Chapter 3
... • The hydrosphere makes up all of the water on or near the Earth’s surface. • Much of this water is in the oceans, which cover nearly three-quarters of the globe. • However, water is also found in the atmosphere, on land, and in the soil. ...
... • The hydrosphere makes up all of the water on or near the Earth’s surface. • Much of this water is in the oceans, which cover nearly three-quarters of the globe. • However, water is also found in the atmosphere, on land, and in the soil. ...
PDF (Chapter 12. The Shape of the Earth, Heat Flow and Convection)
... chemically uniform mantle and layered convection with little or no interchange of material between layers. Layered schemes have several variants involving a primitive lower mantle or a depleted lower mantle. In a convecting Earth we lose all of our reference systems, including the axis of rotation. ...
... chemically uniform mantle and layered convection with little or no interchange of material between layers. Layered schemes have several variants involving a primitive lower mantle or a depleted lower mantle. In a convecting Earth we lose all of our reference systems, including the axis of rotation. ...
Metal Stable Isotopes in Paleoceanography
... altering the rates of carbon sequestration (e.g., Boyd et al. 2000, Coale et al. 1996, Martin et al. 1990), generating intense interest in the sources, sinks, and species of Fe in the oceans and in the mechanisms of Fe uptake and utilization by marine microorganisms (especially phytoplankton). Beyon ...
... altering the rates of carbon sequestration (e.g., Boyd et al. 2000, Coale et al. 1996, Martin et al. 1990), generating intense interest in the sources, sinks, and species of Fe in the oceans and in the mechanisms of Fe uptake and utilization by marine microorganisms (especially phytoplankton). Beyon ...
Subduction factory 2. Are intermediate
... uppermost mantle dehydrating under equilibrium conditions and producing earthquakes; and (4) anhydrous mantle lithosphere transforming sluggishly and aseismically to denser minerals. Fluid generated through dehydration reactions can move via at least three distinct flow paths: percolation through lo ...
... uppermost mantle dehydrating under equilibrium conditions and producing earthquakes; and (4) anhydrous mantle lithosphere transforming sluggishly and aseismically to denser minerals. Fluid generated through dehydration reactions can move via at least three distinct flow paths: percolation through lo ...
Anbar and Rouxel, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.
... altering the rates of carbon sequestration (e.g., Boyd et al. 2000, Coale et al. 1996, Martin et al. 1990), generating intense interest in the sources, sinks, and species of Fe in the oceans and in the mechanisms of Fe uptake and utilization by marine microorganisms (especially phytoplankton). Beyon ...
... altering the rates of carbon sequestration (e.g., Boyd et al. 2000, Coale et al. 1996, Martin et al. 1990), generating intense interest in the sources, sinks, and species of Fe in the oceans and in the mechanisms of Fe uptake and utilization by marine microorganisms (especially phytoplankton). Beyon ...
Mid-ocean ridges
... timespan of the order of 100 Ma (the average life of an ocean basin). In contrast, detailed geochemical studies of MORB (Section 5.10) reveal significant source heterogeneities and a diversity of petrogenetic processes. Figure 5.2 presents a summary of the processes responsible for the generation of ...
... timespan of the order of 100 Ma (the average life of an ocean basin). In contrast, detailed geochemical studies of MORB (Section 5.10) reveal significant source heterogeneities and a diversity of petrogenetic processes. Figure 5.2 presents a summary of the processes responsible for the generation of ...
Archaean plate tectonics revisited 1. Heat flow, spreading rate, and
... beneath South America, the Nazca Plate appears to float directly beneath the overriding continental plate, upon the asthenosphere, for a distance of several hundred kilometers before sinking ...
... beneath South America, the Nazca Plate appears to float directly beneath the overriding continental plate, upon the asthenosphere, for a distance of several hundred kilometers before sinking ...
The roles of vertical mixing, solar radiation, and wind stress in a
... advantagesof those two models, the hybrid scheme simulates the three major physical processesof oceanic vertical turbulent mixing in a computationallyefficient manner. The mixed layer entrainment and detrainment are related to the atmospheric forcing using a bulk mixed layer model; the shear flow in ...
... advantagesof those two models, the hybrid scheme simulates the three major physical processesof oceanic vertical turbulent mixing in a computationallyefficient manner. The mixed layer entrainment and detrainment are related to the atmospheric forcing using a bulk mixed layer model; the shear flow in ...
Ocean Trenches - The University of Texas at Dallas
... ß 2004, Elsevier Ltd. All Rights Reserved. ...
... ß 2004, Elsevier Ltd. All Rights Reserved. ...
Formation of plate boundaries: The role of mantle volatilization
... carbonated lithosphere approaches a convergent zone and is underthrust, volatilization from it would occur due to increases in temperature and pressure. The released volatiles would lubricate the thrust above, and make subduction initiation possible. This inference is obtained from the fact that sub ...
... carbonated lithosphere approaches a convergent zone and is underthrust, volatilization from it would occur due to increases in temperature and pressure. The released volatiles would lubricate the thrust above, and make subduction initiation possible. This inference is obtained from the fact that sub ...
The Moho in subduction zones - Earth and Space Sciences at the
... nature of subduction zones implies the convergence of two plates, each characterized by a distinct Moho: one Moho associated with the incoming oceanic plate and another that may be of either continental or oceanic affinity. In this paper, we shall examine the processes operating in subduction zone fo ...
... nature of subduction zones implies the convergence of two plates, each characterized by a distinct Moho: one Moho associated with the incoming oceanic plate and another that may be of either continental or oceanic affinity. In this paper, we shall examine the processes operating in subduction zone fo ...
large igneous provinces and fertile mantle
... Delaminated lower crust sinks into the mantle as eclogite where it has relatively low seismic velocities and melting point compared to normal mantle peridotite. Although delaminated continental crust enters the mantle at much lower rates than oceanic crust, the rates are comparable to LIP production ...
... Delaminated lower crust sinks into the mantle as eclogite where it has relatively low seismic velocities and melting point compared to normal mantle peridotite. Although delaminated continental crust enters the mantle at much lower rates than oceanic crust, the rates are comparable to LIP production ...
A Benthic-optimised Marine Environment Classification
... Environmental predictors (Table 2), chosen for their functional relevance, were derived for all sample sites by overlay onto gridded data layers at a resolution of 1 km, stored in a GIS. Depth was one of the main predictors used, but in conceptual terms it is generally recognised as functioning as a ...
... Environmental predictors (Table 2), chosen for their functional relevance, were derived for all sample sites by overlay onto gridded data layers at a resolution of 1 km, stored in a GIS. Depth was one of the main predictors used, but in conceptual terms it is generally recognised as functioning as a ...
PDF (Chapter 3. The Crust and Upper Mantle)
... The term "crust" has been used in several ways. It initially referred to the brittle outer shell of the Earth that extended down to the asthenosphere ("weak layer"); this is now called the lithosphere ("rocky layer"). Later it was used to refer to the rocks occurring at or near the surface and acqui ...
... The term "crust" has been used in several ways. It initially referred to the brittle outer shell of the Earth that extended down to the asthenosphere ("weak layer"); this is now called the lithosphere ("rocky layer"). Later it was used to refer to the rocks occurring at or near the surface and acqui ...
Nutrient gradients in the western North Atlantic Ocean
... The standard MAGIC protocol requires a 2.5% v/v addition of 1 N NaOH to initiate the formation of the mineral brucite (Mg(OH)2), which is subsequently collected by centrifugation. SRP is co-precipitated and concentrated in this process and then re-solublized when the pellet is dissolved in weak acid ...
... The standard MAGIC protocol requires a 2.5% v/v addition of 1 N NaOH to initiate the formation of the mineral brucite (Mg(OH)2), which is subsequently collected by centrifugation. SRP is co-precipitated and concentrated in this process and then re-solublized when the pellet is dissolved in weak acid ...
Evolution and diversity of subduction zones controlled by slab width
... That relationship predicts that the sinking velocity for the widest slab (7,000 km) is 6–25 times faster than for the narrowest slab (300 km), the exact ratio depending on slab length, which suggests that vTH increases with increasing slab width. However, the opposite is observed in both nature and ...
... That relationship predicts that the sinking velocity for the widest slab (7,000 km) is 6–25 times faster than for the narrowest slab (300 km), the exact ratio depending on slab length, which suggests that vTH increases with increasing slab width. However, the opposite is observed in both nature and ...
No Slide Title
... • The hydrosphere makes up all of the water on or near the Earth’s surface. • Much of this water is in the oceans, which cover nearly three-quarters of the globe. • However, water is also found in the atmosphere, on land, and in the soil. ...
... • The hydrosphere makes up all of the water on or near the Earth’s surface. • Much of this water is in the oceans, which cover nearly three-quarters of the globe. • However, water is also found in the atmosphere, on land, and in the soil. ...
Subduction of oceanic lithosphere
... outline stability fields of hydrous phases in peridotite. The horizontally ruled region shows where talc is stable. For some thermal structures a portion of the peridotitic lithosphere will be <600°C at 62 kbar; serpentine will react to “phase A,” and thus H2O will be subducted to large depth. In th ...
... outline stability fields of hydrous phases in peridotite. The horizontally ruled region shows where talc is stable. For some thermal structures a portion of the peridotitic lithosphere will be <600°C at 62 kbar; serpentine will react to “phase A,” and thus H2O will be subducted to large depth. In th ...
california state university, northridge rayleigh wave tomography
... that account for velocity variations in water, sediment layer, crustal thickness, marine fossil layers, and lithospheric thickness as a function of sea floor age. I used a surface wave inversion that considers a two plane wave method to represent the incoming wave field and performed a grid search ...
... that account for velocity variations in water, sediment layer, crustal thickness, marine fossil layers, and lithospheric thickness as a function of sea floor age. I used a surface wave inversion that considers a two plane wave method to represent the incoming wave field and performed a grid search ...
Mantle Melting Beneath Mid-Ocean Ridges The Harvard community
... prevents melting all the way to the surface, and the melting regime becomes progressively truncated, leading to a melting trapezoid rather than a melting triangle such as seen in Figure 1. ...
... prevents melting all the way to the surface, and the melting regime becomes progressively truncated, leading to a melting trapezoid rather than a melting triangle such as seen in Figure 1. ...
the first us integrated ocean observing system (ioos) development plan
... The Integrated Ocean Observing System, the Global Ocean Observing System, and the Global Earth Observing System of Systems The U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy1 and the National Ocean Research Leadership Council (NORLC)2 identified the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) as a high priority and e ...
... The Integrated Ocean Observing System, the Global Ocean Observing System, and the Global Earth Observing System of Systems The U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy1 and the National Ocean Research Leadership Council (NORLC)2 identified the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) as a high priority and e ...
Subduction zone evolution and deep slab structure
... collisional orogens that were preceded by the earlier […] subduction of several branches of the Neotethys and Alpine Tethys Ocean” (Carminati et al., 2012) and is a result of the collision of the African plate with Eastern and Western Europe which happened mostly during the Eocene (~ 55-35 Ma) (Carm ...
... collisional orogens that were preceded by the earlier […] subduction of several branches of the Neotethys and Alpine Tethys Ocean” (Carminati et al., 2012) and is a result of the collision of the African plate with Eastern and Western Europe which happened mostly during the Eocene (~ 55-35 Ma) (Carm ...
Massive marine methane emissions from near
... higher than values characteristic of continental shelves (~30 μmol m−2 d−1) and three orders of magnitude higher than values characteristic of the open ocean (~0.4 μmol m−2 d−1). The high methane concentrations (up to 1,128 nmol L−1) that sustain these fluxes are related to the shallow and wellmixed ...
... higher than values characteristic of continental shelves (~30 μmol m−2 d−1) and three orders of magnitude higher than values characteristic of the open ocean (~0.4 μmol m−2 d−1). The high methane concentrations (up to 1,128 nmol L−1) that sustain these fluxes are related to the shallow and wellmixed ...
Key Issues on the Commercial Development of Deep Seabed
... base metals, such as copper, lead, and zinc, but they also contain precious metals, such as gold and silver. Polymetallic sulfides have the following advantages for development;18 they are of a high metal class and high reserve quantity per unit area; they exist at shallower depths than do polymetal ...
... base metals, such as copper, lead, and zinc, but they also contain precious metals, such as gold and silver. Polymetallic sulfides have the following advantages for development;18 they are of a high metal class and high reserve quantity per unit area; they exist at shallower depths than do polymetal ...
Mantle Meltıng Beneath Mıd-Ocean rıdges
... prevents melting all the way to the surface, and the melting regime becomes progressively truncated, leading to a melting trapezoid rather than a melting triangle such as seen in Figure 1. ...
... prevents melting all the way to the surface, and the melting regime becomes progressively truncated, leading to a melting trapezoid rather than a melting triangle such as seen in Figure 1. ...
Ocean
An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós, the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with ""ocean"" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.Saline water covers approximately 72% of the planet's surface (~3.6×108 km2) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that only 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).As it is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, the world ocean is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much of the oceans depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist. The origin of Earth's oceans remains unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life.Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.