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... A major challenge in the field of neuroscience is to link behavior with specific neuronal circuitries and cellular events. One way of facing this challenge is to identify unique cellular markers and thus have the ability to, through various mouse genetics tools, mimic, manipulate and control various ...
... A major challenge in the field of neuroscience is to link behavior with specific neuronal circuitries and cellular events. One way of facing this challenge is to identify unique cellular markers and thus have the ability to, through various mouse genetics tools, mimic, manipulate and control various ...
Learning, Reward and Decision-Making
... organism’s goals or subsequent outcomes, stimulus-driven behaviors can suffer from being overly rigid, especially in a volatile environment. Reflexes are perhaps the most primitive form of adaptive response to environmental challenges. Reflexes are stereotyped in that sensory stimuli have innate (un ...
... organism’s goals or subsequent outcomes, stimulus-driven behaviors can suffer from being overly rigid, especially in a volatile environment. Reflexes are perhaps the most primitive form of adaptive response to environmental challenges. Reflexes are stereotyped in that sensory stimuli have innate (un ...
Oxytocin Influence on the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
... that the data from this study may have much broader behavioral implications, including alterations in affective and cognitive processes. Specifically, we will focus on converging evidence suggesting that oxytocin modulation of NTS function could influence the development of stress and anxiety-like b ...
... that the data from this study may have much broader behavioral implications, including alterations in affective and cognitive processes. Specifically, we will focus on converging evidence suggesting that oxytocin modulation of NTS function could influence the development of stress and anxiety-like b ...
human medial temporal lobe Selectivity of pyramidal cells and
... UNDERSTANDING HOW HUMANS ARE capable of recognizing objects fast and accurately is one of the major challenges in neuroscience. This requires understanding what kind of information is encoded by neurons and, perhaps more importantly, how that information is represented. There is vast evidence showin ...
... UNDERSTANDING HOW HUMANS ARE capable of recognizing objects fast and accurately is one of the major challenges in neuroscience. This requires understanding what kind of information is encoded by neurons and, perhaps more importantly, how that information is represented. There is vast evidence showin ...
Self-referential forces are sufficient to explain different dendritic
... growth rate. In addition, because segments are straight, we found that certain neurons whose tortuosity decreases or increases with distance from the soma can also be approximated by specifying a non-uniform growth rate under constant influence from our three forces applied to segments of increasing ...
... growth rate. In addition, because segments are straight, we found that certain neurons whose tortuosity decreases or increases with distance from the soma can also be approximated by specifying a non-uniform growth rate under constant influence from our three forces applied to segments of increasing ...
Anatomy of Intraoperative Monitoring
... Fig. 2.4 A drawing of the neuraxis illustrating the relative terms rostral, caudal, dorsal, and ventral ...
... Fig. 2.4 A drawing of the neuraxis illustrating the relative terms rostral, caudal, dorsal, and ventral ...
Introduction to Psychology
... Describe the structure of a neuron and explain how nerve impulses are generated Describe how nerve cells communicate, and discuss the impact of neurotransmitters and drugs on human behavior. Identify the major divisions of the nervous system and describe their functions. Contrast the three types of ...
... Describe the structure of a neuron and explain how nerve impulses are generated Describe how nerve cells communicate, and discuss the impact of neurotransmitters and drugs on human behavior. Identify the major divisions of the nervous system and describe their functions. Contrast the three types of ...
Human nasal olfactory epithelium as a dynamic marker for CNS
... While drugs are increasingly considered for targeting various glial cell types, astroglia are restricted to the central nervous system and thus not readily accessible to assess phenotypic or functional changes in response to targeted drug therapy. Cultured embryonic human or rodent astroglia show so ...
... While drugs are increasingly considered for targeting various glial cell types, astroglia are restricted to the central nervous system and thus not readily accessible to assess phenotypic or functional changes in response to targeted drug therapy. Cultured embryonic human or rodent astroglia show so ...
Whole-Brain Serial-Section Electron Microscopy In Larval Zebrafish
... imaging scale required to comprehensively reconstruct axons and dendrites is more than 10 orders of magnitude smaller than the spatial extents occupied by networks of interconnected neurons2—some of which span nearly the entire brain. The difficulties in generating and handling data for relatively l ...
... imaging scale required to comprehensively reconstruct axons and dendrites is more than 10 orders of magnitude smaller than the spatial extents occupied by networks of interconnected neurons2—some of which span nearly the entire brain. The difficulties in generating and handling data for relatively l ...
THE AREA POSTREMA: A POTENTIAL SITE FOR CIRCADIAN REGULATION BY
... hypothalamus, major relay centres in the brain, to synapse with nuclei controlling sleep, arousal, and autonomic function (Saper et al., 2005). A major limitation to our current understanding of the proposed circadian communication by synaptic neurotransmission from the SCN arises from our still min ...
... hypothalamus, major relay centres in the brain, to synapse with nuclei controlling sleep, arousal, and autonomic function (Saper et al., 2005). A major limitation to our current understanding of the proposed circadian communication by synaptic neurotransmission from the SCN arises from our still min ...
Patient Machine Interface for the Control of Mechanical Ventilation
... breathing. The output of the respiratory centers that activates these vital skeletal muscles is called the respiratory or neural drive (ND) [2]. When the mechanics of breathing is compromised or the neural drive is diminished mechanical ventilation is required. For instance, decreased levels of cons ...
... breathing. The output of the respiratory centers that activates these vital skeletal muscles is called the respiratory or neural drive (ND) [2]. When the mechanics of breathing is compromised or the neural drive is diminished mechanical ventilation is required. For instance, decreased levels of cons ...
07.Discussion
... with wild-type protein for proteolytic substrates. However, because Calpains have been identified as a large gene family in other vertebrates, such as human ...
... with wild-type protein for proteolytic substrates. However, because Calpains have been identified as a large gene family in other vertebrates, such as human ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... extent of the dendritic tree and saved for off-line tracing and analysis. Images were taken with the lowest practical laser intensity and the shortest practical illumination time to limit photodynamic damage, and slices were kept outside the incubator for ⬍1 hr per session. This imaging protocol was ...
... extent of the dendritic tree and saved for off-line tracing and analysis. Images were taken with the lowest practical laser intensity and the shortest practical illumination time to limit photodynamic damage, and slices were kept outside the incubator for ⬍1 hr per session. This imaging protocol was ...
Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system
... in rats50. Such doses also stimulate food intake and obesity, in part by stimulating NPY and AgRP expression51–53, thus antagonizing leptin’s anorexic effect53. On the cellular level, electrophysiological analyses suggest that ghrelin acts on the arcuate NPY/AgRP neurons to coordinately activate the ...
... in rats50. Such doses also stimulate food intake and obesity, in part by stimulating NPY and AgRP expression51–53, thus antagonizing leptin’s anorexic effect53. On the cellular level, electrophysiological analyses suggest that ghrelin acts on the arcuate NPY/AgRP neurons to coordinately activate the ...
Altered Patterns of Dynorphin lmmunoreactivity Suggest
... similar patterns of hippocampal mossy fiber labeling in immunocytochemical specificity tests in rats, and the patterns were comparable to those described in previous studies of dynorphin A localization (McGinty et al., 1983; Gall, 1988). Tissue from the hippocampal formation was processed for immuno ...
... similar patterns of hippocampal mossy fiber labeling in immunocytochemical specificity tests in rats, and the patterns were comparable to those described in previous studies of dynorphin A localization (McGinty et al., 1983; Gall, 1988). Tissue from the hippocampal formation was processed for immuno ...
excitation and inhibition of the reflex eye withdrawal of the crab
... Five to ten minutes after a statocyst of Carcinus has been removed the animal begins to quickly withdraw and extend the eye on the damaged side about once every 10 sec. This effect of statocyst removal is apparent only if the animal is allowed to settle quietly, and it has not been reported in previ ...
... Five to ten minutes after a statocyst of Carcinus has been removed the animal begins to quickly withdraw and extend the eye on the damaged side about once every 10 sec. This effect of statocyst removal is apparent only if the animal is allowed to settle quietly, and it has not been reported in previ ...
Down-regulation of p21-activated serine/threonine kinase 1 is
... Republic of Korea Full list of author information is available at the end of the article ...
... Republic of Korea Full list of author information is available at the end of the article ...
Naturally Occurring Fluctuation in Dendritic
... density could be modulated indirectly by an as yet unidentified steroid-sensitive factor to which CA 1 pyramidal cell apical dendrites are more responsive, for example, an estradiol-sensitive afferent population that projects more densely to the apical than basal dendrites. These possibilities remai ...
... density could be modulated indirectly by an as yet unidentified steroid-sensitive factor to which CA 1 pyramidal cell apical dendrites are more responsive, for example, an estradiol-sensitive afferent population that projects more densely to the apical than basal dendrites. These possibilities remai ...
Genetic dissection of neural circuits underlying sexually dimorphic
... Numerous, novel sex differences in gene expression patterns within the MeA, mPOA, VMH and BNST have been identified [10]. Using genome-wide expression profiling in conjunction with in situ hybridization, we discovered that the regulation of sexually dimorphic gene expression patterns is complex as m ...
... Numerous, novel sex differences in gene expression patterns within the MeA, mPOA, VMH and BNST have been identified [10]. Using genome-wide expression profiling in conjunction with in situ hybridization, we discovered that the regulation of sexually dimorphic gene expression patterns is complex as m ...
Paraneoplastic Antigen-Like 5 Gene (PNMA5) Is
... To understand the relationship between the structure and function of primate neocortical areas at a molecular level, we have been screening for genes differentially expressed across macaque neocortical areas by restriction landmark cDNA scanning (RLCS). Here, we report enriched expression of the par ...
... To understand the relationship between the structure and function of primate neocortical areas at a molecular level, we have been screening for genes differentially expressed across macaque neocortical areas by restriction landmark cDNA scanning (RLCS). Here, we report enriched expression of the par ...
mTOR pathway – novel modulator of astrocyte activity.
... (BACKMAN et al. 2001). PTEN is a negative regulator of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) which is located upstream of mTOR (CULLY et al. 2006), and treatment with rapamycin prevents seizures in this animal model (LJUNGBERG et al. 2009). All these examples confirmed that disturbance of mTOR activity d ...
... (BACKMAN et al. 2001). PTEN is a negative regulator of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) which is located upstream of mTOR (CULLY et al. 2006), and treatment with rapamycin prevents seizures in this animal model (LJUNGBERG et al. 2009). All these examples confirmed that disturbance of mTOR activity d ...
Précis of The Brain and Emotion
... appear to have been reconnected (compared to rodents) to place much more emphasis on cortical processing, taking place in areas such as the orbitofrontal cortex (see Chapter 2). The principle of the stage of sensory processing at which reward value is extracted and made explicit in the representatio ...
... appear to have been reconnected (compared to rodents) to place much more emphasis on cortical processing, taking place in areas such as the orbitofrontal cortex (see Chapter 2). The principle of the stage of sensory processing at which reward value is extracted and made explicit in the representatio ...
Quantity and Three-Dimensional Position of the Recurrent and
... because of its tendency to contaminate surrounding structures, can only be used to label the RLN. Also, as previously reported, the SLN LMNs lie rostral and ventral to those of the RLN. This information results in further clarification of a rat model of RLN injury that may be used to investigate the ...
... because of its tendency to contaminate surrounding structures, can only be used to label the RLN. Also, as previously reported, the SLN LMNs lie rostral and ventral to those of the RLN. This information results in further clarification of a rat model of RLN injury that may be used to investigate the ...
Estimating Fast Neural Input Using Anatomical and
... divided into those that extract linear relationships between the source and the target population, and those that extract non-linear relationships. (c) Transfer entropy extracts non-linear relationships and is therefore data intensive. (d) Dynamic causal modeling relies on modeling assumptions. (e) ...
... divided into those that extract linear relationships between the source and the target population, and those that extract non-linear relationships. (c) Transfer entropy extracts non-linear relationships and is therefore data intensive. (d) Dynamic causal modeling relies on modeling assumptions. (e) ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.