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The SNS operates under our conscious control, as exemplified by voluntary activities such as getting out of a chair, pick ...
... Recall from figure 14.2 (page 417) that the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system are part of both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The SNS operates under our conscious control, as exemplified by voluntary activities such as getting out of a chair, pick ...
1 Platonic model of mind as an approximation to neurodynamics
... OSCAR inference engine is used in some real-world applications, such as decision support systems for medicine. The project is slowly gaining momentum but even if it will be successful it may not tell us much about human cognition. Computational neuroscience provides perhaps a better path for underst ...
... OSCAR inference engine is used in some real-world applications, such as decision support systems for medicine. The project is slowly gaining momentum but even if it will be successful it may not tell us much about human cognition. Computational neuroscience provides perhaps a better path for underst ...
In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Techniques to Study Neuronal Migration
... Research on the molecular mechanisms regulating cortical neuronal migration is relevant not only to understand brain development, but also to gain insights into the mechanisms that underlie several neurological disorders. The experimental approaches that we will discuss in this review article could ...
... Research on the molecular mechanisms regulating cortical neuronal migration is relevant not only to understand brain development, but also to gain insights into the mechanisms that underlie several neurological disorders. The experimental approaches that we will discuss in this review article could ...
how spinal cord stimulation can help alleviate chronic pain
... device trial for the relief of his injury-induced chronic pain. “The best thing is that it gave me relief from the pain and allowed me to get off the pain medications,” he says. Spinal cord stimulation may be the answer for people whose lives have been seriously inhibited by pain. Although not a cur ...
... device trial for the relief of his injury-induced chronic pain. “The best thing is that it gave me relief from the pain and allowed me to get off the pain medications,” he says. Spinal cord stimulation may be the answer for people whose lives have been seriously inhibited by pain. Although not a cur ...
Stereologic analysis of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the
... Reduction of volume and neuronal number has been found in several association nuclei of the thalamus in schizophrenic subjects. Recent evidence suggests that schizophrenic patients exhibit abnormalities in early visual processing and that many of the observed perceptual deficits are consistent with ...
... Reduction of volume and neuronal number has been found in several association nuclei of the thalamus in schizophrenic subjects. Recent evidence suggests that schizophrenic patients exhibit abnormalities in early visual processing and that many of the observed perceptual deficits are consistent with ...
65 Commentary - The Ideal DBS System The proliferation of DBS
... the cell bodies or axons selectively cause either efficacy or side effects. Another property that could allow more selective activations of neurons is based on chronaxie, which, roughly, is the amount of electrical charged which is related to the duration of the stimulation cathode phase, necessary ...
... the cell bodies or axons selectively cause either efficacy or side effects. Another property that could allow more selective activations of neurons is based on chronaxie, which, roughly, is the amount of electrical charged which is related to the duration of the stimulation cathode phase, necessary ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.