State Water Resources Control Board Division of Water Quality Arnold Schwarzenegger
... storms (larger waves and lower salinity discharge) and non-storm periods (smaller waves and higher salinity discharge). The study may be empirical (e.g., a dye study) and/or using a model. 18. In addition to the bacterial monitoring requirements in the Ocean Plan, coliform bacteria and total residua ...
... storms (larger waves and lower salinity discharge) and non-storm periods (smaller waves and higher salinity discharge). The study may be empirical (e.g., a dye study) and/or using a model. 18. In addition to the bacterial monitoring requirements in the Ocean Plan, coliform bacteria and total residua ...
The future of the oceans past - Philosophical Transactions of the
... Caribbean ecosystems owing to oceanographic changes associated with the rise of the Isthmus of Panama between 4 and 3 million years ago (Ma) and (ii) sudden and dramatic global changes in deep-sea communities, phytoplankton and coral reefs associated with the spike in ocean acidification during the ...
... Caribbean ecosystems owing to oceanographic changes associated with the rise of the Isthmus of Panama between 4 and 3 million years ago (Ma) and (ii) sudden and dramatic global changes in deep-sea communities, phytoplankton and coral reefs associated with the spike in ocean acidification during the ...
2016 - Plateforme Océan et Climat
... The ocean is an essential component of our planet’s climate. Scientists know this, and have repeatedly proven it: without the ocean, our greenhouse gas emissions would have disrupted the climate machine to a much greater extent. It is hence an essential regulator that is constantly threatened by hum ...
... The ocean is an essential component of our planet’s climate. Scientists know this, and have repeatedly proven it: without the ocean, our greenhouse gas emissions would have disrupted the climate machine to a much greater extent. It is hence an essential regulator that is constantly threatened by hum ...
Durham Research Online
... (Boulila et al., 2011; Turner et al., 2011; Turner et al., 2012; Fig. 5). The 13C data suggest an ...
... (Boulila et al., 2011; Turner et al., 2011; Turner et al., 2012; Fig. 5). The 13C data suggest an ...
Imaging the Gutenberg Seismic Discontinuity beneath the Oceanic
... 660 km discontinuities are from phase changes in the mineral olivine. Other discontinuities like the one found at the mantle-outer core boundary is from the transition of rock to liquid metal. However, there are several discontinuities other than those listed above that do not necessarily have a cle ...
... 660 km discontinuities are from phase changes in the mineral olivine. Other discontinuities like the one found at the mantle-outer core boundary is from the transition of rock to liquid metal. However, there are several discontinuities other than those listed above that do not necessarily have a cle ...
Document
... B. earthquakes occur from oceanic plates colliding with continental plates. C. deep-rooted mountains have cracked Earth’s crust. D. Earth’s rotation has caused weak spots in its crust. ...
... B. earthquakes occur from oceanic plates colliding with continental plates. C. deep-rooted mountains have cracked Earth’s crust. D. Earth’s rotation has caused weak spots in its crust. ...
Scientific Synthesis of the Impacts of Ocean Fertilization
... give you another ice age,” giving rise to the concept of “ocean fertilization.” With the predicted increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and the impact that this will have on humankind and life on Earth, all ideas and concepts to mitigate climate change have to be considered—controversial or n ...
... give you another ice age,” giving rise to the concept of “ocean fertilization.” With the predicted increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and the impact that this will have on humankind and life on Earth, all ideas and concepts to mitigate climate change have to be considered—controversial or n ...
P-wave crustal velocity structure in western Sichuan and eastern
... travel time of refractive and reflective phases, and the ray synthetic seismogram method[23] was used to constrain the amplitudes and improve the initial crustal velocity structure. The calculation was repeated till the final 2-D crustal model was satisfied[24]. 3.2 2-D P-wave crustal velocity struc ...
... travel time of refractive and reflective phases, and the ray synthetic seismogram method[23] was used to constrain the amplitudes and improve the initial crustal velocity structure. The calculation was repeated till the final 2-D crustal model was satisfied[24]. 3.2 2-D P-wave crustal velocity struc ...
Ocean Rises are Products of Variable Mantle Composition
... Ocean ridges, where Earth’s tectonic plates are pulled apart, vary from more than 5km depth in the Arctic to 750 m above sea level in Iceland. This huge relief is generally attributed to mantle plumes underlying mantle hotspots, areas of enormous volcanism marked by ocean islands. The plumes are tho ...
... Ocean ridges, where Earth’s tectonic plates are pulled apart, vary from more than 5km depth in the Arctic to 750 m above sea level in Iceland. This huge relief is generally attributed to mantle plumes underlying mantle hotspots, areas of enormous volcanism marked by ocean islands. The plumes are tho ...
current O a —
... ultimately, its function as habitat), as growth is dependent on the ability of reef-building corals to accrete (build skeleton) at rates faster than erosional processes can break them down. Weaker coral skeletons will probably result from decreasing aragonite saturation states, which makes the colon ...
... ultimately, its function as habitat), as growth is dependent on the ability of reef-building corals to accrete (build skeleton) at rates faster than erosional processes can break them down. Weaker coral skeletons will probably result from decreasing aragonite saturation states, which makes the colon ...
05_chapter 1
... Gelatinous zooplankton are fragile animals that live in the water column of the ocean. They have very delicate often transparent bodies that are easily damaged or destroyed (Lalli & Parsons, 2001). All jellyfish are gelatinous zooplankton, but not all gelatinous zooplankton are jellyfish. The most c ...
... Gelatinous zooplankton are fragile animals that live in the water column of the ocean. They have very delicate often transparent bodies that are easily damaged or destroyed (Lalli & Parsons, 2001). All jellyfish are gelatinous zooplankton, but not all gelatinous zooplankton are jellyfish. The most c ...
The Ocean sciences section functions, activities and work plan
... and supported by the best scientific knowledge. Management based in scientific knowledge and assessment is a priority in IOC and OSS contributes to analyse, compare and synthesise the management options for given scenarios. Scientific models are crucial to correct and adopt the right decisions when ...
... and supported by the best scientific knowledge. Management based in scientific knowledge and assessment is a priority in IOC and OSS contributes to analyse, compare and synthesise the management options for given scenarios. Scientific models are crucial to correct and adopt the right decisions when ...
Mission Moho Workshop: Drilling Through the Oceanic Crust to the
... The direct route to the Moho: There was a clear workshop consensus that the first priority for a Mission Moho should be a deep, full crustal penetration hole through the Moho and into the uppermost mantle at a single site and that the first full-penetration hole should be in fast-spread ocean crust. ...
... The direct route to the Moho: There was a clear workshop consensus that the first priority for a Mission Moho should be a deep, full crustal penetration hole through the Moho and into the uppermost mantle at a single site and that the first full-penetration hole should be in fast-spread ocean crust. ...
illuminating earth`s
... Planning for the International Ocean Discovery Program began in early 2009 with the solicitation of input from the international community on scientific topics that could be addressed by a new ocean drilling program. In September 2009, approximately 600 scientists from 21 nations gathered at the INV ...
... Planning for the International Ocean Discovery Program began in early 2009 with the solicitation of input from the international community on scientific topics that could be addressed by a new ocean drilling program. In September 2009, approximately 600 scientists from 21 nations gathered at the INV ...
Illuminating Earth`s Past, Present and Future
... Planning for the International Ocean Discovery Program began in early 2009 with the solicitation of input from the international community on scientific topics that could be addressed by a new ocean drilling program. In September 2009, approximately 600 scientists from 21 nations gathered at the INV ...
... Planning for the International Ocean Discovery Program began in early 2009 with the solicitation of input from the international community on scientific topics that could be addressed by a new ocean drilling program. In September 2009, approximately 600 scientists from 21 nations gathered at the INV ...
Scores - huntingscience
... When ground water rises to the surface causing the ground to behave like a liquid during an ...
... When ground water rises to the surface causing the ground to behave like a liquid during an ...
Compositional and density stratification in oceanic lithosphere
... consequence of seafloor spreading, that the mantle material which directly underlies oceanic crust has undergone partial melting and basalt loss beneath the midocean ridge at which the structure was formed. There is therefore a three-fold chemical zonation of the igneous part of the oceanic lithosph ...
... consequence of seafloor spreading, that the mantle material which directly underlies oceanic crust has undergone partial melting and basalt loss beneath the midocean ridge at which the structure was formed. There is therefore a three-fold chemical zonation of the igneous part of the oceanic lithosph ...
The Mean Age of Ocean Waters Inferred from Radiocarbon
... generally have a wide distribution of transit times from the surface to any particular interior point (Holzer and Hall 2000; Deleersnijder et al. 2001; Waugh et al. 2003). The focus of this work is the mass-weighted average age of ocean waters, or the ‘‘mean age,’’ which is here defined to be the me ...
... generally have a wide distribution of transit times from the surface to any particular interior point (Holzer and Hall 2000; Deleersnijder et al. 2001; Waugh et al. 2003). The focus of this work is the mass-weighted average age of ocean waters, or the ‘‘mean age,’’ which is here defined to be the me ...
Post-glacial flooding of the Beringia Land Bridge dated to 11,000 cal
... ages are calibrated using the approach as for Core 2-PC1 described above. One of two dates at 417 cm depth is, however, clearly too old when compared to the other radiocarbon samples (Table 1; Fig. 3B). This date is considered to have been derived from a reworked shell and therefore treated as an ou ...
... ages are calibrated using the approach as for Core 2-PC1 described above. One of two dates at 417 cm depth is, however, clearly too old when compared to the other radiocarbon samples (Table 1; Fig. 3B). This date is considered to have been derived from a reworked shell and therefore treated as an ou ...
a study of the circulation of the western nor th atlantic
... For a modern comparison with the "Atlantis" Bermuda to Chesapeake Bay observations, we have the "Dana" profile (Jacobsen 1929), from May 14-16, 1922. Also, there exists a shallower section (Iselin 1930) by the schooner "Chance" July 14-22, 1927 consisting of 21 stations along the same track as those ...
... For a modern comparison with the "Atlantis" Bermuda to Chesapeake Bay observations, we have the "Dana" profile (Jacobsen 1929), from May 14-16, 1922. Also, there exists a shallower section (Iselin 1930) by the schooner "Chance" July 14-22, 1927 consisting of 21 stations along the same track as those ...
Leeuwin Current - Perth Beachcombers Education Kit
... Oscillation (ENSO) events as well as westerly winds. During ENSO years, when the Leeuwin Current tends to be weak, puerulus settlement is poor. In so-called La Nina years, on the other hand, the Current tends to flow more strongly and settlement is much greater. Satellite sensors can measure undulat ...
... Oscillation (ENSO) events as well as westerly winds. During ENSO years, when the Leeuwin Current tends to be weak, puerulus settlement is poor. In so-called La Nina years, on the other hand, the Current tends to flow more strongly and settlement is much greater. Satellite sensors can measure undulat ...
Platinum-group elements (PGE) and rhenium in marine sediments
... a number of studies have shown that the Ir anomaly is often spread out over substantial distances in the sedimentary section that includes the KTB (Kastner, 1984; Kyte et al., 1985, 1993, 1996; Robin et al., 1991; Zhou et al., 1991). In some cases, this distribution corresponds to several million ye ...
... a number of studies have shown that the Ir anomaly is often spread out over substantial distances in the sedimentary section that includes the KTB (Kastner, 1984; Kyte et al., 1985, 1993, 1996; Robin et al., 1991; Zhou et al., 1991). In some cases, this distribution corresponds to several million ye ...
Sediments Are Historical Records of Ocean
... Earth’s hot interior. Marine sediment is composed of particles from land, from biological activity in the ocean, from chemical processes within water, and even from space. The blanket of seafloor sediment is thickest at the continental margins and thinnest over the active oceanic ridges. Sediments m ...
... Earth’s hot interior. Marine sediment is composed of particles from land, from biological activity in the ocean, from chemical processes within water, and even from space. The blanket of seafloor sediment is thickest at the continental margins and thinnest over the active oceanic ridges. Sediments m ...
Extremely thin crust in the Indian Ocean possibly resulting from
... basement, which Dean et al. (2010) interpret to be due to a predecollement surface (seaward propagation of the megathrust). On profile WG3, which is at about 60 km from the subduction front, this reflector also has a negative polarity and is present along the most part of the profile, interrupted by ...
... basement, which Dean et al. (2010) interpret to be due to a predecollement surface (seaward propagation of the megathrust). On profile WG3, which is at about 60 km from the subduction front, this reflector also has a negative polarity and is present along the most part of the profile, interrupted by ...
Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes
... and 1040 ppmv, respectively. The cold waters of the Arctic Ocean are also naturally low in CO22 3 concentration. Continuing research is evaluating how the Arctic Ocean’s changes in carbonate chemistry during the 21st century will differ from those in the Southern Ocean (Orr et al., 2006). The warm s ...
... and 1040 ppmv, respectively. The cold waters of the Arctic Ocean are also naturally low in CO22 3 concentration. Continuing research is evaluating how the Arctic Ocean’s changes in carbonate chemistry during the 21st century will differ from those in the Southern Ocean (Orr et al., 2006). The warm s ...
Ocean
An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós, the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with ""ocean"" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.Saline water covers approximately 72% of the planet's surface (~3.6×108 km2) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that only 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).As it is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, the world ocean is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much of the oceans depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist. The origin of Earth's oceans remains unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life.Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.