Chapter 36 Locomotion
... nearly a century ago when it was found that removing the cerebral hemispheres in dogs did not abolish walking—decerebrate animals are still able to walk spontaneously. One animal was observed to rear itself up in order to rest its forepaws on a gate at feeding time. It was soon discovered that stepp ...
... nearly a century ago when it was found that removing the cerebral hemispheres in dogs did not abolish walking—decerebrate animals are still able to walk spontaneously. One animal was observed to rear itself up in order to rest its forepaws on a gate at feeding time. It was soon discovered that stepp ...
Long lnterfascicular Axon Growth from Embryonic Neurons
... restricted to the types of axons normally present in that tract? And what is the tissuesubstratefor axon growth? In a previous study using a microtransplantation technique (Emmett et al., 1990) that causesminimal disturbance to the arrangement of the host axons and glia, we used two mousespecific ax ...
... restricted to the types of axons normally present in that tract? And what is the tissuesubstratefor axon growth? In a previous study using a microtransplantation technique (Emmett et al., 1990) that causesminimal disturbance to the arrangement of the host axons and glia, we used two mousespecific ax ...
Paper: Neural substrates for expectation
... inhibited by expectation, rather than by a simple sensory representation of the UCS. • Responses of amygdala neurons to aversive (or appetitive) stimuli are modulated by expectation. • It is not clear whether this occurs during Pavlovian fear conditioning at sites of associative plasticity (such as ...
... inhibited by expectation, rather than by a simple sensory representation of the UCS. • Responses of amygdala neurons to aversive (or appetitive) stimuli are modulated by expectation. • It is not clear whether this occurs during Pavlovian fear conditioning at sites of associative plasticity (such as ...
2011 CSH - Harvard University
... at their target gene promoters (Kim et al. 2010). Stimulus-induced posttranslational modifications of these transcription factors induce dynamic changes in protein – protein interactions that rapidly recruit RNA polymerase (Chrivia et al. 1993; Shalizi et al. 2006). A second and slower wave of stimu ...
... at their target gene promoters (Kim et al. 2010). Stimulus-induced posttranslational modifications of these transcription factors induce dynamic changes in protein – protein interactions that rapidly recruit RNA polymerase (Chrivia et al. 1993; Shalizi et al. 2006). A second and slower wave of stimu ...
The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders
... isocortex ~4. The neurotransmitter of the corti- intruding into the normal flow of motor activity. In costriatal afferents is probably glutamate ~s. The addition, all these abnormal movements share a only other basal ganglia structure to receive signifi- common pharmacology in that the abnormal move ...
... isocortex ~4. The neurotransmitter of the corti- intruding into the normal flow of motor activity. In costriatal afferents is probably glutamate ~s. The addition, all these abnormal movements share a only other basal ganglia structure to receive signifi- common pharmacology in that the abnormal move ...
Macrophages Promote Axon Regeneration with Concurrent Neurotoxicity
... Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, 2Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Medical Center East, Tokyo 116-8567, Japan, and 3Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands ...
... Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, 2Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women’s Medical University Medical Center East, Tokyo 116-8567, Japan, and 3Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands ...
7. MODELING THE SOMATOTOPIC MAP 7.1 The Somatotopic Map
... In this chapter we demonstrate the formation of a “somatotopic map” by means of a computer simulation of Kohonen’s algorithm (Ritter and Schulten 1986). The somatotopic map is the projection of the body surface onto a brain area that is responsible for our sense of touch and that is called the somat ...
... In this chapter we demonstrate the formation of a “somatotopic map” by means of a computer simulation of Kohonen’s algorithm (Ritter and Schulten 1986). The somatotopic map is the projection of the body surface onto a brain area that is responsible for our sense of touch and that is called the somat ...
Mirror neurons and the 8 parallel consciousnesses
... perceive both sides of external space, while the left hemisphere seems to perceive just that on the right. Hence, if the left side is injured, there would not be strong evidence of loss of consciousness, as the right brain can perceive all space. Instead, a lesion in the right brain does not allow p ...
... perceive both sides of external space, while the left hemisphere seems to perceive just that on the right. Hence, if the left side is injured, there would not be strong evidence of loss of consciousness, as the right brain can perceive all space. Instead, a lesion in the right brain does not allow p ...
Action recognition in the premotor cortex
... skull, photographed, and then frozen and cut coronally (each section 60 |im). Alternate sections were stained with the Nissl method and reacted for cytochrome oxidase histochemistry. The locations of the penetrations were reconstructed and related to the various cytochrome oxidase areas of the front ...
... skull, photographed, and then frozen and cut coronally (each section 60 |im). Alternate sections were stained with the Nissl method and reacted for cytochrome oxidase histochemistry. The locations of the penetrations were reconstructed and related to the various cytochrome oxidase areas of the front ...
Otxl and Otx2 Define Layers and Regions in Developing Cerebral
... of pattern in addition to lamination. Each of these structures is also divided along the plane tangential to the pial surface into functionally distinct areas or regions. The cerebral cortex is composed of areas that subserve functions ranging from the processing of incoming sensory information to t ...
... of pattern in addition to lamination. Each of these structures is also divided along the plane tangential to the pial surface into functionally distinct areas or regions. The cerebral cortex is composed of areas that subserve functions ranging from the processing of incoming sensory information to t ...
Mechanisms of Magnetic Stimulation of Central Nervous System
... mechanism of stimulation using the activating function (eqn. 4). The magnitude of the membrane potential change is determined by the size of the gradient of the induced electric field and the passive space constant in the axon fiber (l). Thus, for an axon fiber with spatially homogenous passive para ...
... mechanism of stimulation using the activating function (eqn. 4). The magnitude of the membrane potential change is determined by the size of the gradient of the induced electric field and the passive space constant in the axon fiber (l). Thus, for an axon fiber with spatially homogenous passive para ...
PDE5 Exists in Human Neurons and is a Viable Therapeutic Target
... and is present in cortex (Fig. 2A1-A3), hippocampus (Fig. 2B1-B3), and cerebellum (Fig. 2C1-C3). In Fig. 2, three different PDE5 antibodies are used, and each antibody reacts against a different epitope within PDE5 (see Methods). Figure 2A1, B1, and C1 use an Abcam antibody, Fig. 2A2, B2, and C2 use ...
... and is present in cortex (Fig. 2A1-A3), hippocampus (Fig. 2B1-B3), and cerebellum (Fig. 2C1-C3). In Fig. 2, three different PDE5 antibodies are used, and each antibody reacts against a different epitope within PDE5 (see Methods). Figure 2A1, B1, and C1 use an Abcam antibody, Fig. 2A2, B2, and C2 use ...
CYTOARCHITECTURE OF CEREBRAL CORTEX
... Basics of Neurobiology: Cytoarchitecture of cerebral cortex PROPERTIES OF CORTICAL INTERNEURONS Summary of the the Petilla Interneuron Nomenclature Group Morphological features • Soma: shape; size; orientation; other • Dendrite: arborization polarity; branch metrics; fine structure; postsynaptic el ...
... Basics of Neurobiology: Cytoarchitecture of cerebral cortex PROPERTIES OF CORTICAL INTERNEURONS Summary of the the Petilla Interneuron Nomenclature Group Morphological features • Soma: shape; size; orientation; other • Dendrite: arborization polarity; branch metrics; fine structure; postsynaptic el ...
Cocaine and Amphetamines (PDF Available)
... because b-adrenergic receptors are also located on heart muscle. Stimulation of the heart, however, mainly occurs via a subgroup of b-adrenergic receptors termed b1. With further refinement of the isoproterenol molecule, it was possible to devise drugs that could act more selectively on the bronchial ...
... because b-adrenergic receptors are also located on heart muscle. Stimulation of the heart, however, mainly occurs via a subgroup of b-adrenergic receptors termed b1. With further refinement of the isoproterenol molecule, it was possible to devise drugs that could act more selectively on the bronchial ...
the inferior colliculus of the rat: quantitative
... Abstract—Both GABA and glycine (Gly) containing neurons send inhibitory projections to the inferior colliculus (IC), whereas inhibitory neurons within the IC are primarily GABAergic. To date, however, a quantitative description of the topographic distribution of GABAergic neurons in the rat’s IC and ...
... Abstract—Both GABA and glycine (Gly) containing neurons send inhibitory projections to the inferior colliculus (IC), whereas inhibitory neurons within the IC are primarily GABAergic. To date, however, a quantitative description of the topographic distribution of GABAergic neurons in the rat’s IC and ...
Redgrave - people.vcu.edu
... (principally the striatum), various limbic structures (for example, the septal area and amygdala) and parts of the frontal cortex11. Until recently, and despite the enormous volume of biological data relating to DA systems11,12,14, little information was available concerning the sources of short-lat ...
... (principally the striatum), various limbic structures (for example, the septal area and amygdala) and parts of the frontal cortex11. Until recently, and despite the enormous volume of biological data relating to DA systems11,12,14, little information was available concerning the sources of short-lat ...
multiple reward signals in the brain
... monkey learns by trial and error which behavioural response and which reinforcer is associated with each new instructional cue. The neuron shows typical reward-expectation activity during the initial unrewarded movement trials. This activity disappears when learning advances (bottom graph; original ...
... monkey learns by trial and error which behavioural response and which reinforcer is associated with each new instructional cue. The neuron shows typical reward-expectation activity during the initial unrewarded movement trials. This activity disappears when learning advances (bottom graph; original ...
Depolarization stimulates lamellipodia formation and
... high density Ž5000 neuronsrmm2 . in a chemically defined medium conditioned by astrocytes w27x. To visualize the morphogenesis of individual neurons within the dense developing neuronal network, about one in 500 neurons was labeled with DiI at the time of establishing the cultures. This method yield ...
... high density Ž5000 neuronsrmm2 . in a chemically defined medium conditioned by astrocytes w27x. To visualize the morphogenesis of individual neurons within the dense developing neuronal network, about one in 500 neurons was labeled with DiI at the time of establishing the cultures. This method yield ...
Rapid Changes in Synaptic Vesicle Cytochemistry
... described in detail elsewhere (26). By 2 wk in vitro, these cultures had well-developed fascicles of nerve fibers connecting single or small groups of neurons. They were subsequently cultured for a total of 5-9 wk in vitro because prior studies using this culture system have demonstrated that substa ...
... described in detail elsewhere (26). By 2 wk in vitro, these cultures had well-developed fascicles of nerve fibers connecting single or small groups of neurons. They were subsequently cultured for a total of 5-9 wk in vitro because prior studies using this culture system have demonstrated that substa ...
The Olfactory Sensory Map in Drosophila
... provided experimental evidence to support this atypical topology, calling into question the general assumption that fly ORs are classic GPCRs. Furthermore, different members of the fly OR family show considerably less homology to each other than most vertebrate ORs, leading to the hypothesis that th ...
... provided experimental evidence to support this atypical topology, calling into question the general assumption that fly ORs are classic GPCRs. Furthermore, different members of the fly OR family show considerably less homology to each other than most vertebrate ORs, leading to the hypothesis that th ...
Chapter 103: Application Of Imaging Technologies In The
... (blood oxygenation-dependent or BOLD contrast). During activation of a brain region, an excess of arterial blood is delivered into the area, with concomitant changes in the ratio of deoxyhemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin. Concentration on a wide variety of compounds that reflect metabolic state of the tis ...
... (blood oxygenation-dependent or BOLD contrast). During activation of a brain region, an excess of arterial blood is delivered into the area, with concomitant changes in the ratio of deoxyhemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin. Concentration on a wide variety of compounds that reflect metabolic state of the tis ...
Mesodermal and neuronal retinoids regulate the induction and
... Attempts to define the specific contributions of each retinoid source to LMC subtype specification and LMC maintenance have been stymied by the early lethality of Raldh2 null embryos prior to motor neuron generation (Niederreither et al., 1999). A recent study where Raldh2 expression was genetically ...
... Attempts to define the specific contributions of each retinoid source to LMC subtype specification and LMC maintenance have been stymied by the early lethality of Raldh2 null embryos prior to motor neuron generation (Niederreither et al., 1999). A recent study where Raldh2 expression was genetically ...
Learning, Reward and Decision-Making
... organism’s goals or subsequent outcomes, stimulus-driven behaviors can suffer from being overly rigid, especially in a volatile environment. Reflexes are perhaps the most primitive form of adaptive response to environmental challenges. Reflexes are stereotyped in that sensory stimuli have innate (un ...
... organism’s goals or subsequent outcomes, stimulus-driven behaviors can suffer from being overly rigid, especially in a volatile environment. Reflexes are perhaps the most primitive form of adaptive response to environmental challenges. Reflexes are stereotyped in that sensory stimuli have innate (un ...
human medial temporal lobe Selectivity of pyramidal cells and
... UNDERSTANDING HOW HUMANS ARE capable of recognizing objects fast and accurately is one of the major challenges in neuroscience. This requires understanding what kind of information is encoded by neurons and, perhaps more importantly, how that information is represented. There is vast evidence showin ...
... UNDERSTANDING HOW HUMANS ARE capable of recognizing objects fast and accurately is one of the major challenges in neuroscience. This requires understanding what kind of information is encoded by neurons and, perhaps more importantly, how that information is represented. There is vast evidence showin ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.