High School - Tsunami Awareness Program
... Earthquakes are as inescapable as the weather. Even Mars and the Moon have them. Here on Earth, seismologists report that every year there are a couple of million earthquakes strong enough to be felt, a thousand or so that can bring down chimneys, and about a dozen capable of producing disasters. On ...
... Earthquakes are as inescapable as the weather. Even Mars and the Moon have them. Here on Earth, seismologists report that every year there are a couple of million earthquakes strong enough to be felt, a thousand or so that can bring down chimneys, and about a dozen capable of producing disasters. On ...
Deep structure of the northeastern Japan arc
... (1992). Figs. 2 and 3 show the P-wave velocity (Vp) and S-wave velocity (Vs) on cross-sections perpendicular to the island arc. In any of the vertical crosssections (a) to (f), the Pacific Plate subducting beneath the arc is imaged as a strong high-Vp and high-Vs region. Within the mantle wedge imme ...
... (1992). Figs. 2 and 3 show the P-wave velocity (Vp) and S-wave velocity (Vs) on cross-sections perpendicular to the island arc. In any of the vertical crosssections (a) to (f), the Pacific Plate subducting beneath the arc is imaged as a strong high-Vp and high-Vs region. Within the mantle wedge imme ...
The Global Oxygen Cycle - Lithosphere Fluid Research Group
... of molecular O2 in the Earth’s atmosphere is concentrated within several kilometers of the Earth’s surface. Above this, in the thermosphere, gases become separated based on their densities. O2 is photodissociated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation to form atomic oxygen (O), which is the major form of oxy ...
... of molecular O2 in the Earth’s atmosphere is concentrated within several kilometers of the Earth’s surface. Above this, in the thermosphere, gases become separated based on their densities. O2 is photodissociated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation to form atomic oxygen (O), which is the major form of oxy ...
Plate Tectonics through Time Treatise on Geophysics, N. H. Sleep
... Earth’s interior. Thermal histories are paths on this graph. One model has a monotonic thermal history where the heat flow lies along the transition in branch jumps. The other model jumps between branches and has a nonmonotonic thermal history. Both models start at 2000 C at 4.5 Ga. The mantle cool ...
... Earth’s interior. Thermal histories are paths on this graph. One model has a monotonic thermal history where the heat flow lies along the transition in branch jumps. The other model jumps between branches and has a nonmonotonic thermal history. Both models start at 2000 C at 4.5 Ga. The mantle cool ...
Fast and slow spreading ridges - Archimer
... Different parts of the world ridge system have quite different morphologies, which reflect different constructional processes. It appears that hydrothermal circulation at all spreading centers is an important exchange process between the ocean and the newly formed oceanic crust. This hydrothermal ci ...
... Different parts of the world ridge system have quite different morphologies, which reflect different constructional processes. It appears that hydrothermal circulation at all spreading centers is an important exchange process between the ocean and the newly formed oceanic crust. This hydrothermal ci ...
Ecosystem-Based Management in the Arctic Ocean: A Multi
... are the presence of ice, either permanent or seasonal, large freshwater inputs, and pronounced vertical stratification of the water column. In dynamic zones where strong forces may be at play, leads may open and recurrent polynyas may occur. Some polynyas may be very large, reaching over 1000 km in ...
... are the presence of ice, either permanent or seasonal, large freshwater inputs, and pronounced vertical stratification of the water column. In dynamic zones where strong forces may be at play, leads may open and recurrent polynyas may occur. Some polynyas may be very large, reaching over 1000 km in ...
The annual cycle of surface CO2 and O2 in the Ross Sea
... TCO2 values of ~2075 mol kg-1 which are ~150 mol kg-1 below the pre- phytoplankton bloom values of 2233 mol kg-1 (Figure 3b). By the time winter sea ice concentration have reached a winter average of 80%, the pCO2 and TCO2 concentrations appear to be returning to winter values. Measurements in la ...
... TCO2 values of ~2075 mol kg-1 which are ~150 mol kg-1 below the pre- phytoplankton bloom values of 2233 mol kg-1 (Figure 3b). By the time winter sea ice concentration have reached a winter average of 80%, the pCO2 and TCO2 concentrations appear to be returning to winter values. Measurements in la ...
Resource Booklet
... Lecture 4.2: Evolution and Marine Biodiversity...................................................................................................... 31 Lecture 4.3: Resilience and Adaptation in the Ocean ............................................................................................. 32 ...
... Lecture 4.2: Evolution and Marine Biodiversity...................................................................................................... 31 Lecture 4.3: Resilience and Adaptation in the Ocean ............................................................................................. 32 ...
PDF - Oceans at MIT
... The dashed line is from year 9 of the circuit, in the lower latitudes of the gyre. Warm, shallow mixed layers have outgassed COZ to the atmosphere, but overlay the deep carbon rich column created in the subduction region. The dotted line is from year 12 of the circuit, following the rapid transit th ...
... The dashed line is from year 9 of the circuit, in the lower latitudes of the gyre. Warm, shallow mixed layers have outgassed COZ to the atmosphere, but overlay the deep carbon rich column created in the subduction region. The dotted line is from year 12 of the circuit, following the rapid transit th ...
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... would properties mix along the ENAWt –ENAWp line? 3819 Actual atmospheric pressure is not single valued wrt NAO etc or the same NAO can have different pressure distributions so correlations are never going to be perfect. Monthly NAO is variable and can miss situations between months or at 15 day int ...
... would properties mix along the ENAWt –ENAWp line? 3819 Actual atmospheric pressure is not single valued wrt NAO etc or the same NAO can have different pressure distributions so correlations are never going to be perfect. Monthly NAO is variable and can miss situations between months or at 15 day int ...
Dynamic topography and long-term sea-level variations
... interpreted to reflect variations in the mean rate of spreading (production of oceanic crust) at mid-ocean ridges (Hays and Pitman, 1973). According to this view, an increase (decrease) in rate of spreading leads to a higher (lower) mean topography of ocean basins and a displacement upwards (downward ...
... interpreted to reflect variations in the mean rate of spreading (production of oceanic crust) at mid-ocean ridges (Hays and Pitman, 1973). According to this view, an increase (decrease) in rate of spreading leads to a higher (lower) mean topography of ocean basins and a displacement upwards (downward ...
Georgakas D. Konstantinos
... to highlight the differences in the plankton communities across this swath of ocean. This milky green and blue bloom developed on the continental shelf off of Patagonia, where warmer, saltier coastal waters and currents from the subtropics meet the colder, fresher waters flowing up from the south. W ...
... to highlight the differences in the plankton communities across this swath of ocean. This milky green and blue bloom developed on the continental shelf off of Patagonia, where warmer, saltier coastal waters and currents from the subtropics meet the colder, fresher waters flowing up from the south. W ...
Different approaches to model the nearshore circulation in the south
... serve to create a wake region of lower but variable winds ...
... serve to create a wake region of lower but variable winds ...
Sample
... 1. A very precise fit when the continental shelf boundary is considered the edge of the continent ii. Identical fossil organisms had been discovered in rocks from both South America and Africa (Mesosaurus and Glossopteris) 1. Some type of land connection was needed to explain the existence of simila ...
... 1. A very precise fit when the continental shelf boundary is considered the edge of the continent ii. Identical fossil organisms had been discovered in rocks from both South America and Africa (Mesosaurus and Glossopteris) 1. Some type of land connection was needed to explain the existence of simila ...
Mesoscale eddies stimulate higher trophic level marine life
... Data from CTD profiles and the ship mounted ADCP were used to characterise physical properties of the Norwegian Sea eddy (Figures 2, 3). The core water of the anticyclonic eddy was warmer, less saline, and less dense, than water in the eddy periphery (Figure 2B). Similarities with samples from nearb ...
... Data from CTD profiles and the ship mounted ADCP were used to characterise physical properties of the Norwegian Sea eddy (Figures 2, 3). The core water of the anticyclonic eddy was warmer, less saline, and less dense, than water in the eddy periphery (Figure 2B). Similarities with samples from nearb ...
The Remarkable Diversity of Seafloor Vents
... far away from the ridge axis, on old rather than nascent seafloor crust, and with 15story-high white minaret-like structures made of carbonate—a mineral that is not found at most other known vent sites. So after 32 dives to the seafloor to study vents, I am often still surprised, and I am always awe ...
... far away from the ridge axis, on old rather than nascent seafloor crust, and with 15story-high white minaret-like structures made of carbonate—a mineral that is not found at most other known vent sites. So after 32 dives to the seafloor to study vents, I am often still surprised, and I am always awe ...
Table of Contents
... The map below shows the surface features at a subduction zone at an ocean-continent convergent plate boundary. We will examine the movement of features relative to the location of the trench. In other words, the general location of the trench does not change, but other things might move around It. ...
... The map below shows the surface features at a subduction zone at an ocean-continent convergent plate boundary. We will examine the movement of features relative to the location of the trench. In other words, the general location of the trench does not change, but other things might move around It. ...
1994 arctic ocean section - CCHDO - University of California San
... stations Alpha and Bravo in 1957. These efforts have been particularly successful in advancing process studies, obtaining certain time series measurements and exploring limited areas; they have been less successful in carrying out synoptic survey work and sophisticated geographically distributed mea ...
... stations Alpha and Bravo in 1957. These efforts have been particularly successful in advancing process studies, obtaining certain time series measurements and exploring limited areas; they have been less successful in carrying out synoptic survey work and sophisticated geographically distributed mea ...
Multipurpose Acoustic Networks in the Integrated Arctic Ocean
... (Maslanik et al., 2011; NRC, 2012). Atmospheric warming is a dominant force in the melting of ice, but melting by warming from underlying water masses is also possible. A 100 – 200 m thick surface layer of low-salinity, cold water protects the ice cover from more extensive melting by the warmer unde ...
... (Maslanik et al., 2011; NRC, 2012). Atmospheric warming is a dominant force in the melting of ice, but melting by warming from underlying water masses is also possible. A 100 – 200 m thick surface layer of low-salinity, cold water protects the ice cover from more extensive melting by the warmer unde ...
: Summary of Initial Characterisation
... paths are short and determined by local topography. Permeabilities in the upper few metres are often high although they decrease rapidly with depth. In general, groundwater flow is concentrated in the upper 15 m of the aquifer. Areas underlain by Pure Unbedded Limestones are typically well-drained, ...
... paths are short and determined by local topography. Permeabilities in the upper few metres are often high although they decrease rapidly with depth. In general, groundwater flow is concentrated in the upper 15 m of the aquifer. Areas underlain by Pure Unbedded Limestones are typically well-drained, ...
Plate tectonic controls on atmospheric CO2 levels since the Triassic
... area production rate scenario (34, 35) requires that the global average subduction rate increased during the Cenozoic (65–0 My) from ∼3–4 to 5.5 cm/y (24) (Fig. S2). Matching the decreasing rate scenario (32), however, requires a constant average subduction rate of 6 ± 1 cm/y (Fig. 2B), i.e., simila ...
... area production rate scenario (34, 35) requires that the global average subduction rate increased during the Cenozoic (65–0 My) from ∼3–4 to 5.5 cm/y (24) (Fig. S2). Matching the decreasing rate scenario (32), however, requires a constant average subduction rate of 6 ± 1 cm/y (Fig. 2B), i.e., simila ...
Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS): Years 16-20
... organic nitrogen and nitrate at the Bermuda Atlantic time-series study site. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19. Art. No. GB1018 KUHNERT, H., T. CRUGER, and J. PATZOLD. 2005. NAO signature in a Bermuda coral Sr/Ca record. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 6. Art. No. Q04004 LEVY, M., Y. LEHAHN, J.M. A ...
... organic nitrogen and nitrate at the Bermuda Atlantic time-series study site. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19. Art. No. GB1018 KUHNERT, H., T. CRUGER, and J. PATZOLD. 2005. NAO signature in a Bermuda coral Sr/Ca record. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 6. Art. No. Q04004 LEVY, M., Y. LEHAHN, J.M. A ...
on the South China Sea - National Taiwan University
... As typhoon structure and intensity may not be adequately resolved in the global-scale wind products, we employ in this research typhoon-scale resolving wind. ...
... As typhoon structure and intensity may not be adequately resolved in the global-scale wind products, we employ in this research typhoon-scale resolving wind. ...
Chapter 1—Origins
... A "mystery" in our understanding of plate tectonics has been, until recently, the nature of the power source capable of moving the plates and the continents embedded within them. Recent evidence indicates the power source to be: a. the readjustment of the surface to continual shrinking of the whole ...
... A "mystery" in our understanding of plate tectonics has been, until recently, the nature of the power source capable of moving the plates and the continents embedded within them. Recent evidence indicates the power source to be: a. the readjustment of the surface to continual shrinking of the whole ...
Durham Research Online
... known as the Caledonian suture, is a highly complex zone that includes major faults and diverse rock types (Soper et al. 1992). It runs down the coast of northeast Greenland and passes through northern Britain (figure 2). After a long quiescence, the supercontinent split apart again, and about 54 mi ...
... known as the Caledonian suture, is a highly complex zone that includes major faults and diverse rock types (Soper et al. 1992). It runs down the coast of northeast Greenland and passes through northern Britain (figure 2). After a long quiescence, the supercontinent split apart again, and about 54 mi ...
Ocean
An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós, the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with ""ocean"" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.Saline water covers approximately 72% of the planet's surface (~3.6×108 km2) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that only 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).As it is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, the world ocean is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much of the oceans depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist. The origin of Earth's oceans remains unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life.Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.