Composition and degradation of organic matter in sediments from
... were found in sediments from shallow water depth, whereas higher values characterized the more degraded state of sedimentary OM at greater water depths. Another quality parameter was derived from principal component analysis of the molecular fatty acid composition. This fatty acid index reflected OM ...
... were found in sediments from shallow water depth, whereas higher values characterized the more degraded state of sedimentary OM at greater water depths. Another quality parameter was derived from principal component analysis of the molecular fatty acid composition. This fatty acid index reflected OM ...
PDF (Chapter 11. Evolution of the Mantle)
... melting of fertile peridotite in the upper mantle. In these models the degree of partial melting and crystal fractionation and the depth of origin are the main variables in controlling the composition of the melt. Variations in volatile content and mineralogy of the source region, and crustal contam ...
... melting of fertile peridotite in the upper mantle. In these models the degree of partial melting and crystal fractionation and the depth of origin are the main variables in controlling the composition of the melt. Variations in volatile content and mineralogy of the source region, and crustal contam ...
Sample pages 2 PDF
... Owing to rotational effects (i.e., the Earth’s rotation) and the associated Coriolis force, the response of the surface ocean to wind stress is not straightforward. On timescales of a couple of days and longer, the frictional effect of a wind stress is confined to a surface Ekman layer having thickne ...
... Owing to rotational effects (i.e., the Earth’s rotation) and the associated Coriolis force, the response of the surface ocean to wind stress is not straightforward. On timescales of a couple of days and longer, the frictional effect of a wind stress is confined to a surface Ekman layer having thickne ...
Rifting, Seafloor Spreading, and Extensional Tectonics
... volcanics. A preserved inactive rift can also be called an unsuccessful rift, in that its existence reflects the occurrence of a rifting event that stopped before it succeeded in splitting a continent in two. Unsuccessful rifts that cut into cratonic areas of continents, at a high angle to the conti ...
... volcanics. A preserved inactive rift can also be called an unsuccessful rift, in that its existence reflects the occurrence of a rifting event that stopped before it succeeded in splitting a continent in two. Unsuccessful rifts that cut into cratonic areas of continents, at a high angle to the conti ...
Evolution of mantle plumes and uplift of continents during the
... mantle. However, due to decompression, hot material ascending from the mantle base to the Earth’s surface cools by about ∆Tad = 1200 K. Therefore, mantle convection is due not to the total temperature difference but only to its potential (superadiabatic) part Tp = ∆T − ∆Tad . This yields the value T ...
... mantle. However, due to decompression, hot material ascending from the mantle base to the Earth’s surface cools by about ∆Tad = 1200 K. Therefore, mantle convection is due not to the total temperature difference but only to its potential (superadiabatic) part Tp = ∆T − ∆Tad . This yields the value T ...
A new model for the global biogeochemical cycle of carbonyl sulfide
... et al., 2002). Since background air concentrations have remained roughly stable over at least the last decade (Montzka et al., 2007), the global budget of tropospheric OCS is believed to be at equilibrium. Kettle et al. (2002) proposed a global budget of OCS with ocean and anthropogenic sources comp ...
... et al., 2002). Since background air concentrations have remained roughly stable over at least the last decade (Montzka et al., 2007), the global budget of tropospheric OCS is believed to be at equilibrium. Kettle et al. (2002) proposed a global budget of OCS with ocean and anthropogenic sources comp ...
The international thermodynamic equation of seawater - TEOS-10
... A.6 Gibbs function of seawater ………………………………….…………….……..…... 86 A.7 The fundamental thermodynamic relation ………………………………….……... 87 A.8 The “conservative” and “isobaric conservative” properties ……………….…..…. 87 A.9 The “potential” property ……………….……….………………………………...... ...
... A.6 Gibbs function of seawater ………………………………….…………….……..…... 86 A.7 The fundamental thermodynamic relation ………………………………….……... 87 A.8 The “conservative” and “isobaric conservative” properties ……………….…..…. 87 A.9 The “potential” property ……………….……….………………………………...... ...
Resolving the lithosphereasthenosphere boundary with seismic
... Resolving LAB with Rayleigh waves The lithosphere is a thermal boundary layer with primarily conductive heat transfer through it; the asthenosphere is characterized by mainly advective heat transfer. The relatively stiff lithosphere makes up the tectonic plates that move coherently atop the softer ...
... Resolving LAB with Rayleigh waves The lithosphere is a thermal boundary layer with primarily conductive heat transfer through it; the asthenosphere is characterized by mainly advective heat transfer. The relatively stiff lithosphere makes up the tectonic plates that move coherently atop the softer ...
National Institute of Oceanography Goa, India
... tack this year - by having "open week" for IX Plan projects and succeeding in forging some multidisciplinary projects. This exercise, and other associated "restructuring" was no whim. The recently enunciated Vision 2001 by Dr. Mashelkar with its various milestones, could only be realised by a fresh ...
... tack this year - by having "open week" for IX Plan projects and succeeding in forging some multidisciplinary projects. This exercise, and other associated "restructuring" was no whim. The recently enunciated Vision 2001 by Dr. Mashelkar with its various milestones, could only be realised by a fresh ...
The geological cycle of plastics and their use as a stratigraphic
... plastics to become commonly used were permanently hard and brittle, such as shellac, for gramophone records from the late 19th century, and bakelite, produced widely from the 1920s to the 1940s and still in minor use today (Albus et al., 2006). Viscose silk and rayon, made from a cellulose base, hav ...
... plastics to become commonly used were permanently hard and brittle, such as shellac, for gramophone records from the late 19th century, and bakelite, produced widely from the 1920s to the 1940s and still in minor use today (Albus et al., 2006). Viscose silk and rayon, made from a cellulose base, hav ...
Deep-mantle contributions to the surface dynamics of the North
... At shallow depths (down to about 150 km) the seismic structure of North America in model TX05WM (Fig. 2) is dominated by the contrast between the very slow western margin of North America and the much faster eastern and central portion of the continent. Below the continental high-velocity root, cent ...
... At shallow depths (down to about 150 km) the seismic structure of North America in model TX05WM (Fig. 2) is dominated by the contrast between the very slow western margin of North America and the much faster eastern and central portion of the continent. Below the continental high-velocity root, cent ...
the Zero Paradox Noble Gas Mantle
... incompatible conceptual models of whole Earth behavior have been championed by different sections of the Earth Sciences. The geochemical community has favored a layered model of the mantle in which a shallow well mixed, volatile poor and depleted reservoir supplies mid ocean ridge volcanism. In this ...
... incompatible conceptual models of whole Earth behavior have been championed by different sections of the Earth Sciences. The geochemical community has favored a layered model of the mantle in which a shallow well mixed, volatile poor and depleted reservoir supplies mid ocean ridge volcanism. In this ...
Provided by the author (s) and NUI Galway in accordance with
... significant source of particles to the deep. An attenuated ‘rain’ of detritus from remote surface water typically delivers 1–10 g Corg m-2yr-1, (Glover and Smith, 2003) but a significant proportion of organic matter is also delivered through lateral advection of particles (e.g. Wollast, 1998; Jahnke ...
... significant source of particles to the deep. An attenuated ‘rain’ of detritus from remote surface water typically delivers 1–10 g Corg m-2yr-1, (Glover and Smith, 2003) but a significant proportion of organic matter is also delivered through lateral advection of particles (e.g. Wollast, 1998; Jahnke ...
The lithosphere and asthenosphere of the
... horizontally (SH) from dispersed Rayleigh and Love surface waves. These had been recorded in Iceland by the ICEMELT broad-band seismic network, with about half of the waves coming from near-distance earthquakes (≤1000 km). The analysis included unusually short periods, as brief as 5.0 s, and periods ...
... horizontally (SH) from dispersed Rayleigh and Love surface waves. These had been recorded in Iceland by the ICEMELT broad-band seismic network, with about half of the waves coming from near-distance earthquakes (≤1000 km). The analysis included unusually short periods, as brief as 5.0 s, and periods ...
The lithosphere and asthenosphere of the Iceland hotspot from
... horizontally (SH) from dispersed Rayleigh and Love surface waves. These had been recorded in Iceland by the ICEMELT broad-band seismic network, with about half of the waves coming from near-distance earthquakes (≤1000 km). The analysis included unusually short periods, as brief as 5.0 s, and periods ...
... horizontally (SH) from dispersed Rayleigh and Love surface waves. These had been recorded in Iceland by the ICEMELT broad-band seismic network, with about half of the waves coming from near-distance earthquakes (≤1000 km). The analysis included unusually short periods, as brief as 5.0 s, and periods ...
Flow and melting of a heterogeneous mantle
... mantle but requires consideration of the upper-mantle dynamics beneath hotspots, as well as the process of melt generation and accumulation from a heterogeneous mantle. The concept that compositional heterogeneity is present in the mantle as veins, streaks, or blobs smaller than typical volumes of u ...
... mantle but requires consideration of the upper-mantle dynamics beneath hotspots, as well as the process of melt generation and accumulation from a heterogeneous mantle. The concept that compositional heterogeneity is present in the mantle as veins, streaks, or blobs smaller than typical volumes of u ...
Author`s personal copy - Freie Universität Berlin
... The advent of travel-time seismic tomography (e.g., Spakman et al., 1993; Wortel and Spakman, 2000) may help resolve such issues, as it allows us for the first time to image subducted slabs residing in the transitional zone between upper and lower mantle beneath the Alpine mountain chains (Figs. 2 an ...
... The advent of travel-time seismic tomography (e.g., Spakman et al., 1993; Wortel and Spakman, 2000) may help resolve such issues, as it allows us for the first time to image subducted slabs residing in the transitional zone between upper and lower mantle beneath the Alpine mountain chains (Figs. 2 an ...
Reconciling plate-tectonic reconstructions of Alpine
... The advent of travel-time seismic tomography (e.g., Spakman et al., 1993; Wortel and Spakman, 2000) may help resolve such issues, as it allows us for the first time to image subducted slabs residing in the transitional zone between upper and lower mantle beneath the Alpine mountain chains (Figs. 2 an ...
... The advent of travel-time seismic tomography (e.g., Spakman et al., 1993; Wortel and Spakman, 2000) may help resolve such issues, as it allows us for the first time to image subducted slabs residing in the transitional zone between upper and lower mantle beneath the Alpine mountain chains (Figs. 2 an ...
Submarine cables and the oceans - International Cable Protection
... and the International Cable Protection Committee (ICPC), which represents the majority of ocean users within the submarine telecommunications cable industry. Why is such a report required? The last 20 years have seen exponential growth of and increasing reliance on the internet for communication, co ...
... and the International Cable Protection Committee (ICPC), which represents the majority of ocean users within the submarine telecommunications cable industry. Why is such a report required? The last 20 years have seen exponential growth of and increasing reliance on the internet for communication, co ...
Zoned mantle convection
... New stable and radiogenic evidence on Hawaiian basalts has improved the geochemical interpretation of mantle components substantially, however. Since significant shifts in isotopic compositions require the intervention of low-temperature processes, values of ¯ 18O deviating signi cantly from the up ...
... New stable and radiogenic evidence on Hawaiian basalts has improved the geochemical interpretation of mantle components substantially, however. Since significant shifts in isotopic compositions require the intervention of low-temperature processes, values of ¯ 18O deviating signi cantly from the up ...
Characteristic thermal regimes of plate tectonics
... it was maintained to the present day or whether geodynamics on Earth alternated between plate tectonics and some other mode, particularly in the Mesoarchean to Mesoproterozoic interval (Sleep, 2000; Silver and Behn, 2008; Stern, this volume). Historical Perspective The concept of plates was introduc ...
... it was maintained to the present day or whether geodynamics on Earth alternated between plate tectonics and some other mode, particularly in the Mesoarchean to Mesoproterozoic interval (Sleep, 2000; Silver and Behn, 2008; Stern, this volume). Historical Perspective The concept of plates was introduc ...
︎PDF - Fabio Crameri
... Understanding the origin of plate tectonics in a convecting mantle, and thus obtaining self-consistently emerging mobile surface plates in mantle convection simulations, is a long-standing challenge. The majority of mantle convection models featuring a mobile lid thus impose some aspect such as plat ...
... Understanding the origin of plate tectonics in a convecting mantle, and thus obtaining self-consistently emerging mobile surface plates in mantle convection simulations, is a long-standing challenge. The majority of mantle convection models featuring a mobile lid thus impose some aspect such as plat ...
Do manganese nodules grow or dissolve after burial
... the upper sedimentary layer during drilling operations (McManus et al., 1970; Cronan, 1973). Subsequently, Ito et al. (1998) suggested that the occurrence of buried nodules in DSDP/ODP sites was not due to slumping. In the CIOB, all buried nodules were recovered by gravity cores and therefore there ...
... the upper sedimentary layer during drilling operations (McManus et al., 1970; Cronan, 1973). Subsequently, Ito et al. (1998) suggested that the occurrence of buried nodules in DSDP/ODP sites was not due to slumping. In the CIOB, all buried nodules were recovered by gravity cores and therefore there ...
biogeographic atlas of the southern ocean - HOME
... CAML (www.caml.aq) was a 5-year project that aimed at assessing the nature, distribution and abundance of all living organisms of the Southern Ocean. In this time of environmental change, CAML provided a comprehensive baseline information on the Antarctic marine biodiversity as a sound benchmark aga ...
... CAML (www.caml.aq) was a 5-year project that aimed at assessing the nature, distribution and abundance of all living organisms of the Southern Ocean. In this time of environmental change, CAML provided a comprehensive baseline information on the Antarctic marine biodiversity as a sound benchmark aga ...
as a PDF
... entrainment, may be able to trap metal as it joins the base of the mantle. DIS may represent a transition region between mantle and core and therefore be intermediate in density and seismic velocity. The lowermost layer of the mantle is usually thought of as a mantle silicate but it may be a metal-o ...
... entrainment, may be able to trap metal as it joins the base of the mantle. DIS may represent a transition region between mantle and core and therefore be intermediate in density and seismic velocity. The lowermost layer of the mantle is usually thought of as a mantle silicate but it may be a metal-o ...
Ocean
An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós, the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with ""ocean"" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.Saline water covers approximately 72% of the planet's surface (~3.6×108 km2) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that only 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).As it is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, the world ocean is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much of the oceans depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist. The origin of Earth's oceans remains unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life.Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.