On the Role of Biophysical Properties of Cortical Neurons in Binding
... Martin, & Suarez, 1995; Somers, Nelson, & Sur, 1995), the input was preprocessed to reect the distribution of local features in the visual scene. In the simulations described below each population is mapped onto an idealized cross-section through an ice cube model (Hubel & Wiesel, 1998). Thus, one ...
... Martin, & Suarez, 1995; Somers, Nelson, & Sur, 1995), the input was preprocessed to reect the distribution of local features in the visual scene. In the simulations described below each population is mapped onto an idealized cross-section through an ice cube model (Hubel & Wiesel, 1998). Thus, one ...
The Thalamus
... receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In these investigations, the ability to carry out investigations on slices of the living thalamus kept ...
... receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In these investigations, the ability to carry out investigations on slices of the living thalamus kept ...
Analogues of simple and complex cells in rhesus monkey auditory
... stimulus frequency: one profile for the ON response and one for the OFF response. Two-dimensional (2D) space and sound frequency may be considered equivalent in vision and audition, respectively, based on the nature of the peripheral receptor surface in retina and basilar membrane (10, 11). Therefore ...
... stimulus frequency: one profile for the ON response and one for the OFF response. Two-dimensional (2D) space and sound frequency may be considered equivalent in vision and audition, respectively, based on the nature of the peripheral receptor surface in retina and basilar membrane (10, 11). Therefore ...
The cerebellum. A
... The dentate nucleus is the largest of the cerebellar nuclei. It has the shape of a crumpled bag with the opening facing medially. The interior of the bag is filled with white matter made up of efferent fibers that leave the nucleus through the opening to form a large part of the superior cerebellar ...
... The dentate nucleus is the largest of the cerebellar nuclei. It has the shape of a crumpled bag with the opening facing medially. The interior of the bag is filled with white matter made up of efferent fibers that leave the nucleus through the opening to form a large part of the superior cerebellar ...
Pontine respiratory activity involved in inspiratory/expiratory phase
... excitatory inputs from pontine IE or late-I neurons (Cohen & Shaw 2004). However, the pontine input to late-I neurons was suppressed by BHR feedback. Thus, it was suggested that ponto-medullary interaction may become important only under conditions with weak drive from PSR inputs (Cohen & Shaw 2004) ...
... excitatory inputs from pontine IE or late-I neurons (Cohen & Shaw 2004). However, the pontine input to late-I neurons was suppressed by BHR feedback. Thus, it was suggested that ponto-medullary interaction may become important only under conditions with weak drive from PSR inputs (Cohen & Shaw 2004) ...
Distribution, classification, and development of Drosophila glial cells
... of cells should be stable. Third, the morphology and distribution of glial cells in the functional larval CNS provide a better classification of glial cell types; in late embryos, many neurons and glia show immature morphology and there are also some neuroblasts still dividing at this stage (Prokop ...
... of cells should be stable. Third, the morphology and distribution of glial cells in the functional larval CNS provide a better classification of glial cell types; in late embryos, many neurons and glia show immature morphology and there are also some neuroblasts still dividing at this stage (Prokop ...
The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex
... related Tupaia sp., we found that the average number of neurons beneath one square millimeter of cerebral cortex (N/A; calculated as the ratio between the total number of neurons in the cerebral cortex, N, and the total cortical surface area, A) varied threefold from 42,710/mm2 in Macaca fasciculari ...
... related Tupaia sp., we found that the average number of neurons beneath one square millimeter of cerebral cortex (N/A; calculated as the ratio between the total number of neurons in the cerebral cortex, N, and the total cortical surface area, A) varied threefold from 42,710/mm2 in Macaca fasciculari ...
PDF
... Knowledge is not just power. Even if advance information can not influence an upcoming event, people (and animals) prefer to know ahead of time what the outcome will be. According to the firing patterns of neurons in the lateral habenula, from the brain’s perspective, knowledge is also water—or at l ...
... Knowledge is not just power. Even if advance information can not influence an upcoming event, people (and animals) prefer to know ahead of time what the outcome will be. According to the firing patterns of neurons in the lateral habenula, from the brain’s perspective, knowledge is also water—or at l ...
Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation Polymicrogyria
... composed of small irregular gyri without intervening sulci or with intervening sulci obliterated and bridged by fusion of their superficial cellular layers (particularly the molecular one). Occasionally, polymicrogyria may have many small or widened gyri separated by shallow sulci (microsulci) (1). ...
... composed of small irregular gyri without intervening sulci or with intervening sulci obliterated and bridged by fusion of their superficial cellular layers (particularly the molecular one). Occasionally, polymicrogyria may have many small or widened gyri separated by shallow sulci (microsulci) (1). ...
Prediction in Human Decision Making
... because of the established evidences on existing many common aspects between them [15-26]. The development of biologically inspired models could have many advantages in studying cognitive functions of the brain as they do not have the same limitations as the study of real subjects do. One of the imp ...
... because of the established evidences on existing many common aspects between them [15-26]. The development of biologically inspired models could have many advantages in studying cognitive functions of the brain as they do not have the same limitations as the study of real subjects do. One of the imp ...
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e
... Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 17) Neurons either conduct action potentials along the length of their axons, or they remain at rest. This statement best describes ________. A) a reflex arc B) the all-or-none response C) repolarization D) saltatory conduction E) graded potential Answer: B Page Ref: 236 Bloom' ...
... Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 17) Neurons either conduct action potentials along the length of their axons, or they remain at rest. This statement best describes ________. A) a reflex arc B) the all-or-none response C) repolarization D) saltatory conduction E) graded potential Answer: B Page Ref: 236 Bloom' ...
Rhythmicity, randomness and synchrony in climbing fiber signals
... studies of mutant mice lacking the gap-junction protein connexin 36, which is assumed to be essential for functional olivary gap junctions, has shed new light on this issue [29,30]. Whereas neighboring pairs of wild-type inferior olivary neurons are strongly synchronized, knockout pairs are, as expe ...
... studies of mutant mice lacking the gap-junction protein connexin 36, which is assumed to be essential for functional olivary gap junctions, has shed new light on this issue [29,30]. Whereas neighboring pairs of wild-type inferior olivary neurons are strongly synchronized, knockout pairs are, as expe ...
View PDF - MRC BNDU - University of Oxford
... ChAT, calbindin and calretinin were used as described above, but the secondary antibodies were donkey anti-goat-Cy5 for ChAT labelling (Jackson Immunoresearch), donkey anti-mouse-Cy3 for calbindin labelling (Jackson Immunoresearch) and donkey anti-rabbit-Alexa488 for calretinin labelling (Molecular ...
... ChAT, calbindin and calretinin were used as described above, but the secondary antibodies were donkey anti-goat-Cy5 for ChAT labelling (Jackson Immunoresearch), donkey anti-mouse-Cy3 for calbindin labelling (Jackson Immunoresearch) and donkey anti-rabbit-Alexa488 for calretinin labelling (Molecular ...
PDF
... ter-type layer were more weakly correlated, while neurons within different eye-specific layers had the weakest, but still significant, correlations. If each retina independently generates spontaneous bursts of activity, there should be essentially no correlation between the patterns of spontaneous a ...
... ter-type layer were more weakly correlated, while neurons within different eye-specific layers had the weakest, but still significant, correlations. If each retina independently generates spontaneous bursts of activity, there should be essentially no correlation between the patterns of spontaneous a ...
TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS - eCurriculum
... modality to which a sense organ responds optimally. • Generator Potentials are depolarizations in receptors that are graded relative to the intensity and form of the stimulus. ...
... modality to which a sense organ responds optimally. • Generator Potentials are depolarizations in receptors that are graded relative to the intensity and form of the stimulus. ...
11-1 FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. Sensory input
... 4. Axons are myelinated when the axons are surrounded by myelin sheaths. A. The node of Ranvier is a gap in-between adjacent the myelin sheaths. It is a bare area of the axon. B. The myelin sheath in-between two nodes of Ranvier is called an internode. C. Oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths in the ...
... 4. Axons are myelinated when the axons are surrounded by myelin sheaths. A. The node of Ranvier is a gap in-between adjacent the myelin sheaths. It is a bare area of the axon. B. The myelin sheath in-between two nodes of Ranvier is called an internode. C. Oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths in the ...
pdf file
... Recently it has been found that in humans a specific type of neurons exists, called mirror neurons, which both are active to prepare for certain actions or bodily changes and when such actions or body states are observed in other persons. The discovery of mirror neurons originates from single cell r ...
... Recently it has been found that in humans a specific type of neurons exists, called mirror neurons, which both are active to prepare for certain actions or bodily changes and when such actions or body states are observed in other persons. The discovery of mirror neurons originates from single cell r ...
Chapter 13
... • Collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS! • E.g. Dorsal root ganglion! Nucleus! • Collection of nerve cell bodies with a common function found inside the CNS! • In brain or spinal cord! • Unmyelinated! • E.g. Basal nuclei! ...
... • Collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS! • E.g. Dorsal root ganglion! Nucleus! • Collection of nerve cell bodies with a common function found inside the CNS! • In brain or spinal cord! • Unmyelinated! • E.g. Basal nuclei! ...
Neurodevelopmental mechanisms of schizophrenia: understanding
... studies have revealed that both NRG1 and DISC1 are multifunctional in nature, with key roles during neurodevelopment [12–14]. Therefore, systematic studies of these factors from the time of the initial risks in early development to disease onset after puberty is likely to open a window on a mechanis ...
... studies have revealed that both NRG1 and DISC1 are multifunctional in nature, with key roles during neurodevelopment [12–14]. Therefore, systematic studies of these factors from the time of the initial risks in early development to disease onset after puberty is likely to open a window on a mechanis ...
NEOCORTEX
... and paleocortex (olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex) is the neocort¿x, which is the most recent arrival in evolutionary history and arguably the most impressive example of the genre. It has certainly impressed paleontologists, whose research on the fossil record of hominids has demonstrated that th ...
... and paleocortex (olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex) is the neocort¿x, which is the most recent arrival in evolutionary history and arguably the most impressive example of the genre. It has certainly impressed paleontologists, whose research on the fossil record of hominids has demonstrated that th ...
The speed of learning instructed stimulus
... rule to a single following stimulus. The rule instruction took the form of an image showing a capital letter in the middle of the image along with either a left-pointing or right-pointing arrow, also placed to the left or the right of the letter (Fig. 1B). The letter indicated the stimulus and the a ...
... rule to a single following stimulus. The rule instruction took the form of an image showing a capital letter in the middle of the image along with either a left-pointing or right-pointing arrow, also placed to the left or the right of the letter (Fig. 1B). The letter indicated the stimulus and the a ...
Visual Response Properties of Neurons in Four Extrastriate Visual
... (spikes per second) in the 3-s interval before stimulus presentation was subtracted from its firing rate during stimulus presentation to yield the net response rate for a single sweep. The stimulus sweep was adjusted to extend slightly beyond a unit’s receptive-field boundaries. The average net resp ...
... (spikes per second) in the 3-s interval before stimulus presentation was subtracted from its firing rate during stimulus presentation to yield the net response rate for a single sweep. The stimulus sweep was adjusted to extend slightly beyond a unit’s receptive-field boundaries. The average net resp ...
NeuralNets
... Several Branched Rough Surface (dendritic spines) Have ribosomes No myelin insulation ...
... Several Branched Rough Surface (dendritic spines) Have ribosomes No myelin insulation ...
Cerebrospinal fluid nerve growth factor levels in patients with
... character), and a sporadic form. Postmortem studies of brains from AD patients show cortical atrophy with a loss of from 8% to 10% of brain weight every 10 years of disease progression and histopathologic lesions of two types: senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.6 The major component of senile ...
... character), and a sporadic form. Postmortem studies of brains from AD patients show cortical atrophy with a loss of from 8% to 10% of brain weight every 10 years of disease progression and histopathologic lesions of two types: senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.6 The major component of senile ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.