Canine Olfaction: An Overview of the Anatomy, Physiology and
... training of explosive detection dogs (EDD). The salient question for training is whether to train on the naturally occurring mix of odors or a particular individual odorant that is likely to be present in the complex mix. Goldblatt et al. (2009) noted that the reports published for EDD training were ...
... training of explosive detection dogs (EDD). The salient question for training is whether to train on the naturally occurring mix of odors or a particular individual odorant that is likely to be present in the complex mix. Goldblatt et al. (2009) noted that the reports published for EDD training were ...
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) expression and inhibitory
... It has been noted many times in the past that interneurons synapse onto themselves and onto other interneurons in addition to pyramidal cells (Csillag et al., 1993; Hajós et al., 1988; Hájos et al., 1996) but it has previously remained unclear and difficult to ascertain how this impacts the function ...
... It has been noted many times in the past that interneurons synapse onto themselves and onto other interneurons in addition to pyramidal cells (Csillag et al., 1993; Hajós et al., 1988; Hájos et al., 1996) but it has previously remained unclear and difficult to ascertain how this impacts the function ...
Processing in layer 4 of the neocortical circuit: new insights from
... Ferster’s laboratory in recent years have provided compelling evidence that the processing underlying simple cell orientation selectivity is indeed dominantly feed-forward. In one experiment [22], cortical preparations were cooled to block spiking, leaving transmission along and vesicle release from ...
... Ferster’s laboratory in recent years have provided compelling evidence that the processing underlying simple cell orientation selectivity is indeed dominantly feed-forward. In one experiment [22], cortical preparations were cooled to block spiking, leaving transmission along and vesicle release from ...
Biological Rhythms: 2 Day Circadian Examples Biorhythms
... awareness (again usually in the 1st few hrs of sleep & no memory of it) • Recall our discussion of how the sleep system can inhibit or put some areas of the brain asleep, while others are still active/awake. Prefrontal cortex is asleep but cingulate and thalamus active during somnabulism. ...
... awareness (again usually in the 1st few hrs of sleep & no memory of it) • Recall our discussion of how the sleep system can inhibit or put some areas of the brain asleep, while others are still active/awake. Prefrontal cortex is asleep but cingulate and thalamus active during somnabulism. ...
Quantified Distribution of the Noradrenaline Innervation in the
... blade, crest, and lateral blade), every lamina being sampled in each region. After a double correction for duration of radioautographic exposure and section thickness, and following measurement of varicosity diameter in electron microscope radioautographs, it was possible to express these results in ...
... blade, crest, and lateral blade), every lamina being sampled in each region. After a double correction for duration of radioautographic exposure and section thickness, and following measurement of varicosity diameter in electron microscope radioautographs, it was possible to express these results in ...
Neuronal fiber tracts connecting the brain and ventral nerve cord of
... The fruitfly Drosophila has proved increasingly useful to approach neuronal circuitry from a developmental and genetic perspective. The availability of specific molecular markers, used in wild-type and mutant backgrounds, makes it possible to follow the formation of neuronal connections throughout dev ...
... The fruitfly Drosophila has proved increasingly useful to approach neuronal circuitry from a developmental and genetic perspective. The availability of specific molecular markers, used in wild-type and mutant backgrounds, makes it possible to follow the formation of neuronal connections throughout dev ...
Introduction: Biology Today Chapter 1
... Somatic sensations result from the stimulation of sensory receptors in the: Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers of the skin—see the learning module on the integumentary system. - Mucous membranes of cavities that open to the exterior, including the mouth, vagina, and anus. - Skeletal muscles, ...
... Somatic sensations result from the stimulation of sensory receptors in the: Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers of the skin—see the learning module on the integumentary system. - Mucous membranes of cavities that open to the exterior, including the mouth, vagina, and anus. - Skeletal muscles, ...
Nerve growth factor receptors in dementia - Tubitak Journals
... applicable to other dementing illnesses. In order to deal with this difficulty, several studies have focused on the detection of neuronal components in biological fluids as biomarkers of the brain. These studies are based on the concept that the release of these components into the surrounding extra ...
... applicable to other dementing illnesses. In order to deal with this difficulty, several studies have focused on the detection of neuronal components in biological fluids as biomarkers of the brain. These studies are based on the concept that the release of these components into the surrounding extra ...
Maruska & Tricas 2011
... In birds and frogs that rely on auditory signals for reproduction, there is evidence for an auditory-endocrine circuit that involves the GnRH1 system (Burmeister and Wilczynski, 2000; Cheng et al., 1998; Maney et al., 2007). For example, auditory stimuli from a mating chorus increase the number of h ...
... In birds and frogs that rely on auditory signals for reproduction, there is evidence for an auditory-endocrine circuit that involves the GnRH1 system (Burmeister and Wilczynski, 2000; Cheng et al., 1998; Maney et al., 2007). For example, auditory stimuli from a mating chorus increase the number of h ...
Fibroblast growth factor modulates HIV coreceptor - SGF-5000
... 1997; Wirth et al., 1996; Yang and Cui, 1998). While the mechanism(s) by which FGF is neuroprotective have not been fully elucidated, it has been demonstrated that FGF binds to a tyrosine kinase receptor and thus may activate a number of intracellular signaling pathways. FGF has also been shown to b ...
... 1997; Wirth et al., 1996; Yang and Cui, 1998). While the mechanism(s) by which FGF is neuroprotective have not been fully elucidated, it has been demonstrated that FGF binds to a tyrosine kinase receptor and thus may activate a number of intracellular signaling pathways. FGF has also been shown to b ...
nerve part 1
... the resting potential (-70m.v) to the threshold potential or the firing level (-55m.v). • At -55m.v, m gates of the voltage activated sodium channels open and Na ions flow into the cell (Na influx). • As a result of sudden Na influx, the membrane potential quickly reaches zero potential and then ove ...
... the resting potential (-70m.v) to the threshold potential or the firing level (-55m.v). • At -55m.v, m gates of the voltage activated sodium channels open and Na ions flow into the cell (Na influx). • As a result of sudden Na influx, the membrane potential quickly reaches zero potential and then ove ...
An Intrinsic Oscillation in Interneurons of the Rat Lateral Geniculate
... Uhlrich. Intrinsic oscillation in interneurons of the rat lateral geniculate nucleus. J. Neurophysiol. 81: 702–711, 1999. By using the whole cell patch recording technique in vitro, we examined the voltage-dependent firing patterns of 69 interneurons in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN ...
... Uhlrich. Intrinsic oscillation in interneurons of the rat lateral geniculate nucleus. J. Neurophysiol. 81: 702–711, 1999. By using the whole cell patch recording technique in vitro, we examined the voltage-dependent firing patterns of 69 interneurons in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN ...
Control of Gonadotropin Secretion by Follicle
... lGnRH-III but not by mGnRH, whereas the axons in the median eminence were eliminated by lGnRH-III but only slightly reduced by absorption with mGnRH. Using an antiserum against cGnRH-II that visualized cGnRH-II neurons in the chicken hypothalamus, no such neurons could be visualized in the rat hypot ...
... lGnRH-III but not by mGnRH, whereas the axons in the median eminence were eliminated by lGnRH-III but only slightly reduced by absorption with mGnRH. Using an antiserum against cGnRH-II that visualized cGnRH-II neurons in the chicken hypothalamus, no such neurons could be visualized in the rat hypot ...
PDF - Oxford Academic
... peripheral system is vast but historical aspects will receive little attention because there is currently general agreement as to the specific functions of lateral line receptors. In the final analysis, regardless of the differential response of the peripheral receptor, behavioral activity depends u ...
... peripheral system is vast but historical aspects will receive little attention because there is currently general agreement as to the specific functions of lateral line receptors. In the final analysis, regardless of the differential response of the peripheral receptor, behavioral activity depends u ...
Voluntary Nicotine Consumption Triggers Potentiation of Cortical Excitatory Drives to Midbrain
... the present study sought to dissect the network organization of the glutamate-dependent changes underlying learning mechanisms in response to voluntary nicotine consumption. Here, we show that operant nicotine self-administration, but not passive administration, leads to hyperactivity of VTA DA neur ...
... the present study sought to dissect the network organization of the glutamate-dependent changes underlying learning mechanisms in response to voluntary nicotine consumption. Here, we show that operant nicotine self-administration, but not passive administration, leads to hyperactivity of VTA DA neur ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
Mechanisms of developmental neurite pruning
... nucleus (dLGN) [23, 24] although the cellular mechanisms, fragmentation or retraction, remains unclear. This type of timely and restricted axon fragmentation is observed in invertebrates as well. The massive stereotypic changes that occur in all tissues during metamorphosis in insects serve as an ex ...
... nucleus (dLGN) [23, 24] although the cellular mechanisms, fragmentation or retraction, remains unclear. This type of timely and restricted axon fragmentation is observed in invertebrates as well. The massive stereotypic changes that occur in all tissues during metamorphosis in insects serve as an ex ...
PART A - University of Bath
... 1960, Ehringer and Hornykiewicz: The levels of DA severely reduced in the striatum of PD patients. ...
... 1960, Ehringer and Hornykiewicz: The levels of DA severely reduced in the striatum of PD patients. ...
Neurophysiology of sleep-wake states in relation to consciousness
... place during slow wave sleep. Similar to the patterns in the electroencephalogram, the architecture of evoked potentials is dependent on the state of alertness. During waking, components in event related potentials are moderate in amplitude, while during slow wave sleep larger waves are visible. Thi ...
... place during slow wave sleep. Similar to the patterns in the electroencephalogram, the architecture of evoked potentials is dependent on the state of alertness. During waking, components in event related potentials are moderate in amplitude, while during slow wave sleep larger waves are visible. Thi ...
a.Nerve Regeneration
... remains intact, cut or compressed axons can regenerate: – Post-trauma axon regrowth is never exactly the same as what existed before the injury – Much of the functional recovery after nerve injury involves retraining the nervous system to respond appropriately so that stimulus and response are coord ...
... remains intact, cut or compressed axons can regenerate: – Post-trauma axon regrowth is never exactly the same as what existed before the injury – Much of the functional recovery after nerve injury involves retraining the nervous system to respond appropriately so that stimulus and response are coord ...
Common and specific inhibitory motor neurons innervate
... anastomosis with the transverse nerve. Within N1B and its side branches the two axons could be followed into M59 where they further divided and formed terminals on fibres of this muscle (Fig.·2C) (N=6). In no case could we observe the immunoreactive axons in N1B to proceed beyond M59 (N=16), which c ...
... anastomosis with the transverse nerve. Within N1B and its side branches the two axons could be followed into M59 where they further divided and formed terminals on fibres of this muscle (Fig.·2C) (N=6). In no case could we observe the immunoreactive axons in N1B to proceed beyond M59 (N=16), which c ...
Unit4Jeopardy
... blocked when curare is injected, producing paralysis (a lack of it is also linked to Alzheimer’s disease). ...
... blocked when curare is injected, producing paralysis (a lack of it is also linked to Alzheimer’s disease). ...
All-Optical Interrogation of Neural Circuits
... have proceeded more or less in parallel, and it has proven very difficult to combine readout and manipulation of the same cells, and thus achieve fully “all-optical” interrogation of neural activity. Implementations of simultaneous optical readout and manipulation have faced three main challenges: r ...
... have proceeded more or less in parallel, and it has proven very difficult to combine readout and manipulation of the same cells, and thus achieve fully “all-optical” interrogation of neural activity. Implementations of simultaneous optical readout and manipulation have faced three main challenges: r ...
Molecular neuroscience
Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals. The scope of this subject primarily pertains to a reductionist view of neuroscience, considering topics such as molecular neuroanatomy, mechanisms of molecular signaling in the nervous system, the effects of genetics on neuronal development, and the molecular basis for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. As with molecular biology, molecular neuroscience is a relatively new field that is considerably dynamic.