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... The distribution and chemical coding of neurons... tions of neurons in the SO were immunoreactive for NPY and VIP (approx. 12% and 10%, respectively). It has appeared that neurons immunoreactive to these neuropeptides are subpopulations of the NOS-positive nerve cells. The SO neurons immunoreactive ...
... The distribution and chemical coding of neurons... tions of neurons in the SO were immunoreactive for NPY and VIP (approx. 12% and 10%, respectively). It has appeared that neurons immunoreactive to these neuropeptides are subpopulations of the NOS-positive nerve cells. The SO neurons immunoreactive ...
Inglés
... Patients with PP-MS worsen at similar speeds, while those with the RR-MS may have very different clinical courses. 2. REMYELINATION: THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO MYELIN DAMAGE ...
... Patients with PP-MS worsen at similar speeds, while those with the RR-MS may have very different clinical courses. 2. REMYELINATION: THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO MYELIN DAMAGE ...
How Simple Cells Are Made in a Nonlinear Network Model of the
... techniques that proved usef ul for studying the linearity of spatial signal summation in retinal ganglion cells (Enroth-Cugell and Robson, 1966; Hochstein and Shapley, 1976) and LGN cells (Kaplan and Shapley, 1982), were applied to visual cortex. Figure 1, A and B (De Valois et al., 1982), shows exp ...
... techniques that proved usef ul for studying the linearity of spatial signal summation in retinal ganglion cells (Enroth-Cugell and Robson, 1966; Hochstein and Shapley, 1976) and LGN cells (Kaplan and Shapley, 1982), were applied to visual cortex. Figure 1, A and B (De Valois et al., 1982), shows exp ...
Glial cell line?derived neurotrophic factor?secreting genetically
... group, and the hemisphere for 6-OHDA lesion was assigned contralateral to the natural rotation bias. Rats, while under isofluorane anesthesia, received a partial, progressive lesion of striatal DA axons by injection of 6-OHDA unilaterally into the striatum 10.2 AP and 63.0 ML from Bregma (Sauer and O ...
... group, and the hemisphere for 6-OHDA lesion was assigned contralateral to the natural rotation bias. Rats, while under isofluorane anesthesia, received a partial, progressive lesion of striatal DA axons by injection of 6-OHDA unilaterally into the striatum 10.2 AP and 63.0 ML from Bregma (Sauer and O ...
Before and below `theory of mind`: embodied
... humans are able to understand the behaviour of others in terms of their mental states—intentions, beliefs and desires—by exploiting what is commonly designated as ‘folk psychology’. According to a widely shared view, non-human primates, including apes, do not rely on mentally based accounts of each ...
... humans are able to understand the behaviour of others in terms of their mental states—intentions, beliefs and desires—by exploiting what is commonly designated as ‘folk psychology’. According to a widely shared view, non-human primates, including apes, do not rely on mentally based accounts of each ...
Hypothalamic Regulation of Sleep
... distribution of the receptor mRNA levels has been determined (Trivedi et al. 1998). Orexin 1 (hypocretin 1) receptor mRNA is more abundant in ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, hippocampal formation, DR and LC. In the rat, orexin-2 receptor mRNA is mainly expressed in cerebral cortex, nucleus accumb ...
... distribution of the receptor mRNA levels has been determined (Trivedi et al. 1998). Orexin 1 (hypocretin 1) receptor mRNA is more abundant in ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, hippocampal formation, DR and LC. In the rat, orexin-2 receptor mRNA is mainly expressed in cerebral cortex, nucleus accumb ...
GLIA: LISTENING AND TALKING TO THE SYNAPSE
... glioma cells, which express few gap junctions, do not show Ca2+ waves unless connexins are artificially expressed34. Ins(1,4,5)P3 is likely to diffuse between astrocytes, as indicated by experiments using CAGED INS(1,4,5)P . Injection of this molecule and its subsequent focal photolysis liberates In ...
... glioma cells, which express few gap junctions, do not show Ca2+ waves unless connexins are artificially expressed34. Ins(1,4,5)P3 is likely to diffuse between astrocytes, as indicated by experiments using CAGED INS(1,4,5)P . Injection of this molecule and its subsequent focal photolysis liberates In ...
The Transformation of a Unilateral Locomotor Command into a
... with either Alexa Fluor 594 – dextran amines (10,000 MW; n ⫽ 7; Invitrogen) or biocytin (n ⫽ 3; Sigma). Double-labeling experiments were performed in vitro in four larval and four newly transformed animals. Injections of Alexa Fluor 594 – dextran amines were made in the MRRN on side and Alexa Fluor ...
... with either Alexa Fluor 594 – dextran amines (10,000 MW; n ⫽ 7; Invitrogen) or biocytin (n ⫽ 3; Sigma). Double-labeling experiments were performed in vitro in four larval and four newly transformed animals. Injections of Alexa Fluor 594 – dextran amines were made in the MRRN on side and Alexa Fluor ...
Limitations in anti-obesity drug development: the critical role of
... lateral hypothalamus. Conversely, during periods of hunger, the hypothalamus regulates the activity of the autonomic nervous system to promote fat release from white adipose tissue and trigger gluconeogenesis in the liver. These changes in peripheral nutrient levels lead to a decrease in the levels ...
... lateral hypothalamus. Conversely, during periods of hunger, the hypothalamus regulates the activity of the autonomic nervous system to promote fat release from white adipose tissue and trigger gluconeogenesis in the liver. These changes in peripheral nutrient levels lead to a decrease in the levels ...
The tetrapartite synapse_ Extracellular matrix remodeling
... (t-SP) of glutamatergic synapses in the NAcore, characterized by enlargement of dendritic spine head diameter (dh) and increase in the AMPA:NMDA ratio (A:N; measure of changing AMPA receptor function) (Gipson et al., 2013a, 2013b; Shen et al., 2014b). Because this is a shared component of reinstatem ...
... (t-SP) of glutamatergic synapses in the NAcore, characterized by enlargement of dendritic spine head diameter (dh) and increase in the AMPA:NMDA ratio (A:N; measure of changing AMPA receptor function) (Gipson et al., 2013a, 2013b; Shen et al., 2014b). Because this is a shared component of reinstatem ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... TMN are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Noradrenergic neurons of the LC28), serotonergic neurons of the DR29,30), and histaminergic neurons of the TMN31,32) are activated by orexins, and OX1R and/or OX2R are expressed in these regions. These findings suggest that the activity ...
... TMN are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Noradrenergic neurons of the LC28), serotonergic neurons of the DR29,30), and histaminergic neurons of the TMN31,32) are activated by orexins, and OX1R and/or OX2R are expressed in these regions. These findings suggest that the activity ...
Multiple hypothalamic circuits sense and regulate glucose levels
... responses to extracellular glucose, revealing a strategy for how the brain can directly monitor body energy status (3, 69, 70). Glucose sensing in these glucose-excited and glucose-inhibited neurons was not a general energy-related response, because during examination of a large number of neurons in ...
... responses to extracellular glucose, revealing a strategy for how the brain can directly monitor body energy status (3, 69, 70). Glucose sensing in these glucose-excited and glucose-inhibited neurons was not a general energy-related response, because during examination of a large number of neurons in ...
"Visual System Development in Vertebrates". In: Encyclopedia of
... Lamination: formation of retinal layers The optic vesicle, like the developing neural tube, consists of a morphologically homogeneous population of columnar epithelial cells. During the morphogenetic changes that accompany optic cup formation (Figure 1), the cells in the neural retina divide repeate ...
... Lamination: formation of retinal layers The optic vesicle, like the developing neural tube, consists of a morphologically homogeneous population of columnar epithelial cells. During the morphogenetic changes that accompany optic cup formation (Figure 1), the cells in the neural retina divide repeate ...
Nonlinear brain dynamics as macroscopic manifestation of
... long-range correlation, with the requirement for synaptic renewal at each successive relay. Even the presence of relatively sparse long axons, which provide for high velocity jumps to seed areas over long distances creating small-world effects (Watts and Strogatz, 1998; Kozma et al., 2005), cannot e ...
... long-range correlation, with the requirement for synaptic renewal at each successive relay. Even the presence of relatively sparse long axons, which provide for high velocity jumps to seed areas over long distances creating small-world effects (Watts and Strogatz, 1998; Kozma et al., 2005), cannot e ...
article in press - Neurobiology of Vocal Communication
... suggesting that the PAG is not just a through-station of a descending vocalization pathway, but represents a relay station in which processing of vocal information takes place. Finally, single-unit recording studies have shown that the PAG contains neurons the activity of which is correlated with vo ...
... suggesting that the PAG is not just a through-station of a descending vocalization pathway, but represents a relay station in which processing of vocal information takes place. Finally, single-unit recording studies have shown that the PAG contains neurons the activity of which is correlated with vo ...
Cellular, synaptic and network effects of neuromodulation
... ionic current is responsible for alterations in the intrinsic properties of a neuron. Nonetheless, even when only a single current is modulated by a neurotransmitter, there can be a non-straightforward relationship between modulation of that current and the neuron’s firing properties. This can occur ...
... ionic current is responsible for alterations in the intrinsic properties of a neuron. Nonetheless, even when only a single current is modulated by a neurotransmitter, there can be a non-straightforward relationship between modulation of that current and the neuron’s firing properties. This can occur ...
Impact of early-life stress on the medial prefrontal cortex functions
... Structural plasticity refers to the morphological remodeling of dendrites and synapses and synapse turnover, whereas functional synaptic plasticity is best characterized by the long-term potentiation (LTP) phenomenon [36]. An abundance of experimental data has accumulated concerning the effects of E ...
... Structural plasticity refers to the morphological remodeling of dendrites and synapses and synapse turnover, whereas functional synaptic plasticity is best characterized by the long-term potentiation (LTP) phenomenon [36]. An abundance of experimental data has accumulated concerning the effects of E ...
Synchronized Activities among Retinal Ganglion Cells in Response
... index [6] to investigate the concerted activities of neurons recorded by adjacent electrodes in response to natural movie and pseudo-random checker-board stimuli respectively. The results revealed that synchronized activities frequently occurred among adjacent RGCs (Fig. 2). Synchronous patterns eli ...
... index [6] to investigate the concerted activities of neurons recorded by adjacent electrodes in response to natural movie and pseudo-random checker-board stimuli respectively. The results revealed that synchronized activities frequently occurred among adjacent RGCs (Fig. 2). Synchronous patterns eli ...
FINE STRUCTURE OF NERVE FIBERS AND GROWTH CONES OF
... which are grown singly in culture, as reviewed in reference 8. This system was chosen for much of the present electron microscope study to ensure identification of all areas of the nerve fiber. Conflicting descriptions of the fine structure of growth cones from tissue in situ, considered in detail i ...
... which are grown singly in culture, as reviewed in reference 8. This system was chosen for much of the present electron microscope study to ensure identification of all areas of the nerve fiber. Conflicting descriptions of the fine structure of growth cones from tissue in situ, considered in detail i ...
On the relevance of time in neural computation and learning
... The restriction of wu; v to non-negative values (in combination with positive or negative response functions u; v (t − s)) is motivated by the assumption that a biological synapse is either “excitatory” or “inhibitory”, and that it does not change its “sign” in the course of a “learning-process”. I ...
... The restriction of wu; v to non-negative values (in combination with positive or negative response functions u; v (t − s)) is motivated by the assumption that a biological synapse is either “excitatory” or “inhibitory”, and that it does not change its “sign” in the course of a “learning-process”. I ...
Fernando de Castro and the discovery of the arterial chemoreceptors
... Johann Ehrenritter, the Ehrenritter ganglion), he did not describe any participation of this cranial nerve (the IX cranial pair) in the innervation of the CB. In 1833–1834 August Franz Joseph Karl Mayer, the creator of the term histology, rediscovered the CB in man and several other species and name ...
... Johann Ehrenritter, the Ehrenritter ganglion), he did not describe any participation of this cranial nerve (the IX cranial pair) in the innervation of the CB. In 1833–1834 August Franz Joseph Karl Mayer, the creator of the term histology, rediscovered the CB in man and several other species and name ...
Rapid changes in protein synthesis and cell size in the cochlear
... single section from each brainstem was selected for analysis based on its location midway between the limits of the LSC region. At the level of AVCN analyzed, large spherical cells accounted for 80-90% of the neurons. The LSCs were easily recognized by their larger diameter (even in experimental ani ...
... single section from each brainstem was selected for analysis based on its location midway between the limits of the LSC region. At the level of AVCN analyzed, large spherical cells accounted for 80-90% of the neurons. The LSCs were easily recognized by their larger diameter (even in experimental ani ...
Neuroanatomy
... Cingulate Sulcus -divides cingulate gyrus (turquoise) from precuneus (purple) and paracentral lobule (gold) ...
... Cingulate Sulcus -divides cingulate gyrus (turquoise) from precuneus (purple) and paracentral lobule (gold) ...
Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)-A Function and Binding in
... is further supported by ablation studies of central nervous system structures that interfere with the hypertensive process. Pathways from the sodium-sensitive anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) area to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) appear to be a major link in sympathoadren ...
... is further supported by ablation studies of central nervous system structures that interfere with the hypertensive process. Pathways from the sodium-sensitive anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) area to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) appear to be a major link in sympathoadren ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.