Chapter 17 – Plate Tectonics
... 1. Magnetic minerals in undisturbed rocks on the ocean floor will: A. Indicate where magnetic pole was at the time of formation B. Align with “north” as we know it to be now, no matter what C. Change in their direction of alignment slowly over time 2. How do glacial deposits in Africa, India, Austra ...
... 1. Magnetic minerals in undisturbed rocks on the ocean floor will: A. Indicate where magnetic pole was at the time of formation B. Align with “north” as we know it to be now, no matter what C. Change in their direction of alignment slowly over time 2. How do glacial deposits in Africa, India, Austra ...
Final Version 2013 2014 Annual Progress Report
... CICS has three research themes all focused around the development and application of earth systems models for understanding and predicting climate. Earth System Modeling and Analysis Climate modeling at Princeton University and GFDL is continually producing new models, including atmospheric, oceanic ...
... CICS has three research themes all focused around the development and application of earth systems models for understanding and predicting climate. Earth System Modeling and Analysis Climate modeling at Princeton University and GFDL is continually producing new models, including atmospheric, oceanic ...
Conditions for a crustal block to be sheared off from the subducted
... Lamb, 2006]. He used hydrostatic Pw in the block boundary inside the subducting slab. He obtained the results that shearing-off occurs when the leading edge of the detached block reaches at a depth of 3050 km for the continental lithosphere with a high to moderate surface heat flow (>60 mW/m2) pri ...
... Lamb, 2006]. He used hydrostatic Pw in the block boundary inside the subducting slab. He obtained the results that shearing-off occurs when the leading edge of the detached block reaches at a depth of 3050 km for the continental lithosphere with a high to moderate surface heat flow (>60 mW/m2) pri ...
GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
... These are volcanic/intrusive in origin as regards occurrence and heat source. Most magma does not reach the surface but heats large regions of underground rock. Most are of Pliocene to Recent age. Young batholiths at relatively shallow depth may still be hot. Rapid removal of uppermost overburden he ...
... These are volcanic/intrusive in origin as regards occurrence and heat source. Most magma does not reach the surface but heats large regions of underground rock. Most are of Pliocene to Recent age. Young batholiths at relatively shallow depth may still be hot. Rapid removal of uppermost overburden he ...
Tidal Straining, Density Currents, and Stirring in the Control of
... the distributions of stratification and the tidal stirring intensity in areas of freshwater influence, sometimes with a fair degree of success (e.g., Bowman and Essaias 1981). Such correlation of the distributions suggests that the flow regime acts to distribute the buoyancy in a more or less unifor ...
... the distributions of stratification and the tidal stirring intensity in areas of freshwater influence, sometimes with a fair degree of success (e.g., Bowman and Essaias 1981). Such correlation of the distributions suggests that the flow regime acts to distribute the buoyancy in a more or less unifor ...
Answers to STUDY BREAK Questions Essentials 5th Chapter 5
... rivers and streams, or by winds as blowing dust, and dominate the continental margins, abyssal plains, and polar ocean floors. Biogenous sediments, the next most abundant, consist of the hard remains of onceliving marine organisms. The siliceous (silicon-containing) and calcareous (calcium carbonate ...
... rivers and streams, or by winds as blowing dust, and dominate the continental margins, abyssal plains, and polar ocean floors. Biogenous sediments, the next most abundant, consist of the hard remains of onceliving marine organisms. The siliceous (silicon-containing) and calcareous (calcium carbonate ...
PLATE TECTONICS: Lecture 5
... Subduction Zones are where cool lithospheric plates sink back into the mantle. It takes about 50 my for the ocean lithosphere that formed in the hot (>1000°C) environment at mid-ocean ridges to cool to an equilibrium state and sink to its maximum depth below sea-level. Although there is no universal ...
... Subduction Zones are where cool lithospheric plates sink back into the mantle. It takes about 50 my for the ocean lithosphere that formed in the hot (>1000°C) environment at mid-ocean ridges to cool to an equilibrium state and sink to its maximum depth below sea-level. Although there is no universal ...
Magma Generation (SERC)
... Suggests different mantle source types, but isn’t conclusive. Depleted mantle could both MORB and OIB. ...
... Suggests different mantle source types, but isn’t conclusive. Depleted mantle could both MORB and OIB. ...
Water mass-specificity of bacterial communities in the North
... Dept. of Marine Biology, University of Vienna Althanstraße, 14 A-1090 Vienna, Austria Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine ...
... Dept. of Marine Biology, University of Vienna Althanstraße, 14 A-1090 Vienna, Austria Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine ...
Composition and Evolution of the Lithosphere
... A Geologist’s View of the Earth The outermost sublayer is the most active geologically. Large scale geological processes occur, including earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building and the creation of ocean basins. ...
... A Geologist’s View of the Earth The outermost sublayer is the most active geologically. Large scale geological processes occur, including earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building and the creation of ocean basins. ...
Continental Drift - Pearson Higher Education
... the same planetary body, there is only so far a continent can travel before it collides with other continents. Based on current plate motions, it appears that the continents may meet up again in the Pacific Ocean. Recent research suggests that the continents may form a supercontinent about once ever ...
... the same planetary body, there is only so far a continent can travel before it collides with other continents. Based on current plate motions, it appears that the continents may meet up again in the Pacific Ocean. Recent research suggests that the continents may form a supercontinent about once ever ...
Report - INCOIS
... The eastward-flowing Wyrtki Jet during the transition between the two monsoons, in May and in October The unique boundary currents (the East African Coastal, the Mozambique and the Agulhas Currents (from north to south) on the western side and the Leeuwin Current on the eastern side, off western Aus ...
... The eastward-flowing Wyrtki Jet during the transition between the two monsoons, in May and in October The unique boundary currents (the East African Coastal, the Mozambique and the Agulhas Currents (from north to south) on the western side and the Leeuwin Current on the eastern side, off western Aus ...
Environmental Science & Technology
... This document is confidential and is proprietary to the American Chemical Society and its authors. Do not copy or disclose without written permission. If you have received this item in error, notify the sender and ...
... This document is confidential and is proprietary to the American Chemical Society and its authors. Do not copy or disclose without written permission. If you have received this item in error, notify the sender and ...
Tsunami background reading
... A tsunami is a huge slow wave when in the middle of the deep ocean ...
... A tsunami is a huge slow wave when in the middle of the deep ocean ...
Three-dimensional use of marine habitats by juvenile emperor
... all of them had crossed the pack-ice edge to warmer waters (Fig. 2). From late December to early January, all tracked juveniles entered the IFZ (Fig. 3), while a first tag (ID 67) ceased transmitting on 31 December. The five juveniles still tracked then reached relatively low latitudes from 58.78–54 ...
... all of them had crossed the pack-ice edge to warmer waters (Fig. 2). From late December to early January, all tracked juveniles entered the IFZ (Fig. 3), while a first tag (ID 67) ceased transmitting on 31 December. The five juveniles still tracked then reached relatively low latitudes from 58.78–54 ...
hydrogeology of the oceanic lithosphere
... 2.3. The southern flank of the Costa Rica Rift On the southern flank of the Costa Rica Rift (CRR), pelagic sedimentation rates are nearly as high as at GSC and a detailed heat flow transect in the 1970's revealed that the measured heat flow also reaches the predicted value at a young crustal age, c ...
... 2.3. The southern flank of the Costa Rica Rift On the southern flank of the Costa Rica Rift (CRR), pelagic sedimentation rates are nearly as high as at GSC and a detailed heat flow transect in the 1970's revealed that the measured heat flow also reaches the predicted value at a young crustal age, c ...
Presentation - Copernicus.org
... A 2-layer mantle now? So when and how did it change from a whole-mantle mode? Answer – During the well-established (Windley, Condie) 2.45-2.2Ga gap in zircon dates for orogenic granitoids and greenstone belts. Details -- In the 2.8-2.45Ga run-up to this Post-Archaean Hiatus, MOR crests deepened, fi ...
... A 2-layer mantle now? So when and how did it change from a whole-mantle mode? Answer – During the well-established (Windley, Condie) 2.45-2.2Ga gap in zircon dates for orogenic granitoids and greenstone belts. Details -- In the 2.8-2.45Ga run-up to this Post-Archaean Hiatus, MOR crests deepened, fi ...
HMS Challenger NHD Essay FINAL COPY
... Africa, through the southern Indian Ocean, into the Antarctic Circle, past Australia, across the Pacific Ocean, around the tip of South America, and back home in the May of 1876 (see Appendix B).22 During this route, the Challenger collected a standard set of data, including water depth, temperatur ...
... Africa, through the southern Indian Ocean, into the Antarctic Circle, past Australia, across the Pacific Ocean, around the tip of South America, and back home in the May of 1876 (see Appendix B).22 During this route, the Challenger collected a standard set of data, including water depth, temperatur ...
E ects of Lithospheric Strength on Convection in the Earth`s Mantle
... through subduction for plate-scale ow, or as localized convective instability beneath lithospheric plates. The deformation associated with these processes is resisted by the extreme temperature-dependence of the lithosphere's strength. Ways in which lithosphere deformation a ects convection in the ...
... through subduction for plate-scale ow, or as localized convective instability beneath lithospheric plates. The deformation associated with these processes is resisted by the extreme temperature-dependence of the lithosphere's strength. Ways in which lithosphere deformation a ects convection in the ...
Beyond Plate Tectonics: “Plate” Dynamics
... The idea of deep mantle plumes has been known for over forty years;26 this caught on like wildfire27-29 and became the reigning paradigm, temporarily replacing the more realistic alternative of a fault-based origin. Plumes fail on the basis of the geology and on the basis of first principles. In ter ...
... The idea of deep mantle plumes has been known for over forty years;26 this caught on like wildfire27-29 and became the reigning paradigm, temporarily replacing the more realistic alternative of a fault-based origin. Plumes fail on the basis of the geology and on the basis of first principles. In ter ...
The Lithosphere – Asthenosphere System: Nature of the Tectonic
... tomography, can explain much of the velocity deficit, but still leaves two features of the boundaries of the low velocity zone unexplained: 1) an apparently abrupt upper boundary to the low velocity, possibly associated with the G discontinuity, and 2) a high gradient zone beneath in which velocity ...
... tomography, can explain much of the velocity deficit, but still leaves two features of the boundaries of the low velocity zone unexplained: 1) an apparently abrupt upper boundary to the low velocity, possibly associated with the G discontinuity, and 2) a high gradient zone beneath in which velocity ...
Ch. 16 Marine and Coastal Systems: Resources, Impacts, and
... • Heavier (colder and/or saltier) water sinks • Light (warmer and/or less salty) water remains near the surface • Temperatures are more stable than land temperatures ...
... • Heavier (colder and/or saltier) water sinks • Light (warmer and/or less salty) water remains near the surface • Temperatures are more stable than land temperatures ...
tsunamis - Cairns Regional Council
... Tsunamis have extremely long wavelengths, up to hundreds of kilometres, even as they reach shallow coastal water. The second and third waves can arrive 10 minutes to two hours apart. The passage of tsunami involves the movement of water all the way to the seafloor. The energy moving through tsunami ...
... Tsunamis have extremely long wavelengths, up to hundreds of kilometres, even as they reach shallow coastal water. The second and third waves can arrive 10 minutes to two hours apart. The passage of tsunami involves the movement of water all the way to the seafloor. The energy moving through tsunami ...
Thermal structure and intermediate-depth seismicity in the Tohoku
... n = 3.5 and R is the gas constant. We use a maximum viscosity cut-off of 1025 Pa s. For the continental crust we assume density 2700 kg m−3 , conductivity 2.5 W mK−1 , and a twolayer heat production of 1.31 µW m−3 above 15 km depth and 0.27 µW m−3 below this depth. For the rest of the model (includi ...
... n = 3.5 and R is the gas constant. We use a maximum viscosity cut-off of 1025 Pa s. For the continental crust we assume density 2700 kg m−3 , conductivity 2.5 W mK−1 , and a twolayer heat production of 1.31 µW m−3 above 15 km depth and 0.27 µW m−3 below this depth. For the rest of the model (includi ...
Ocean Process Tracers: Nitrogen Isotopes in the Ocean (MS 632
... net tows, and particulates can be separated into size classes. In the case of dissolved forms of N, the species of interest must be converted selectively to a gas or other extractable form for collection. Since the 1970’s, the 15N of marine nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), and ammonium (NH4+) has be ...
... net tows, and particulates can be separated into size classes. In the case of dissolved forms of N, the species of interest must be converted selectively to a gas or other extractable form for collection. Since the 1970’s, the 15N of marine nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), and ammonium (NH4+) has be ...
Ocean
An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós, the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with ""ocean"" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.Saline water covers approximately 72% of the planet's surface (~3.6×108 km2) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that only 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).As it is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, the world ocean is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much of the oceans depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist. The origin of Earth's oceans remains unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life.Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.