Pathophysiology of Paresthesia
... m/s), and are generally polymodal. The slow-conducting C fibers (0.5–2m/s) are unmyelinated and small (0.2–1.5 mm). Aδ fibers constitutes almost 80% of primary sensory nerves sprouting from dorsal root ganglia, whereas C fibers make up to almost 20% of the primary afferents. Moreover, the activation ...
... m/s), and are generally polymodal. The slow-conducting C fibers (0.5–2m/s) are unmyelinated and small (0.2–1.5 mm). Aδ fibers constitutes almost 80% of primary sensory nerves sprouting from dorsal root ganglia, whereas C fibers make up to almost 20% of the primary afferents. Moreover, the activation ...
Centrosome Motility Is Essential for Initial Axon Formation in the Neocortex
... reported to be opposite to the site of axon formation (Zolessi et al., 2006). Moreover, flies without centrioles develop normal neurons (Basto et al., 2006). It was demonstrated, however, that the Golgi apparatus is a source of a large number of noncentrosomal microtubules (Efimov et al., 2007) that ...
... reported to be opposite to the site of axon formation (Zolessi et al., 2006). Moreover, flies without centrioles develop normal neurons (Basto et al., 2006). It was demonstrated, however, that the Golgi apparatus is a source of a large number of noncentrosomal microtubules (Efimov et al., 2007) that ...
Gaze effects in the cerebral cortex: reference frames for
... reaching movement in space. The mechanism of the necessary coordinate transformation between the different frames of reference from the visual to the motor system as well as its localization within the cerebral cortex is still unclear. Coordinate transformation is traditionally described as a series ...
... reaching movement in space. The mechanism of the necessary coordinate transformation between the different frames of reference from the visual to the motor system as well as its localization within the cerebral cortex is still unclear. Coordinate transformation is traditionally described as a series ...
Experimental Models of Parkinson`s Disease: Insights from Many
... erties in the catecholaminergic nervous system (13–15). 6OHDA uses the same catecholamine transport system as do dopamine and norepinephrine, leading to specific damage via oxidative stress to these neurons (14). To be neurotoxic to the brain, 6-OHDA must be administered by intracerebral or intraven ...
... erties in the catecholaminergic nervous system (13–15). 6OHDA uses the same catecholamine transport system as do dopamine and norepinephrine, leading to specific damage via oxidative stress to these neurons (14). To be neurotoxic to the brain, 6-OHDA must be administered by intracerebral or intraven ...
Lesser
... the brain. The axon, or main trunk line carrying the outgoing signal, of every granule cell rises vertically out of the granule cell layer, making multiple inputs with its overlying Purkinje cell. The axon then splits into two segments that stretch away in opposite directions. These segments align i ...
... the brain. The axon, or main trunk line carrying the outgoing signal, of every granule cell rises vertically out of the granule cell layer, making multiple inputs with its overlying Purkinje cell. The axon then splits into two segments that stretch away in opposite directions. These segments align i ...
Long thought to be solely the BRAIN`S COORDINATOR of body
... the brain. The axon, or main trunk line carrying the outgoing signal, of every granule cell rises vertically out of the granule cell layer, making multiple inputs with its overlying Purkinje cell. The axon then splits into two segments that stretch away in opposite directions. These segments align i ...
... the brain. The axon, or main trunk line carrying the outgoing signal, of every granule cell rises vertically out of the granule cell layer, making multiple inputs with its overlying Purkinje cell. The axon then splits into two segments that stretch away in opposite directions. These segments align i ...
365 Brainy Fact-A
... The pupil in the eye of the giant cuttlefish (a letter E pointed in different directions) was invented by Dr. Hermann Snellen in 1862. squid-like animal) is rectangular. ...
... The pupil in the eye of the giant cuttlefish (a letter E pointed in different directions) was invented by Dr. Hermann Snellen in 1862. squid-like animal) is rectangular. ...
Evidence for topographically organized endogenous 5‐HT‐1A
... evidence for tonic and state (swim)-dependent functions of endogenous 5-HT-1A receptor feedback mechanisms. 5-HT-1A antagonism revealed subregion-specific inhibitory effects of endogenous 5-HT-1A receptor-dependent mechanisms on Fos expression in the ascending raphe nuclei. These observations are con ...
... evidence for tonic and state (swim)-dependent functions of endogenous 5-HT-1A receptor feedback mechanisms. 5-HT-1A antagonism revealed subregion-specific inhibitory effects of endogenous 5-HT-1A receptor-dependent mechanisms on Fos expression in the ascending raphe nuclei. These observations are con ...
vited Re vie w ln Substance P: A neurotransmitter of
... may in fact be mediated by another tachykinin. Hence a crucial goal is the development of antisera, antagonists. and radioligands that are specific enough to discriminate between the different mammalian tachykinins. In addition, the presence of SP need not imply the presence of a receptor for SP at ...
... may in fact be mediated by another tachykinin. Hence a crucial goal is the development of antisera, antagonists. and radioligands that are specific enough to discriminate between the different mammalian tachykinins. In addition, the presence of SP need not imply the presence of a receptor for SP at ...
Cocaine - World of Teaching
... freebase is converted cocaine hydrochloride (a salt). The reasons for the conversion 1) left in this form for long it would lose its potency 2) To purify it to about 99% cocaine purity 3) To make it water soluble. Coke in this form can't be injected or snorted into the bloodstream. Any drug which is ...
... freebase is converted cocaine hydrochloride (a salt). The reasons for the conversion 1) left in this form for long it would lose its potency 2) To purify it to about 99% cocaine purity 3) To make it water soluble. Coke in this form can't be injected or snorted into the bloodstream. Any drug which is ...
Dexterous Finger Movements in Primate Without Monosynaptic
... It is generally accepted that the precision grip and independent finger movements (IFMs) in monkey and man are controlled by the direct (monosynaptic) corticomotoneuronal (CM) pathway. This view is based on previous observations that pyramidotomy causes near permanent deficits of IFMs. However, in a ...
... It is generally accepted that the precision grip and independent finger movements (IFMs) in monkey and man are controlled by the direct (monosynaptic) corticomotoneuronal (CM) pathway. This view is based on previous observations that pyramidotomy causes near permanent deficits of IFMs. However, in a ...
Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Inputs to `AIP`
... example, perhaps some of the ‘visual’ properties of AIP neurons are the result of input from the superior colliculus. Similarly, some of the ‘motor’ properties of AIP neurons could be a consequence of input from the cerebellum. In addition, given the extensive interconnections between AIP and PMv, w ...
... example, perhaps some of the ‘visual’ properties of AIP neurons are the result of input from the superior colliculus. Similarly, some of the ‘motor’ properties of AIP neurons could be a consequence of input from the cerebellum. In addition, given the extensive interconnections between AIP and PMv, w ...
Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms and Related Sex Differences in
... den Heuvel, 2006; Saxena & Rauch, 2000). It has been hypothesized that an imbalance between these loops, resulting in a hyperactive ventral and hypoactive dorsal ...
... den Heuvel, 2006; Saxena & Rauch, 2000). It has been hypothesized that an imbalance between these loops, resulting in a hyperactive ventral and hypoactive dorsal ...
On-line, voluntary control of human temporal lobe
... sensory stimuli competing with a rich stream of internal deliberations, plans and ruminations. The brain must select one or more of these for further processing. How this competition is resolved across multiple sensory and cognitive regions is not known; nor is it clear how internal thoughts and att ...
... sensory stimuli competing with a rich stream of internal deliberations, plans and ruminations. The brain must select one or more of these for further processing. How this competition is resolved across multiple sensory and cognitive regions is not known; nor is it clear how internal thoughts and att ...
Primitive Roles for Inhibitory Interneurons in Developing Frog Spinal
... (Roberts, 2000; Li et al., 2001). These are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1, where their functions are listed. We have recently established that one class of spinal interneuron with a very characteristic axonal projection pattern, called ascending interneurons (aINs), produces phasic, glycinergic ...
... (Roberts, 2000; Li et al., 2001). These are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1, where their functions are listed. We have recently established that one class of spinal interneuron with a very characteristic axonal projection pattern, called ascending interneurons (aINs), produces phasic, glycinergic ...
Neurosurgery: Functional Regeneration after Laser Axotomy
... rate of 76 MHz and 5 nJ energy. For axotomy, a regenerative amplifier (Positive Light, “Spitfire”) seeded by the Ti-Sapphire laser generates 1 mJ energy, 200 fs short pulses at 1 kHz repetition rate. The laser energy on the specimen can be precisely varied using two attenuators. Each attenuator invo ...
... rate of 76 MHz and 5 nJ energy. For axotomy, a regenerative amplifier (Positive Light, “Spitfire”) seeded by the Ti-Sapphire laser generates 1 mJ energy, 200 fs short pulses at 1 kHz repetition rate. The laser energy on the specimen can be precisely varied using two attenuators. Each attenuator invo ...
Descending Pathways in Motor Control
... a pathway in a selective manner that allows additional insight into function. Unfortunately, a completed checklist of all these features is still not available for any of the major mammalian descending pathways. We now have advanced anatomical details for many of them, but the functional roles of ea ...
... a pathway in a selective manner that allows additional insight into function. Unfortunately, a completed checklist of all these features is still not available for any of the major mammalian descending pathways. We now have advanced anatomical details for many of them, but the functional roles of ea ...
Activity-dependent editing of neuromuscular synaptic connections
... probability sites, resulting in a decreased quantal amplitude [22], followed by the loss of presynaptic terminal regions, continues until losing inputs permanently withdraw from junctions. Active inputs, on the other hand, emerge as winners in the competitive process, by maintaining a high quantal c ...
... probability sites, resulting in a decreased quantal amplitude [22], followed by the loss of presynaptic terminal regions, continues until losing inputs permanently withdraw from junctions. Active inputs, on the other hand, emerge as winners in the competitive process, by maintaining a high quantal c ...
AP2B Ch 14 ANS 2015
... • Preganglionic neurons in T1 – L2 (lateral horn) • Preganglionic fibers white rami communicantes sympathetic trunk (paravertebral) ganglia (chain ganglia) ...
... • Preganglionic neurons in T1 – L2 (lateral horn) • Preganglionic fibers white rami communicantes sympathetic trunk (paravertebral) ganglia (chain ganglia) ...
Neural Correlates of Human Virtue Judgment
... generous and noble character never fails to charm and delight us’’ and Smith (1976) noted that ‘‘man desires, not only praise, but praiseworthiness.’’ We also could have an aesthetic feeling in human virtuous acts and be often attracted by the beauty itself (Haidt 2003a). However, there are very few ...
... generous and noble character never fails to charm and delight us’’ and Smith (1976) noted that ‘‘man desires, not only praise, but praiseworthiness.’’ We also could have an aesthetic feeling in human virtuous acts and be often attracted by the beauty itself (Haidt 2003a). However, there are very few ...
How and Why Brains Create Meaning from Sensory Information
... constructed within its brain by processes of abstraction and generalization. In order to translate these findings into terms that engineers will require to emulate in hardware the performance of brains in wetware, some further consideration of the biological basis of meaning is required. A meaning s ...
... constructed within its brain by processes of abstraction and generalization. In order to translate these findings into terms that engineers will require to emulate in hardware the performance of brains in wetware, some further consideration of the biological basis of meaning is required. A meaning s ...
The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox in the Brain
... striking similarity between the transferred and evoked potentials and the total absence of transferred potentials in the control experiments leaves no room for doubt about the existence of an unusual phenomenon, namely, propagation of influence without local signals. As noted already, the similarity ...
... striking similarity between the transferred and evoked potentials and the total absence of transferred potentials in the control experiments leaves no room for doubt about the existence of an unusual phenomenon, namely, propagation of influence without local signals. As noted already, the similarity ...
Basal Ganglia: Internal Organization
... cell bodies and proximal dendrites of their target neurons (Figures 4(b), 4(c), and 6). In addition, all GPe neurons give rise to local axon collaterals that underlie a complex and structured microcircuitry within the GPe (Figure 5). About a quarter of GPe neurons give rise to collaterals that inner ...
... cell bodies and proximal dendrites of their target neurons (Figures 4(b), 4(c), and 6). In addition, all GPe neurons give rise to local axon collaterals that underlie a complex and structured microcircuitry within the GPe (Figure 5). About a quarter of GPe neurons give rise to collaterals that inner ...
Olfaction in Invertebrates: Manduca. In: Squire LR (ed). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, vol 7, pp 49-57. Oxford: Academic Press.
... and overlapping. Furthermore, the temporal response characteristic of single ORNs can be complex, including both excitatory and inhibitory components to particular odors, indicating antagonistic processing either at the level of intracellular cellular pathways initiated by more than one receptor pro ...
... and overlapping. Furthermore, the temporal response characteristic of single ORNs can be complex, including both excitatory and inhibitory components to particular odors, indicating antagonistic processing either at the level of intracellular cellular pathways initiated by more than one receptor pro ...
Minimal model of strategy switching in the plus
... of neurons were highly active. When the reward contingency changed so that the response-based behavior was the only valid strategy, another subpopulation became active, while neurons in the first subpopulation became silent. In addition to being a suitable experimental setup for studying strategy le ...
... of neurons were highly active. When the reward contingency changed so that the response-based behavior was the only valid strategy, another subpopulation became active, while neurons in the first subpopulation became silent. In addition to being a suitable experimental setup for studying strategy le ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.