smell
... • consists of 3 types of cells; a) Olfactory receptor cells; • Bipolar neurons which have: 1. A short thick dendrite with an expanded end called an olfactory rod. Each rod has 10-20 cilia 2. Axons → pierce the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and enter the olfactory bulbs. • Each olfactory muco ...
... • consists of 3 types of cells; a) Olfactory receptor cells; • Bipolar neurons which have: 1. A short thick dendrite with an expanded end called an olfactory rod. Each rod has 10-20 cilia 2. Axons → pierce the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and enter the olfactory bulbs. • Each olfactory muco ...
Somatosensory Substrates of Flight Control in Bats
... (Ackert, 1914) and Krause end-bulbs, which are proposed to respond to high force levels in glabrous skin of other mammals (Munger and Ide, 1988). These end organs have not been reported in the hairy skin; therefore, these data reveal 4 Cell Reports 11, 1–8, May 12, 2015 ª2015 The Authors ...
... (Ackert, 1914) and Krause end-bulbs, which are proposed to respond to high force levels in glabrous skin of other mammals (Munger and Ide, 1988). These end organs have not been reported in the hairy skin; therefore, these data reveal 4 Cell Reports 11, 1–8, May 12, 2015 ª2015 The Authors ...
The Computation and Comparison of Value in Goal
... each action. Third, the valuations are compared in order to make a choice. Fourth, after implementing the decision, the brain needs to measure the desirability of the outcomes that follow. Finally, this feedback is used to update the other processes in order to improve the quality of future decision ...
... each action. Third, the valuations are compared in order to make a choice. Fourth, after implementing the decision, the brain needs to measure the desirability of the outcomes that follow. Finally, this feedback is used to update the other processes in order to improve the quality of future decision ...
Pergamon - Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit
... Sections were immunostained by the avidin-biotinperoxidase (ABC) method or by pre-embedding immunogold method with silver enhancement to reveal immunoreactivity for the D 1 and D 2 dopamine receptors. Various preparations of primary antibody were used in order to give optimal staining, these include ...
... Sections were immunostained by the avidin-biotinperoxidase (ABC) method or by pre-embedding immunogold method with silver enhancement to reveal immunoreactivity for the D 1 and D 2 dopamine receptors. Various preparations of primary antibody were used in order to give optimal staining, these include ...
Document
... • Everyday observations suggest that even when we are not sleepy, our alertness can vary. • For example, when we observe something very interesting (or frightening, or simply surprising), we become more alert and aware of our surroundings. • Circuits of neurons that secrete at least five different n ...
... • Everyday observations suggest that even when we are not sleepy, our alertness can vary. • For example, when we observe something very interesting (or frightening, or simply surprising), we become more alert and aware of our surroundings. • Circuits of neurons that secrete at least five different n ...
8 pages - Science for Monks
... of the brain, conscious perception and its reporting take place. Take vision, for example, where there is a recurrent connection to my language area. From there I have a recurrent connection to my frontal cortex and access to my vocabulary for words to describe what I am seeing. These recurrent conn ...
... of the brain, conscious perception and its reporting take place. Take vision, for example, where there is a recurrent connection to my language area. From there I have a recurrent connection to my frontal cortex and access to my vocabulary for words to describe what I am seeing. These recurrent conn ...
AP10 Ch7 Nervous Sys-student version-2014
... • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) = • Spinal nerves: • Cranial nerves: • Functions: ...
... • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) = • Spinal nerves: • Cranial nerves: • Functions: ...
Reconstruction of Natural Scenes from Ensemble Responses in the
... Atick, 1995); the importance of using such stimuli for studying the visual system has been well demonstrated (Creutzfeldt and Nothdurft, 1978; Olshausen and Field, 1996; Bell and Sejnowski, 1997; Rieke et al., 1997; Gallant et al., 1998). Some studies have further suggested that the nervous system m ...
... Atick, 1995); the importance of using such stimuli for studying the visual system has been well demonstrated (Creutzfeldt and Nothdurft, 1978; Olshausen and Field, 1996; Bell and Sejnowski, 1997; Rieke et al., 1997; Gallant et al., 1998). Some studies have further suggested that the nervous system m ...
View/Open
... that pass from the optic tracts mainly into the superior colliculi and other portions of the older visual system. Fields of Vision; Perimetry The field of vision is the visual area seen by an eye at a given instant. The area seen to the nasal side is called the nasal field of vision, and the area se ...
... that pass from the optic tracts mainly into the superior colliculi and other portions of the older visual system. Fields of Vision; Perimetry The field of vision is the visual area seen by an eye at a given instant. The area seen to the nasal side is called the nasal field of vision, and the area se ...
different sensory modalities
... auditory maps – visual maps in superficial layers: nasal-temporal meridians (horizontal medians) run rostralcaudal, vertical meridians run medial-lateral; in deeper layers: similiarity of the overall pattern, with close alignement of the representation of central visual space, but larger receptive f ...
... auditory maps – visual maps in superficial layers: nasal-temporal meridians (horizontal medians) run rostralcaudal, vertical meridians run medial-lateral; in deeper layers: similiarity of the overall pattern, with close alignement of the representation of central visual space, but larger receptive f ...
Mechanism of relation among heart meridian, referred cardiac pain
... Chinese ancient physicians and philosophers put forward the meridian doctrine of the traditional Chinese medicine, based on extensive clinical phenomena and therapeutic regularity. It is composed of 14 lines distributed in limbs and trunk. The relationship between meridians (soma) and zang-fu organs ...
... Chinese ancient physicians and philosophers put forward the meridian doctrine of the traditional Chinese medicine, based on extensive clinical phenomena and therapeutic regularity. It is composed of 14 lines distributed in limbs and trunk. The relationship between meridians (soma) and zang-fu organs ...
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... On the basis of previous anatomical and in vitro electrophysiological studies in rats describing an inhibitory GABAergic projection from CEl to CEm13–17, we examined anatomical and functional connectivity between CEl and CEm. First, we locally injected a retrogradely tracing virus (herpes simplex vi ...
... On the basis of previous anatomical and in vitro electrophysiological studies in rats describing an inhibitory GABAergic projection from CEl to CEm13–17, we examined anatomical and functional connectivity between CEl and CEm. First, we locally injected a retrogradely tracing virus (herpes simplex vi ...
Physiology – how the body detects pain stimuli
... potentials that a sensory fibre can achieve is about 100 per second (Bear et al, 2001). The action potential is then rapidly transmitted along the axon until it reaches the sensory nerve fibre terminal in the dorsal horn. Once an action potential has been created the nerve cell actively pumps positi ...
... potentials that a sensory fibre can achieve is about 100 per second (Bear et al, 2001). The action potential is then rapidly transmitted along the axon until it reaches the sensory nerve fibre terminal in the dorsal horn. Once an action potential has been created the nerve cell actively pumps positi ...
Chapter 9 The Nervous System
... – Neurons classified according to function or direction of impulse • Sensory neurons: conduct impulses to the spinal cord and brain; also called afferent neurons • Motor neurons: conduct impulses away from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands; also called efferent neurons • Interneurons: cond ...
... – Neurons classified according to function or direction of impulse • Sensory neurons: conduct impulses to the spinal cord and brain; also called afferent neurons • Motor neurons: conduct impulses away from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands; also called efferent neurons • Interneurons: cond ...
The State of the Art of Respiratory Control
... the descending “wakefulness drive” from the cortex. Because, normally, blood gases stay relatively constant while you are awake, the central and peripheral chemoreceptors are likely not playing a very important role, although there is tonic input from both even when blood gases are normal. However, ...
... the descending “wakefulness drive” from the cortex. Because, normally, blood gases stay relatively constant while you are awake, the central and peripheral chemoreceptors are likely not playing a very important role, although there is tonic input from both even when blood gases are normal. However, ...
Rules relating connections to cortical structure in primate prefrontal cortex H. Barbas
... because their structure also varies systematically in primates (for review see [16]). Within the conceptual framework of the structural model, feedforward projections in sensory areas always originate in areas with higher laminar de4nition in comparison with the site of termination, while the opposi ...
... because their structure also varies systematically in primates (for review see [16]). Within the conceptual framework of the structural model, feedforward projections in sensory areas always originate in areas with higher laminar de4nition in comparison with the site of termination, while the opposi ...
The Science Behind Balance Training
... specific to the movement(s) being undertaken. Activity like this is usually referred to as “skill practice,” “sport specific training” or “rehearsal.” The principle of skill-rehearsal encompasses specificity – specific practice and repetition – and is the most important fundamental aspect related to ...
... specific to the movement(s) being undertaken. Activity like this is usually referred to as “skill practice,” “sport specific training” or “rehearsal.” The principle of skill-rehearsal encompasses specificity – specific practice and repetition – and is the most important fundamental aspect related to ...
NERVE SUPPLY OF ABDOMEN
... Preganglionic sympathetic fibers reach it through the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves. Post Ganglionic sympathetic fibers arising in the coeliac ganglion. Pre ganglionic vagal fibers are derived from posterior vagal trunk containing fibers from both the right and left vagal nerves Sensory fiber ...
... Preganglionic sympathetic fibers reach it through the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves. Post Ganglionic sympathetic fibers arising in the coeliac ganglion. Pre ganglionic vagal fibers are derived from posterior vagal trunk containing fibers from both the right and left vagal nerves Sensory fiber ...
REVIEW VERTEBRAE, SPINAL NERVES, REFLEXES 1
... and is jittery, with a temperature of 38°C. A clinical diagnosis of early sepsis is made and a lumbar puncture to sample cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is suggested on the ward round as a part of sepsis evaluation. To perform the procedure of lumbar puncture (spinal tap) safely in a newborn, the needle m ...
... and is jittery, with a temperature of 38°C. A clinical diagnosis of early sepsis is made and a lumbar puncture to sample cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is suggested on the ward round as a part of sepsis evaluation. To perform the procedure of lumbar puncture (spinal tap) safely in a newborn, the needle m ...
The subiculum comes of age
... 1989). Distinct inputs seem thus to be distributed topographically across the structure rather than segregated at the single cell level (Witter and Groenewegen, 1990). Even so, different afferent fiber systems may engage different styles of synaptic integration in distinct cell types. In vivo studies ...
... 1989). Distinct inputs seem thus to be distributed topographically across the structure rather than segregated at the single cell level (Witter and Groenewegen, 1990). Even so, different afferent fiber systems may engage different styles of synaptic integration in distinct cell types. In vivo studies ...
Center-Surround Interactions in the Middle Temporal Visual Area of
... Surround motion at various velocities modulated the overall responsiveness to centrally placed moving stimuli, but it did not produce shifts in the peaks of the center’s tuning curves for either direction or speed. In layers 3B and 5 of the local motion processing columns, a number of neurons respon ...
... Surround motion at various velocities modulated the overall responsiveness to centrally placed moving stimuli, but it did not produce shifts in the peaks of the center’s tuning curves for either direction or speed. In layers 3B and 5 of the local motion processing columns, a number of neurons respon ...
Inflammation-Induced Gene Expression in Brain and Adrenal Gland Linda Engström
... Bernard recognized that the maintenance of a stable inner milieu is essential for life, a process that Walter B. Cannon later termed “homeostasis”. The autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in maintaining the steady-state. Thus, when we are hungry, thirsty, too cold or too warm, central auto ...
... Bernard recognized that the maintenance of a stable inner milieu is essential for life, a process that Walter B. Cannon later termed “homeostasis”. The autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in maintaining the steady-state. Thus, when we are hungry, thirsty, too cold or too warm, central auto ...
Abdominal cavity
... ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. ...
... ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. ...
Nervous System - Daytona State College
... • There are roughly 50 supporting cells for every neuron. • In humans, Schwann cells wrap around the axons of neurons, forming a myelin sheath that is essential for transmission of nerve impulses. ...
... • There are roughly 50 supporting cells for every neuron. • In humans, Schwann cells wrap around the axons of neurons, forming a myelin sheath that is essential for transmission of nerve impulses. ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.