The Gene Encoding Disabled-1 (DAB1), the Intracellular Adaptor of
... by neurons of the developing brain, particularly CajalRetzius cells. The DAB1 protein docks to the intracellular part of the Reelin very low density lipoprotein receptor and apoE receptor type 2 and becomes tyrosinephosphorylated following binding of Reelin to cortical neurons. In mice, mutations of ...
... by neurons of the developing brain, particularly CajalRetzius cells. The DAB1 protein docks to the intracellular part of the Reelin very low density lipoprotein receptor and apoE receptor type 2 and becomes tyrosinephosphorylated following binding of Reelin to cortical neurons. In mice, mutations of ...
Methods of Studying The Nervous System - U
... – in an electrooculogram (EOG) eye movements are recorded by placing four electrodes around the eye; the signals result from the fact that the front of the eye is more positively charged than the back – The direction of movement can be inferred from the relation between the activity recorded on two ...
... – in an electrooculogram (EOG) eye movements are recorded by placing four electrodes around the eye; the signals result from the fact that the front of the eye is more positively charged than the back – The direction of movement can be inferred from the relation between the activity recorded on two ...
Purves ch. 8 + Kandel ch. 23 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... and their afferent fibers account for about 40% of the sensory innervation of the human hand. These corpuscles are particularly efficient in transducing information about the relatively low-frequency vibrations (30–50 Hz) that occur when textured objects are moved across the skin. Pacinian corpuscle ...
... and their afferent fibers account for about 40% of the sensory innervation of the human hand. These corpuscles are particularly efficient in transducing information about the relatively low-frequency vibrations (30–50 Hz) that occur when textured objects are moved across the skin. Pacinian corpuscle ...
The neurophysiological correlates of motor tics following focal
... The wide band recorded extracellular data was split into high(neuronal spiking activity) and low-frequency activity (LFP) components using high- and low-pass filters, respectively. The action potentials of individual neurons were sorted offline (OfflineSorter V2.8.7, Plexon, Plano, TX, USA). Offline ...
... The wide band recorded extracellular data was split into high(neuronal spiking activity) and low-frequency activity (LFP) components using high- and low-pass filters, respectively. The action potentials of individual neurons were sorted offline (OfflineSorter V2.8.7, Plexon, Plano, TX, USA). Offline ...
Modelling Cerebellar Function in Saccadic Adaptation
... • Different regions have different inputs and outputs, (microzones) but same basic organisation • Gives rise to idea of cerebellar chip: ~5000, each with its own particular connections. ...
... • Different regions have different inputs and outputs, (microzones) but same basic organisation • Gives rise to idea of cerebellar chip: ~5000, each with its own particular connections. ...
Synaptic Targets of Medial Septal Projections in the Hippocampus
... to the coordination of neuronal activity, including the generation of theta oscillations. Much less is known about the synaptic target neurons outside the hippocampus. To reveal the contribution of synaptic circuits involving the medial septum of mice, we have identified postsynaptic cortical neuron ...
... to the coordination of neuronal activity, including the generation of theta oscillations. Much less is known about the synaptic target neurons outside the hippocampus. To reveal the contribution of synaptic circuits involving the medial septum of mice, we have identified postsynaptic cortical neuron ...
The role of synaptic ion channels in synaptic
... postsynaptic depolarization. Notably, unlike NMDA receptors, nAChRs are not blocked by Mg2+ at negative resting potentials; therefore, postsynaptic nAChR activity might assist the removal of the Mg2+ block from NMDA receptors and facilitate LTP ( Ji et al, 2001). The function of nAChRs at presynapti ...
... postsynaptic depolarization. Notably, unlike NMDA receptors, nAChRs are not blocked by Mg2+ at negative resting potentials; therefore, postsynaptic nAChR activity might assist the removal of the Mg2+ block from NMDA receptors and facilitate LTP ( Ji et al, 2001). The function of nAChRs at presynapti ...
Chapter 5 - Wake Forest University
... • A stereotaxic apparatus contains a holder that fixes the animal’s head in a standard position and a carrier that moves an electrode or a cannula through measured distances in all three axes of space. ...
... • A stereotaxic apparatus contains a holder that fixes the animal’s head in a standard position and a carrier that moves an electrode or a cannula through measured distances in all three axes of space. ...
Distinct Representations and Theta Dynamics in Dorsal and Ventral
... interneurons are widely accepted in the dorsal hippocampus, based on firing rates, waveform features, and complex spike bursting patterns (Csicsvari et al., 1998). However, similar classification criteria in the ventral hippocampus are not yet available. In a previous study, pyramidal cells were dis ...
... interneurons are widely accepted in the dorsal hippocampus, based on firing rates, waveform features, and complex spike bursting patterns (Csicsvari et al., 1998). However, similar classification criteria in the ventral hippocampus are not yet available. In a previous study, pyramidal cells were dis ...
`What` and `where` in the human brain
... MST, and thence to areas in parietal cortex, new types of directional selectivity emerge. For example, whereas cells in Vl are sensitive to the direction of motion of the Fourier components of a complex pattern, many MT cells are sensitive to the global motion of the pattern, that is, the vector sum ...
... MST, and thence to areas in parietal cortex, new types of directional selectivity emerge. For example, whereas cells in Vl are sensitive to the direction of motion of the Fourier components of a complex pattern, many MT cells are sensitive to the global motion of the pattern, that is, the vector sum ...
The dorsal raphe nucleus—From silver stainings to a role in
... for visualizing serotonergic neurons in the DRN and elsewhere. A major drawback of the FIF-technique was that βcarboline is highly UV-sensitive, which led to rapid fading of the fluorescence. In addition, freeze-drying of the tissue compromised the level of obtainable morphological detail. The latte ...
... for visualizing serotonergic neurons in the DRN and elsewhere. A major drawback of the FIF-technique was that βcarboline is highly UV-sensitive, which led to rapid fading of the fluorescence. In addition, freeze-drying of the tissue compromised the level of obtainable morphological detail. The latte ...
8129402
... E. R. Jaensch of the University of Marburg, Germany, who devoted a lifetime to the study of visual phenomena, believed that eidetic imagery and synesthesia were nat ural human abilities educated out of most individuals. He and his associates found eidetic imagery in 80-90 percent of the children at ...
... E. R. Jaensch of the University of Marburg, Germany, who devoted a lifetime to the study of visual phenomena, believed that eidetic imagery and synesthesia were nat ural human abilities educated out of most individuals. He and his associates found eidetic imagery in 80-90 percent of the children at ...
Neurological Principles and Rehabilitation of Action Disorders
... and engineers distinguish between 2 general types of controlfeedback and feed-forward-each with its own unique advantages and drawbacks. In feedback control , signals that carry information about the discrepancies (error) between the desired movement and the actual sensory consequences associated wi ...
... and engineers distinguish between 2 general types of controlfeedback and feed-forward-each with its own unique advantages and drawbacks. In feedback control , signals that carry information about the discrepancies (error) between the desired movement and the actual sensory consequences associated wi ...
GABA transporters in the mammalian cerebral cortex - LIRA-Lab
... pattern of GAT-1 expression is related to cortical type rather than to species [39]. In all species, GAT-1+ fibers are also present in the white matter underlying the neocortex and are especially numerous in the corpus callosum of rats [39,142]. In all the species studied to date, GAT-1+ puncta have ...
... pattern of GAT-1 expression is related to cortical type rather than to species [39]. In all species, GAT-1+ fibers are also present in the white matter underlying the neocortex and are especially numerous in the corpus callosum of rats [39,142]. In all the species studied to date, GAT-1+ puncta have ...
Spinal motor neurons are regenerated after
... In contrast to mammals, adult zebrafish are capable of regenerating neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), including the spinal cord (Grandel and Brand, 2013; Goldman, 2014; Becker and Becker, 2015; ThanTrong and Bally-Cuif, 2015). To understand these differences, it is important to elucidate ...
... In contrast to mammals, adult zebrafish are capable of regenerating neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), including the spinal cord (Grandel and Brand, 2013; Goldman, 2014; Becker and Becker, 2015; ThanTrong and Bally-Cuif, 2015). To understand these differences, it is important to elucidate ...
HTM Neuron paper 12-1
... dendrites and with unrealistically few synapses, strongly suggesting they are missing key functional aspects of real neural tissue. If we want to understand how the neocortex works and build systems that work on the same principles as the neocortex, we need an understanding of how biological neurons ...
... dendrites and with unrealistically few synapses, strongly suggesting they are missing key functional aspects of real neural tissue. If we want to understand how the neocortex works and build systems that work on the same principles as the neocortex, we need an understanding of how biological neurons ...
Neuronal Birthdate-Specific Gene Transfer with Adenoviral Vectors
... has been difficult to identify a cohort of birthdate-related progenitor cells. Using replication-defective adenoviral vectors, we successfully performed “pulse gene transfer” into progenitor cells in a neuronal birthdate-specific manner. When adenoviral vectors were injected into the midbrain ventri ...
... has been difficult to identify a cohort of birthdate-related progenitor cells. Using replication-defective adenoviral vectors, we successfully performed “pulse gene transfer” into progenitor cells in a neuronal birthdate-specific manner. When adenoviral vectors were injected into the midbrain ventri ...
The habenular nuclei - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
... the midbrain/hindbrain. In this review, we will focus on the anatomy and connectivity of the habenulae and the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). The latter is a major target of habenular efferent connectivity in all vertebrates and consequently plays a pivotal role in the modulation of nuclei downstrea ...
... the midbrain/hindbrain. In this review, we will focus on the anatomy and connectivity of the habenulae and the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). The latter is a major target of habenular efferent connectivity in all vertebrates and consequently plays a pivotal role in the modulation of nuclei downstrea ...
the mirror-neuron system - Psychology and Neuroscience
... between the effective observed and the effective executed action. In about one third of them, the effective observed and executed actions are virtually identical (strictly congruent neurons); in the remaining, the effective observed and executed actions are similar or functionally related (broadly c ...
... between the effective observed and the effective executed action. In about one third of them, the effective observed and executed actions are virtually identical (strictly congruent neurons); in the remaining, the effective observed and executed actions are similar or functionally related (broadly c ...
Cortico–basal ganglia circuit mechanism for a decision threshold in
... two states (quiet and bursting), which are determined by the firing rates of the SNr and the Cxe. The model system follows a trajectory (black solid curve in Fig. 5a). At stimulus onset, the system starts from the left upper corner of the phase plane where the Cxe has a low firing rate and the SNr s ...
... two states (quiet and bursting), which are determined by the firing rates of the SNr and the Cxe. The model system follows a trajectory (black solid curve in Fig. 5a). At stimulus onset, the system starts from the left upper corner of the phase plane where the Cxe has a low firing rate and the SNr s ...
The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction
... are some that seem particularly relevant to neuroscientists. For example, the literature on imitative behaviours in animals highlights that a key issue in this area is the differentiation between various forms of mimicry and contagion and true imitation — that is, adding something new to one’s own m ...
... are some that seem particularly relevant to neuroscientists. For example, the literature on imitative behaviours in animals highlights that a key issue in this area is the differentiation between various forms of mimicry and contagion and true imitation — that is, adding something new to one’s own m ...
Functions of the Nervous System
... When the central neuron is excited, the efferent impulse is conducted outward along the axon, at the same time, also can excite a inhibitory interneuron though its collateral branch, then cause the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter, which inhibit the previously excited neurons, this kind of inh ...
... When the central neuron is excited, the efferent impulse is conducted outward along the axon, at the same time, also can excite a inhibitory interneuron though its collateral branch, then cause the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter, which inhibit the previously excited neurons, this kind of inh ...
Model of autism: increased ratio of excitationinhibition in key neural
... trol the release of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which appears to provide the primary signaling for critical period window closure (Maffei 2002), is artificially high at a very young cortical age. The pulsing noise itself hypothetically directly generates that correlated activity becaus ...
... trol the release of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which appears to provide the primary signaling for critical period window closure (Maffei 2002), is artificially high at a very young cortical age. The pulsing noise itself hypothetically directly generates that correlated activity becaus ...
p57 regulates radial glia and intermediate precursor
... and intermediate precursors (IPC) was increased, expanding both populations, with greater effect on IPCs. Furthermore, cell cycle re-entry was increased during early corticogenesis, whereas cell cycle exit was augmented at middle stage. Consequently, neurogenesis was reduced early, whereas it was en ...
... and intermediate precursors (IPC) was increased, expanding both populations, with greater effect on IPCs. Furthermore, cell cycle re-entry was increased during early corticogenesis, whereas cell cycle exit was augmented at middle stage. Consequently, neurogenesis was reduced early, whereas it was en ...
the mirror-neuron system - UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience
... between the effective observed and the effective executed action. In about one third of them, the effective observed and executed actions are virtually identical (strictly congruent neurons); in the remaining, the effective observed and executed actions are similar or functionally related (broadly c ...
... between the effective observed and the effective executed action. In about one third of them, the effective observed and executed actions are virtually identical (strictly congruent neurons); in the remaining, the effective observed and executed actions are similar or functionally related (broadly c ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.