Tectonic evolution of a continental collision zone
... but is not impossible for higher rates. Yet, many additional conditions must be satisfied to allow for continental subduction in nature. In particular, the competing deformation modes, such as RT instability, folding or pure shear should be relatively slow, and the upward drag due to the positively ...
... but is not impossible for higher rates. Yet, many additional conditions must be satisfied to allow for continental subduction in nature. In particular, the competing deformation modes, such as RT instability, folding or pure shear should be relatively slow, and the upward drag due to the positively ...
Normalized rare earth elements in water
... radii in the 3+ valence state, and varying propensity to form complexes in solution with various ligands. Goldberg et al. [4], Haskin and Haskin [29], and Høgdahl [36] employed the average of several chondrites to normalize the REE in marine samples they examined, although it is perhaps more appropr ...
... radii in the 3+ valence state, and varying propensity to form complexes in solution with various ligands. Goldberg et al. [4], Haskin and Haskin [29], and Høgdahl [36] employed the average of several chondrites to normalize the REE in marine samples they examined, although it is perhaps more appropr ...
PNAS-2014-Anderson-1..
... narrow conduits. An interesting premise of some geochemical models is that the equivalent of all heat generated in the interior by radioactive decay is simultaneously lost at the surface, i.e., heat production equals heat flow. It is assumed that the mantle cools by whole-mantle convection and that ...
... narrow conduits. An interesting premise of some geochemical models is that the equivalent of all heat generated in the interior by radioactive decay is simultaneously lost at the surface, i.e., heat production equals heat flow. It is assumed that the mantle cools by whole-mantle convection and that ...
Eastern Caribbean Regional Ocean Policy
... vulnerable marine ecosystems such as coral reefs and coastal habitats. Of the range of threats faced by the oceans, the most significant include: ...
... vulnerable marine ecosystems such as coral reefs and coastal habitats. Of the range of threats faced by the oceans, the most significant include: ...
Convergence of tectonic reconstructions and mantle - HAL-Insu
... models have provided alternative scenarios for plate motions and seafloor spreading for the past 200 My. However, these efforts are naturally limited by the incomplete preservation of very old seafloor, and therefore the timedependence of the production of new seafloor is controversial. There is no ...
... models have provided alternative scenarios for plate motions and seafloor spreading for the past 200 My. However, these efforts are naturally limited by the incomplete preservation of very old seafloor, and therefore the timedependence of the production of new seafloor is controversial. There is no ...
Thermal thickness of the Earth`s lithosphere: a numerical model
... (1) the depth to the oceanic bottom is 3 km; (2) the total crust thickness is 6.5 km; (3) the mean crust den sity is 2850 kg/m3; (4) the thickness of the mantle lithosphere is 0.85 km; (5) the density of the upper mantle is 3300 kg/m3; and (6) the freeair gravity anomaly is 9.705 × 10–5 m/c2. The ...
... (1) the depth to the oceanic bottom is 3 km; (2) the total crust thickness is 6.5 km; (3) the mean crust den sity is 2850 kg/m3; (4) the thickness of the mantle lithosphere is 0.85 km; (5) the density of the upper mantle is 3300 kg/m3; and (6) the freeair gravity anomaly is 9.705 × 10–5 m/c2. The ...
Cascadia subducting plate fluids channelled to fore
... leveling, and long-term tide gauge records; and (3) the coseismic subsidence as recorded in buried coastal marshes for the most recent great earthquake in 1700 and earlier great earthquakes. Although there are still significant uncertainties, these constraints and several others are in general agreem ...
... leveling, and long-term tide gauge records; and (3) the coseismic subsidence as recorded in buried coastal marshes for the most recent great earthquake in 1700 and earlier great earthquakes. Although there are still significant uncertainties, these constraints and several others are in general agreem ...
View/Download the Competition Program
... life on the ocean floor and chart minute surface temperature changes. These ocean technologies give scientists the ability to utilize mineral and food resources, study climate change, minimize the impact of natural disasters, and understand Earth’s processes in ways we never have before, sometimes w ...
... life on the ocean floor and chart minute surface temperature changes. These ocean technologies give scientists the ability to utilize mineral and food resources, study climate change, minimize the impact of natural disasters, and understand Earth’s processes in ways we never have before, sometimes w ...
Strong Tidal Currents Observed near the Bottom in the
... vertical isotherm displacements, so that we can obtain the time series of vertical isotherm displacements from the time series of temperature and vertical temperature distribution. Since the temperature varies so little with depth in deep waters, however, the estimated values might include unexpecte ...
... vertical isotherm displacements, so that we can obtain the time series of vertical isotherm displacements from the time series of temperature and vertical temperature distribution. Since the temperature varies so little with depth in deep waters, however, the estimated values might include unexpecte ...
Anchovy ( Engraulis encrasicolus ) egg density
... science including fisheries recruitment and egg production studies. In modelling egg vertical distributions, variation in fish egg density is an important issue. Though variation in egg density between individual eggs has been reported, evidence for significant spatial variation in egg density is no ...
... science including fisheries recruitment and egg production studies. In modelling egg vertical distributions, variation in fish egg density is an important issue. Though variation in egg density between individual eggs has been reported, evidence for significant spatial variation in egg density is no ...
A cool model for the Iceland hot spot
... include the lack of a time-progressive volcanic track and the paucity of evidence for a seismic anomaly in the lower mantle. Diverse studies suggest a mantle potential temperature anomaly beneath the region of no more than 50 – 100 K which is probably insufficient for a thermally buoyant plume. We s ...
... include the lack of a time-progressive volcanic track and the paucity of evidence for a seismic anomaly in the lower mantle. Diverse studies suggest a mantle potential temperature anomaly beneath the region of no more than 50 – 100 K which is probably insufficient for a thermally buoyant plume. We s ...
Satellite estimates of net community production indicate
... 2012). Serret et al. (2009) derived empirical relationships between measurements of in vitro O2 based NCP and 14C particulate organic carbon production (14C POC) to predict NCP in either eutrophic or oligotrophic environments. Lopez-Urrutia, San Martin, Harris, and Irigoien (2006) derived models to ...
... 2012). Serret et al. (2009) derived empirical relationships between measurements of in vitro O2 based NCP and 14C particulate organic carbon production (14C POC) to predict NCP in either eutrophic or oligotrophic environments. Lopez-Urrutia, San Martin, Harris, and Irigoien (2006) derived models to ...
plate boundaries
... New ocean crust is formed at m___-o____ r_____s. Ocean crust is subducted (destroyed) at d____ s___ t_____s. C________n in the m____e drives plate movement. What is the name of the highest mountain on Earth? At what type of boundary does it occur? ...
... New ocean crust is formed at m___-o____ r_____s. Ocean crust is subducted (destroyed) at d____ s___ t_____s. C________n in the m____e drives plate movement. What is the name of the highest mountain on Earth? At what type of boundary does it occur? ...
- University of Cambridge
... CO2 and burial of marine organic carbon. Here, we argue that continental chemical weathering of silicate rocks, the ultimate long-term (multi-million year) sink for CO2, must have been almost dormant during the late Paleocene and early Eocene, allowing buildup of atmospheric CO2 to levels exceeding ...
... CO2 and burial of marine organic carbon. Here, we argue that continental chemical weathering of silicate rocks, the ultimate long-term (multi-million year) sink for CO2, must have been almost dormant during the late Paleocene and early Eocene, allowing buildup of atmospheric CO2 to levels exceeding ...
Measurements of optical absorption by chromophoric dissolved
... correspondence, whereas at longer wavelengths, the absorption was below the detection limit of the spectrophotometer. A similar agreement was obtained for the exponential slope of the CDOM absorption. The PSICAM matches the spectrophotometer results but is more sensitive and not affected by scatteri ...
... correspondence, whereas at longer wavelengths, the absorption was below the detection limit of the spectrophotometer. A similar agreement was obtained for the exponential slope of the CDOM absorption. The PSICAM matches the spectrophotometer results but is more sensitive and not affected by scatteri ...
Olivier MARCHAL
... observations from marine sediments, December 2009 (INVITED) A58 Marchal O.*, Workshop ‘Data Assimilation’, Program PAGES (’Past Global Changes’), Vienna, Austria: Interpretation of tracer observations from marine sediments: Effects of data and model ...
... observations from marine sediments, December 2009 (INVITED) A58 Marchal O.*, Workshop ‘Data Assimilation’, Program PAGES (’Past Global Changes’), Vienna, Austria: Interpretation of tracer observations from marine sediments: Effects of data and model ...
Presentation Notes
... Slide 29. Video “Nesting Hawaiian Albatross” shows albatross parents feeding their chicks and can be viewed or downloaded at http://www.DownloadWingedAmbassadors.org. Slide 30. When their wing feathers are fully grown, they often exercise and practice flying by flapping and hopping, especially in t ...
... Slide 29. Video “Nesting Hawaiian Albatross” shows albatross parents feeding their chicks and can be viewed or downloaded at http://www.DownloadWingedAmbassadors.org. Slide 30. When their wing feathers are fully grown, they often exercise and practice flying by flapping and hopping, especially in t ...
Urea decomposition by bacteria in the Southern California Bight and
... Lomstein (1994) showed that all chemically measurable urea (determined by the diacetylmonoxime urea method) was hydrolyzed within 5 min by adding urease to the sediment samples. We therefore think that the decomposition rates w e measured were representative of the substantial ambient pools of ureas ...
... Lomstein (1994) showed that all chemically measurable urea (determined by the diacetylmonoxime urea method) was hydrolyzed within 5 min by adding urease to the sediment samples. We therefore think that the decomposition rates w e measured were representative of the substantial ambient pools of ureas ...
FINAL DRAFT IPCC WGII AR5 Chapter 6 Subject to Final Copyedit 1
... The oceans cover about 71% of Earth’s surface to an average depth of 3,700 m. Their importance for life on Earth, including humans, is vast (FAQ 6.1). Marine habitats display natural variability on various spatial and temporal scales but a dearth of long-term observational data from the vast open oc ...
... The oceans cover about 71% of Earth’s surface to an average depth of 3,700 m. Their importance for life on Earth, including humans, is vast (FAQ 6.1). Marine habitats display natural variability on various spatial and temporal scales but a dearth of long-term observational data from the vast open oc ...
THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL INDIAN OCEAN EXPEDITION
... Indian Ocean is still rudimentary in many respects. This is largely because the Indian Ocean remains under-sampled in both space and time, especially compared to the Atlantic and Pacific. The situation is compounded by the Indian Ocean being a dynamically complex and highly variable system under mon ...
... Indian Ocean is still rudimentary in many respects. This is largely because the Indian Ocean remains under-sampled in both space and time, especially compared to the Atlantic and Pacific. The situation is compounded by the Indian Ocean being a dynamically complex and highly variable system under mon ...
Full text in pdf format
... dances in excess of 4.9 x 10' cells ml-l, the highest re(Prochlorococcus + heterotrophic bacteria) biomass at ported for oceanic samples (Fig. 5). The maxima of the the surface was 0.45 + 0.05 for the tropical region. The profiles taken in the tropical region were also located mean ratio (&D) for th ...
... dances in excess of 4.9 x 10' cells ml-l, the highest re(Prochlorococcus + heterotrophic bacteria) biomass at ported for oceanic samples (Fig. 5). The maxima of the the surface was 0.45 + 0.05 for the tropical region. The profiles taken in the tropical region were also located mean ratio (&D) for th ...
Geodynamical interpretation of crustal and upper mantle electrical conductivity
... drops towards the north-eastern segment of the rift zone (see profile SS1 Fig. 1) and attenuation rate varies both vertically and horizontally. There is a high absorption layer contacting the crustal base that is underlain in the central part of the rift by low-absorption rocks. The high absorptive ...
... drops towards the north-eastern segment of the rift zone (see profile SS1 Fig. 1) and attenuation rate varies both vertically and horizontally. There is a high absorption layer contacting the crustal base that is underlain in the central part of the rift by low-absorption rocks. The high absorptive ...
The Role of Plate Tectonic-Climate Coupling and Exposed Land
... 2003). In order to be habitable a planet must lie within the habitable zone, the range of orbital distances where water can exist as a stable phase on a rocky planet’s surface (e.g. Hart 1978, 1979; Kasting et al. 1993; Franck et al. 2000), and it must have accreted enough water to produce oceans. H ...
... 2003). In order to be habitable a planet must lie within the habitable zone, the range of orbital distances where water can exist as a stable phase on a rocky planet’s surface (e.g. Hart 1978, 1979; Kasting et al. 1993; Franck et al. 2000), and it must have accreted enough water to produce oceans. H ...
Geological understanding of plate tectonics
... ing prior plates), and as a lubricant can ease subduction (Niu et al. 2003). A continued effort is needed towards a genuine understanding of the origin of plate tectonics. At present, one of our major interests concerns the driving force for plate motion in particular and plate tectonics in general. ...
... ing prior plates), and as a lubricant can ease subduction (Niu et al. 2003). A continued effort is needed towards a genuine understanding of the origin of plate tectonics. At present, one of our major interests concerns the driving force for plate motion in particular and plate tectonics in general. ...
Plate tectonic evolution of the southern margin of
... geodynamic evolution and position of the major tectonic elements of the area within a global framework. The Hercynian Orogeny was completed by the collision of Gondwana and Laurussia, whereas the Tethys Ocean formed the embayment between the Eurasian and Gondwanian branches of Pangea. During Late Tr ...
... geodynamic evolution and position of the major tectonic elements of the area within a global framework. The Hercynian Orogeny was completed by the collision of Gondwana and Laurussia, whereas the Tethys Ocean formed the embayment between the Eurasian and Gondwanian branches of Pangea. During Late Tr ...
Ocean
An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós, the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with ""ocean"" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.Saline water covers approximately 72% of the planet's surface (~3.6×108 km2) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that only 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).As it is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, the world ocean is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much of the oceans depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist. The origin of Earth's oceans remains unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life.Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.