36_LectureSlidesAdde..
... • Leptin stimulates POMC otherwise known as aMSH/CART neurons. This increases excitation of the catabolic pathway, and it increases inhibition of the anabolic pathway. The result again is a net increase in activity of the catabolic pathway relative to the anabolic pathway. • The net increase in cata ...
... • Leptin stimulates POMC otherwise known as aMSH/CART neurons. This increases excitation of the catabolic pathway, and it increases inhibition of the anabolic pathway. The result again is a net increase in activity of the catabolic pathway relative to the anabolic pathway. • The net increase in cata ...
Full text article
... Establishment of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal function is dependent on the highly controlled and dynamic interactions between regulatory signals from the brain, pituitary and gonads, all of them leading to the attainment of reproductive capacity, where a coordinated and timely activation of ...
... Establishment of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal function is dependent on the highly controlled and dynamic interactions between regulatory signals from the brain, pituitary and gonads, all of them leading to the attainment of reproductive capacity, where a coordinated and timely activation of ...
Sensory Systems - Zanichelli online per la scuola
... Mechanoreceptor cells constantly provide information on position of limbs and stresses on muscles and joints. Essential for maintaining posture and coordinating movement. Muscle spindles are mechanoreceptors in muscle cells: stretch receptors. When muscle is stretched, action potentials are generate ...
... Mechanoreceptor cells constantly provide information on position of limbs and stresses on muscles and joints. Essential for maintaining posture and coordinating movement. Muscle spindles are mechanoreceptors in muscle cells: stretch receptors. When muscle is stretched, action potentials are generate ...
ABSTRACT Title of dissertation: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF NEURONAL
... including the trafficking and function of neurotransmitter receptors and synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). In this dissertation, I investigated various distinct, yet related, mechanisms of neuronal development: the roles of synaptic adhesion-like molecules (SALMs) in neurite outgrowth and cel ...
... including the trafficking and function of neurotransmitter receptors and synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). In this dissertation, I investigated various distinct, yet related, mechanisms of neuronal development: the roles of synaptic adhesion-like molecules (SALMs) in neurite outgrowth and cel ...
Canonical computations of cerebral cortex
... contexts — yet of course dependent on those details [41]. This invariant recognition has, until the recent advent of ‘deep’ neural networks [39], been difficult for machines to replicate, as it is not easily captured by rules. A similar interaction between high-level objects and varying lowlevel im ...
... contexts — yet of course dependent on those details [41]. This invariant recognition has, until the recent advent of ‘deep’ neural networks [39], been difficult for machines to replicate, as it is not easily captured by rules. A similar interaction between high-level objects and varying lowlevel im ...
Number and Laminar Distribution of Neurons in a
... cubic millimeter (Keller and Carlson 1999). To obtain more precise measurements that will allow a quantitative interpretation of the data on neuron numbers, we therefore aimed at counting the number of neurons in an entire TC projection column. It was first necessary to precisely count at least one c ...
... cubic millimeter (Keller and Carlson 1999). To obtain more precise measurements that will allow a quantitative interpretation of the data on neuron numbers, we therefore aimed at counting the number of neurons in an entire TC projection column. It was first necessary to precisely count at least one c ...
Name__________________________________ The Spinal Cord
... A reflex arc represents the simplest type of nerve pathway found in the brain. It may consist of only 2 or 3 neurons. The pathway is an automatic, unconscious response to a change in the external environment and does not involve the brain. The main steps of a reflex are receptor, sensory neuron, spi ...
... A reflex arc represents the simplest type of nerve pathway found in the brain. It may consist of only 2 or 3 neurons. The pathway is an automatic, unconscious response to a change in the external environment and does not involve the brain. The main steps of a reflex are receptor, sensory neuron, spi ...
Adult Neural Stem Cells and Repair of the Adult
... traditionally regarded as an unfavorable environment for the regeneration of damaged axons of mature neurons and the generation of new neurons. In the adult central nervous system, however, newly generated neurons from adult neural stem cells in specific regions exhibit a striking ability to migrate ...
... traditionally regarded as an unfavorable environment for the regeneration of damaged axons of mature neurons and the generation of new neurons. In the adult central nervous system, however, newly generated neurons from adult neural stem cells in specific regions exhibit a striking ability to migrate ...
Insights into decision making using choice probability
... the second question includes a tacit assumption that CP originates from feedforward mechanisms. Recent work on CP calls this assumption into question. Therefore, we also ask, 3) what is the origin of CP?; does it result from feedforward pooling of neuronal activity or from feedback mechanisms such a ...
... the second question includes a tacit assumption that CP originates from feedforward mechanisms. Recent work on CP calls this assumption into question. Therefore, we also ask, 3) what is the origin of CP?; does it result from feedforward pooling of neuronal activity or from feedback mechanisms such a ...
New Insights on Neural Basis of Choice
... differences. Furthermore, fMRI is not good enough to actually differentiate between all these small subregions. Some scholars will address vmPFC and OFC as different. But be careful. It may be that they talk about humans or monkeys. There is no direct homology between these areas across species. Not ...
... differences. Furthermore, fMRI is not good enough to actually differentiate between all these small subregions. Some scholars will address vmPFC and OFC as different. But be careful. It may be that they talk about humans or monkeys. There is no direct homology between these areas across species. Not ...
J Darnell, KH2 domain I304N RGG G
... (epsp size used to measure synapse formation; EM confirmation as well as visible varicosities; when a different target neuron is co-cultured these varicosities don’t form full synaptic specialization) Presynaptic growth is not affected by Ab; synapse-formation specific effect Sensorin increases MAPK ...
... (epsp size used to measure synapse formation; EM confirmation as well as visible varicosities; when a different target neuron is co-cultured these varicosities don’t form full synaptic specialization) Presynaptic growth is not affected by Ab; synapse-formation specific effect Sensorin increases MAPK ...
MAG, Nogo-A and NgR in Hippocampal Development and Regeneration TESIS DOCTORAL
... Given this multifactorial problem, the characterization of the distinct mechanisms that regulate axonal regeneration is essential for the design of strategies to repair CNS injury. In this regard, this thesis focuses on the characterization of several of the inhibitory molecules present in the CNS. ...
... Given this multifactorial problem, the characterization of the distinct mechanisms that regulate axonal regeneration is essential for the design of strategies to repair CNS injury. In this regard, this thesis focuses on the characterization of several of the inhibitory molecules present in the CNS. ...
Hold your horses: A dynamic computational role
... signals. According to this scheme, a striatal Go signal would first inhibit the GPi and disinhibit the thalamus, thereby facilitating the cortical response as proposed by the standard model. Concurrently, the same striatal activity would inhibit GPe, opposing the initial facilitation via GPe–GPi dis ...
... signals. According to this scheme, a striatal Go signal would first inhibit the GPi and disinhibit the thalamus, thereby facilitating the cortical response as proposed by the standard model. Concurrently, the same striatal activity would inhibit GPe, opposing the initial facilitation via GPe–GPi dis ...
studentspecialsenses
... Dissolved chemicals contact taste hairs Bind to receptor proteins of gustatory cell Salt and sour receptors Chemically gated ion channels Stimulation produces depolarization of cell ...
... Dissolved chemicals contact taste hairs Bind to receptor proteins of gustatory cell Salt and sour receptors Chemically gated ion channels Stimulation produces depolarization of cell ...
Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
... the external world, the visceral nervous system senses and responds to changes within the environment inside the body. The primary function of the visceral nervous system is to maintain the internal environment within physiological limits (homeostasis). Most visceral regulation is achieved via refle ...
... the external world, the visceral nervous system senses and responds to changes within the environment inside the body. The primary function of the visceral nervous system is to maintain the internal environment within physiological limits (homeostasis). Most visceral regulation is achieved via refle ...
Pontine Gustatory Activity Is Altered by Electrical Stimulation in the
... citric acid– best neurons, the magnitude of inhibition produced by CeA activation increased with an increase in stimulus effectiveness. The responses to citric acid were inhibited significantly more than the responses to all other stimuli with the exception of NaCl mixed with amiloride. The overall ...
... citric acid– best neurons, the magnitude of inhibition produced by CeA activation increased with an increase in stimulus effectiveness. The responses to citric acid were inhibited significantly more than the responses to all other stimuli with the exception of NaCl mixed with amiloride. The overall ...
mGluR-dependent persistent firing in entorhinal cortex layer III neurons SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS Motoharu Yoshida,
... even in the presence of atropine (2 lm), suggesting that the persistent firing can occur independent of cholinergic activation. Furthermore, ionotropic glutamate and GABAergic synaptic blockers (2 mm kynurenic acid, 100 lm picrotoxin and 1 lm CGP55845) did not block the persistent firing. On the oth ...
... even in the presence of atropine (2 lm), suggesting that the persistent firing can occur independent of cholinergic activation. Furthermore, ionotropic glutamate and GABAergic synaptic blockers (2 mm kynurenic acid, 100 lm picrotoxin and 1 lm CGP55845) did not block the persistent firing. On the oth ...
Axonogenesis in the Brain of Zebrafish Embryos
... develop in a highly complex spatialand temporal pattern. Thus, the growth conesof brain neuronsmust encounter a myriad of conditions as they navigate through the developing brain. One strategy to investigate pathfinding in the vertebrate brain is to analyze the brains of relatively simple vertebrate ...
... develop in a highly complex spatialand temporal pattern. Thus, the growth conesof brain neuronsmust encounter a myriad of conditions as they navigate through the developing brain. One strategy to investigate pathfinding in the vertebrate brain is to analyze the brains of relatively simple vertebrate ...
Chapter 2 - Biological Basis of Behavior
... Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall ...
... Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall ...
The neural basis for combinatorial coding in a cortical population response
... Introduction The modern study of neural coding began with the discovery that neural responses to sensory stimuli are composed of discrete events: either a cell generates an action potential or it remains silent (Adrian, 1926). If we average, either over long periods of time or over many presentation ...
... Introduction The modern study of neural coding began with the discovery that neural responses to sensory stimuli are composed of discrete events: either a cell generates an action potential or it remains silent (Adrian, 1926). If we average, either over long periods of time or over many presentation ...
Discussion and future directions
... It is noteworthy that the preferred directions of each neuron, when represented on a circle, occupy an arc of maximum 60◦ . Similar results have been described experimentally by Battaglia-Mayer and colleagues (2000) on a study of early coding of reaching in parietooccipital cortex. The authors have ...
... It is noteworthy that the preferred directions of each neuron, when represented on a circle, occupy an arc of maximum 60◦ . Similar results have been described experimentally by Battaglia-Mayer and colleagues (2000) on a study of early coding of reaching in parietooccipital cortex. The authors have ...
Tolerance to Sound Intensity of Binaural
... Western Medical Supply). An adequate level of anesthesia was maintained with supplemental injections of ketamine when necessary. Body temperature was maintained with a heating pad. The skull was immobilized by placing the owl in a stereotaxic head holder such that the palatine ridge (the roof of the ...
... Western Medical Supply). An adequate level of anesthesia was maintained with supplemental injections of ketamine when necessary. Body temperature was maintained with a heating pad. The skull was immobilized by placing the owl in a stereotaxic head holder such that the palatine ridge (the roof of the ...
Vasopressin Receptors of the Vasopressor (V,)
... the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, respectively (Dorsa et al., 1983; Dreifuss et al., 1988; Tribollet et al., 1988). Using brain-stem slices, we have shown that vagal motoneurons are directly depolarized by oxytocin and that this effect is mediated by oxytocin receptors (Charpak et al., 19 ...
... the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, respectively (Dorsa et al., 1983; Dreifuss et al., 1988; Tribollet et al., 1988). Using brain-stem slices, we have shown that vagal motoneurons are directly depolarized by oxytocin and that this effect is mediated by oxytocin receptors (Charpak et al., 19 ...
Wang et al 2photon calcium imaging of odor in fly brain cell 2003
... encountered in nature, the map is sparse and glomeruli are narrowly tuned. The map becomes denser at higher concentrations and glomeruli respond to multiple odors of widely different structures. The threshold of activation differs for different glomeruli so that the number of activated glomeruli inc ...
... encountered in nature, the map is sparse and glomeruli are narrowly tuned. The map becomes denser at higher concentrations and glomeruli respond to multiple odors of widely different structures. The threshold of activation differs for different glomeruli so that the number of activated glomeruli inc ...
Interactions Between Premotor and Motor Cortices in Non
... (e.g. Godschalk et al. 1995), it does not give rise to many corticospinal projections (only 4 % of the total frontal lobe corticospinal projection (Dum and Strick 1991) and these terminate mostly in the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord (He et al. 1993). This established view has recently b ...
... (e.g. Godschalk et al. 1995), it does not give rise to many corticospinal projections (only 4 % of the total frontal lobe corticospinal projection (Dum and Strick 1991) and these terminate mostly in the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord (He et al. 1993). This established view has recently b ...
Molecular neuroscience
Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals. The scope of this subject primarily pertains to a reductionist view of neuroscience, considering topics such as molecular neuroanatomy, mechanisms of molecular signaling in the nervous system, the effects of genetics on neuronal development, and the molecular basis for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. As with molecular biology, molecular neuroscience is a relatively new field that is considerably dynamic.