as a PDF
... entrainment, may be able to trap metal as it joins the base of the mantle. DIS may represent a transition region between mantle and core and therefore be intermediate in density and seismic velocity. The lowermost layer of the mantle is usually thought of as a mantle silicate but it may be a metal-o ...
... entrainment, may be able to trap metal as it joins the base of the mantle. DIS may represent a transition region between mantle and core and therefore be intermediate in density and seismic velocity. The lowermost layer of the mantle is usually thought of as a mantle silicate but it may be a metal-o ...
Thesis proposal
... modern ocean, as well as understanding the mechanisms that underlie biological nitrogen transformations, are thus paramount to expanding current knowledge of ocean biogeochemistry. Ultimately, more intimate knowledge of the ocean's nitrogen cycle may lead to insight into its relation to global clima ...
... modern ocean, as well as understanding the mechanisms that underlie biological nitrogen transformations, are thus paramount to expanding current knowledge of ocean biogeochemistry. Ultimately, more intimate knowledge of the ocean's nitrogen cycle may lead to insight into its relation to global clima ...
A trace element perspective on the source of ocean island basalts
... under both garnet (red) and spinel (blue) facies conditions cannot explain the formation of the highly enriched OIB melts. The arrows (downwards and leftwards) in panel b, which applies to all other panels, indicating increasing extent of melting form 0.1 to 10%. The incongruent melting relationship ...
... under both garnet (red) and spinel (blue) facies conditions cannot explain the formation of the highly enriched OIB melts. The arrows (downwards and leftwards) in panel b, which applies to all other panels, indicating increasing extent of melting form 0.1 to 10%. The incongruent melting relationship ...
Top driven asymmetric mantle convection
... depth with age, there are significant regional variations in seafloor subsidence. Such variations cannot be accounted for by classical cooling models unless implausible variations in mantle temperatures or thermal properties are assumed. An alternative model assumes that the passive upwellings under ...
... depth with age, there are significant regional variations in seafloor subsidence. Such variations cannot be accounted for by classical cooling models unless implausible variations in mantle temperatures or thermal properties are assumed. An alternative model assumes that the passive upwellings under ...
The International thermodynamic equation of seawater
... Gibbs function of seawater ………………..……………...... 62 A.1 ITS-90 temperature …………………………………………………………………... 62 A.2 Sea pressure, gauge pressure and absolute pressure …………………………….... 66 A.3 Reference Composition and the Reference-Composition Salinity Scale …….…... 67 A.4 Absolute Salinity …………………………………………… ...
... Gibbs function of seawater ………………..……………...... 62 A.1 ITS-90 temperature …………………………………………………………………... 62 A.2 Sea pressure, gauge pressure and absolute pressure …………………………….... 66 A.3 Reference Composition and the Reference-Composition Salinity Scale …….…... 67 A.4 Absolute Salinity …………………………………………… ...
160849e. - Japan Oceanographic Data Center
... ARGO PROGRAM”. The Coordinator requested the participants to provide substantive comments on each of the paragraphs of the proposed text, with the aim of collecting the different views and positions of Member States and to postpone a detailed wordsmithing of the Resolution until he as Coordinator ca ...
... ARGO PROGRAM”. The Coordinator requested the participants to provide substantive comments on each of the paragraphs of the proposed text, with the aim of collecting the different views and positions of Member States and to postpone a detailed wordsmithing of the Resolution until he as Coordinator ca ...
Non-hotspot volcano chains from small
... convection model with a lower, primordial, largely undegassed reservoir from which ocean island basalts (OIBs) originate via deep mantle plumes, and a degassed upper mantle of which mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) are representative. Among these core arguments was the so-called “mantle He-heat imbal ...
... convection model with a lower, primordial, largely undegassed reservoir from which ocean island basalts (OIBs) originate via deep mantle plumes, and a degassed upper mantle of which mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) are representative. Among these core arguments was the so-called “mantle He-heat imbal ...
PDF
... transference INSZ processes. Polarity reversal INSZ also follows collision, but continued convergence in this case results in a new subduction zone forming behind the magmatic arc; the response of the Solomon convergent margin following collision with the Ontong Java Plateau is the best example of t ...
... transference INSZ processes. Polarity reversal INSZ also follows collision, but continued convergence in this case results in a new subduction zone forming behind the magmatic arc; the response of the Solomon convergent margin following collision with the Ontong Java Plateau is the best example of t ...
Coral Reefs and Changing Seawater Carbonate Chemistry
... Lower panel shows present-day state. New and changed fluxes are indicated with dashed arrows. ...
... Lower panel shows present-day state. New and changed fluxes are indicated with dashed arrows. ...
Mantle plumes and dynamics of the Earth interior — towards a new
... rapid change in P and S wave velocities over a distance of 10 km, at velocity difference of about 1 km/s. Experimental data of high pressure investigations prove that the discontinuity formed as a result of phase transformations olivine ® wadsleyite (density greater by 6%), and clino- and orthopyrox ...
... rapid change in P and S wave velocities over a distance of 10 km, at velocity difference of about 1 km/s. Experimental data of high pressure investigations prove that the discontinuity formed as a result of phase transformations olivine ® wadsleyite (density greater by 6%), and clino- and orthopyrox ...
Dinitrogen fixation in aphotic oxygenated marine environments
... sensitivities to DIN concentrations, exposure time, and compensation mechanisms all suggest that dissolved N concentrations do not control diazotroph distribution and activities in many marine environments (Knapp, 2012). In addition to photoautotrophic diazotrophs that have been previously considere ...
... sensitivities to DIN concentrations, exposure time, and compensation mechanisms all suggest that dissolved N concentrations do not control diazotroph distribution and activities in many marine environments (Knapp, 2012). In addition to photoautotrophic diazotrophs that have been previously considere ...
Redalyc.Long-term evolution of subduction zones and the
... subduction system along the western North America continental margin (McKenzie and Morgan, 1969; Atwater, 1970, 1989). The magmatism covers a zone more than 1000 km wide. An eastward shift of igneous activity (Lindgren, 1915) took place during Late Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic times (Lipman et al., 1 ...
... subduction system along the western North America continental margin (McKenzie and Morgan, 1969; Atwater, 1970, 1989). The magmatism covers a zone more than 1000 km wide. An eastward shift of igneous activity (Lindgren, 1915) took place during Late Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic times (Lipman et al., 1 ...
Constraints on asthenospheric flow from the depths of oceanic
... global mid-ocean ridge system, with spreading rates up to 16 cm/a [e.g., Gripp and Gordon, 1990; Demets et al., 1994]. It is also deeper than most spreading centers including the adjacent slower spreading Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (PAR) as shown by Small and Danyushevsky [2003] (Figure 1). The only sh ...
... global mid-ocean ridge system, with spreading rates up to 16 cm/a [e.g., Gripp and Gordon, 1990; Demets et al., 1994]. It is also deeper than most spreading centers including the adjacent slower spreading Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (PAR) as shown by Small and Danyushevsky [2003] (Figure 1). The only sh ...
Sample Midterm/Final
... 8. When two ocean plates converge ___________. a. the younger plate will be subducted b. the older plate will be subducted correct answer c. the plate closest to ocean water will be subducted d. a collision mountain belt will form e. none of the above are correct 9. The most widely accepted explanat ...
... 8. When two ocean plates converge ___________. a. the younger plate will be subducted b. the older plate will be subducted correct answer c. the plate closest to ocean water will be subducted d. a collision mountain belt will form e. none of the above are correct 9. The most widely accepted explanat ...
Slab detachment in laterally varying subduction zones: 3D
... We presented 3-D models of convergent systems subjected to slab detachment, with emphasis on collision dynamics and topographic evolution. Our models share a number of features with natural subduction-collision system and may, to some extent, apply to the Arabia-Eurasia collision. Whereas the Zagros ...
... We presented 3-D models of convergent systems subjected to slab detachment, with emphasis on collision dynamics and topographic evolution. Our models share a number of features with natural subduction-collision system and may, to some extent, apply to the Arabia-Eurasia collision. Whereas the Zagros ...
The Model of Oceanic Crust Expansion
... Top mounting is to uplift the new oceanic crust body and set the new oceanic crust body on the submergence line of the oceanic crust (to be paralleled with the old oceanic crust), which is named as top mounting in short. The drive of the top mounting is the buoyancy of the magma of the earth’s mantl ...
... Top mounting is to uplift the new oceanic crust body and set the new oceanic crust body on the submergence line of the oceanic crust (to be paralleled with the old oceanic crust), which is named as top mounting in short. The drive of the top mounting is the buoyancy of the magma of the earth’s mantl ...
Agulhas Leakage Predominantly Responds to the Southern
... The Agulhas Current plays a crucial role in the thermohaline circulation through its leakage into the South Atlantic Ocean. Under both past and present climates, the trade winds and westerlies could have the ability to modulate the amount of Indian–Atlantic inflow. Compelling arguments have been put ...
... The Agulhas Current plays a crucial role in the thermohaline circulation through its leakage into the South Atlantic Ocean. Under both past and present climates, the trade winds and westerlies could have the ability to modulate the amount of Indian–Atlantic inflow. Compelling arguments have been put ...
Teacher Resouces Booklet - CIOSS
... below it to depth of approximately 100 km. At that depth the peridotite of the oceanic slab is converted to eclogite, the density of the edge of the oceanic lithosphere increases and it sinks into the mantle. It is at subduction zones that the Earth's lithosphere, oceanic crust, sedimentary layers, ...
... below it to depth of approximately 100 km. At that depth the peridotite of the oceanic slab is converted to eclogite, the density of the edge of the oceanic lithosphere increases and it sinks into the mantle. It is at subduction zones that the Earth's lithosphere, oceanic crust, sedimentary layers, ...
C IESM Workshop Monographs Towards an integrated system of
... is characterized as a “miniature ocean” and an ideal model to study oceanic processes and landocean-atmosphere interactions (see previous volumes in CIESM Monographs Series). As known from geological records, the Mediterranean pelagic ecosystem amplifies climatologic signals, particularly temperatur ...
... is characterized as a “miniature ocean” and an ideal model to study oceanic processes and landocean-atmosphere interactions (see previous volumes in CIESM Monographs Series). As known from geological records, the Mediterranean pelagic ecosystem amplifies climatologic signals, particularly temperatur ...
Campbell, I.H., Large Igneous Provinces and the mantle plume
... provinces, uplift, picrite through its upper surface. It eventually becomes denser than the underlying mantle and sinks back into it, driving plate tectonics. The lower boundary layer is the contact between the Earth’s molten iron–nickel outer core and the mantle. High-pressure experimental studies ...
... provinces, uplift, picrite through its upper surface. It eventually becomes denser than the underlying mantle and sinks back into it, driving plate tectonics. The lower boundary layer is the contact between the Earth’s molten iron–nickel outer core and the mantle. High-pressure experimental studies ...
Microbiology of seaMouNts
... Figure 1. Cross section of a typical submarine arc volcano with an active hydrothermal system. As magma ascends, water and gases contained in magma exsolve and enter the deep hydrothermal system as pressure is released. Cold seawater (blue arrows) permeates the volcano and becomes heated by the hot ...
... Figure 1. Cross section of a typical submarine arc volcano with an active hydrothermal system. As magma ascends, water and gases contained in magma exsolve and enter the deep hydrothermal system as pressure is released. Cold seawater (blue arrows) permeates the volcano and becomes heated by the hot ...
75 An Updated Synthesis of the Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine
... in the open ocean, due to physical, geochemical and biological processes, and terrestrial influences. 4. Substantial natural biological variability exists in organisms’ responses to pH changes Metadata analyses, combining results from many experimental studies, show that there are different, but co ...
... in the open ocean, due to physical, geochemical and biological processes, and terrestrial influences. 4. Substantial natural biological variability exists in organisms’ responses to pH changes Metadata analyses, combining results from many experimental studies, show that there are different, but co ...
Cenozoic mass extinctions in the deep sea
... In this oligotrophic world small organisms far outnumber larger ones (e.g., Gage and Tyler, 1991; Gage, 1996). Abundant among the small life forms are the eukaryotic, unicellular foraminifera, many of which form a shell or test from organic matter, secreted calcium carbonate, or agglutinated sedimen ...
... In this oligotrophic world small organisms far outnumber larger ones (e.g., Gage and Tyler, 1991; Gage, 1996). Abundant among the small life forms are the eukaryotic, unicellular foraminifera, many of which form a shell or test from organic matter, secreted calcium carbonate, or agglutinated sedimen ...
Lithospheric Layering in the North American Craton
... explained by a lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary that is governed purely by temperature. Rather, they imply that the asthenosphere is hydrated with respect to a drier, depleted lithosphere or contains a small amount of partial melt. In contrast, no significant negative Sp phase was found at the bas ...
... explained by a lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary that is governed purely by temperature. Rather, they imply that the asthenosphere is hydrated with respect to a drier, depleted lithosphere or contains a small amount of partial melt. In contrast, no significant negative Sp phase was found at the bas ...
Density modeling of the Escollos Alijos Seamount
... negative undulation anomaly indicates a mass deficit below 4200 m depth below sea level. Studies using the teleseismic receiver function inversion technique at oceanic islands (Rarotonga, Kiribati, Tahiti, and Hawaii) with recent or active surface volcanism have found that between the lower crust an ...
... negative undulation anomaly indicates a mass deficit below 4200 m depth below sea level. Studies using the teleseismic receiver function inversion technique at oceanic islands (Rarotonga, Kiribati, Tahiti, and Hawaii) with recent or active surface volcanism have found that between the lower crust an ...
Ocean
An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós, the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with ""ocean"" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.Saline water covers approximately 72% of the planet's surface (~3.6×108 km2) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that only 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).As it is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, the world ocean is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much of the oceans depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist. The origin of Earth's oceans remains unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life.Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.