tsunami - Pacific Disaster Net
... A tsunami (a Japanese word meaning "harbour wave") is a series of waves, traveling at speeds of over 800 km/h in the deep ocean and often going unnoticed. They travel harmlessly until they reach the shallow water of a coastline where they slow down and steepen, cresting to heights of more than 10m a ...
... A tsunami (a Japanese word meaning "harbour wave") is a series of waves, traveling at speeds of over 800 km/h in the deep ocean and often going unnoticed. They travel harmlessly until they reach the shallow water of a coastline where they slow down and steepen, cresting to heights of more than 10m a ...
Plate Tectonics Lab II - Mercer Island School District
... mantle. The lithosphere is approximately 70 km thick under the oceans and perhaps 100-150 km thick under the continents. The lithosphere overlies the plastic asthenosphere. Oceanic lithosphere forms at ocean ridges from rising molten rock; it descends back into the asthenosphere in subduction zones. ...
... mantle. The lithosphere is approximately 70 km thick under the oceans and perhaps 100-150 km thick under the continents. The lithosphere overlies the plastic asthenosphere. Oceanic lithosphere forms at ocean ridges from rising molten rock; it descends back into the asthenosphere in subduction zones. ...
Review of Ocean Literacy in European Maritime Policy
... coastline 89,000 km in length, Europe has an estimated coastal population of at least 200 million (Depledge et al., 2013) and in line with worldwide trends; population sizes along Europe's coasts are increasing. Global ecosystem services provided by the ocean, and on which we depend, include raw mat ...
... coastline 89,000 km in length, Europe has an estimated coastal population of at least 200 million (Depledge et al., 2013) and in line with worldwide trends; population sizes along Europe's coasts are increasing. Global ecosystem services provided by the ocean, and on which we depend, include raw mat ...
Energy of plate tectonics calculation and projection
... representation based on Floyd (1991), pages 31 and 127. The earth’s internal heat to land is readily radiated to space and therefore it is not shown in the figure. In Fig. 1a, most of the internal heat to the ocean, Qi , is exchanged with sea water through the lithosphere (ocean crust and the solid ...
... representation based on Floyd (1991), pages 31 and 127. The earth’s internal heat to land is readily radiated to space and therefore it is not shown in the figure. In Fig. 1a, most of the internal heat to the ocean, Qi , is exchanged with sea water through the lithosphere (ocean crust and the solid ...
22.4 Plate Tectonics
... sink into the mantle in the process of subduction. Subduction zones are near the edges of oceanic plates. As a plate sinks through a subduction zone, it bends, forming a depression in the ocean floor called a trench. ...
... sink into the mantle in the process of subduction. Subduction zones are near the edges of oceanic plates. As a plate sinks through a subduction zone, it bends, forming a depression in the ocean floor called a trench. ...
The strengthening East Australian Current, its eddies and
... The poleward flowing East Australian Current (EAC) is characterised by its separation from the coast, 100–200 nautical miles north of Sydney, to form the eastward flowing Tasman Front and a southward flowing eddy field. The separation zone greatly influences coastal ecosystems for the relatively narrow c ...
... The poleward flowing East Australian Current (EAC) is characterised by its separation from the coast, 100–200 nautical miles north of Sydney, to form the eastward flowing Tasman Front and a southward flowing eddy field. The separation zone greatly influences coastal ecosystems for the relatively narrow c ...
Evidence for strong sediment redistribution by bottom currents along
... In the Southern Ocean, sediment redistribution may be especially signi"cant because of the relatively strong currents associated with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Antarctic Bottom Water. Evidence for strong currents is found in scour zones and in contourite deposits, such as along the e ...
... In the Southern Ocean, sediment redistribution may be especially signi"cant because of the relatively strong currents associated with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Antarctic Bottom Water. Evidence for strong currents is found in scour zones and in contourite deposits, such as along the e ...
DEEP SEA. WASTE DISPOSAL
... considering the research required for high level disposal in the deep ocean. The International Council of Scientific Unions has recently considered (at the lyth General Assembly) a report on the "Question of ICSU involvement in the problem of disposal of nuclear wastes" in which it was proposed to s ...
... considering the research required for high level disposal in the deep ocean. The International Council of Scientific Unions has recently considered (at the lyth General Assembly) a report on the "Question of ICSU involvement in the problem of disposal of nuclear wastes" in which it was proposed to s ...
Gulf of Maine Strategic Regional Ocean Science Plan
... ecological, environmental, and social influences in coastal and marine ecosystems at the regional level. In response to a call for regional coordination of research by the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, the National Sea Grant College Program funded ten projects to develop regional ocean research p ...
... ecological, environmental, and social influences in coastal and marine ecosystems at the regional level. In response to a call for regional coordination of research by the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, the National Sea Grant College Program funded ten projects to develop regional ocean research p ...
Continents in Motion: The Search for a Unifying Theory
... Continents in Motion: The Search for a Unifying Theory Scientists in all disciplines constantly search for broad explanations that shed light on the detailed facts, recurring patterns, and interrelated processes that they observe and analyze. Is there one broad theory that can help explain how and w ...
... Continents in Motion: The Search for a Unifying Theory Scientists in all disciplines constantly search for broad explanations that shed light on the detailed facts, recurring patterns, and interrelated processes that they observe and analyze. Is there one broad theory that can help explain how and w ...
Imaging the seismic lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary of the
... 1. Introduction [2] Oceanic tectonic plates form at mid‐oceanic ...
... 1. Introduction [2] Oceanic tectonic plates form at mid‐oceanic ...
The Effects of Plastic Pollution on Aquatic Wildlife
... traveling long distances; ending up in terrestrial environments, along shorelines, or floating in the open ocean (Zbyszewski and Corcoran 2011). For example, pill bottles from India along with oil and detergent containers from Russia, Korea, and China have been found on the southern parts of Hawaii ...
... traveling long distances; ending up in terrestrial environments, along shorelines, or floating in the open ocean (Zbyszewski and Corcoran 2011). For example, pill bottles from India along with oil and detergent containers from Russia, Korea, and China have been found on the southern parts of Hawaii ...
Microbial community structure in the
North Pacific ocean
... known phylogenetic diversity across all three domains. Comparisons of unique sequences revealed a remarkably low degree of overlap between communities at each depth. The 444 147 sequence tags analyzed represented 62 975 unique sequences. Of these, 3707 (5.9%) occurred at two depths, and only 298 (0. ...
North Pacific ocean
... known phylogenetic diversity across all three domains. Comparisons of unique sequences revealed a remarkably low degree of overlap between communities at each depth. The 444 147 sequence tags analyzed represented 62 975 unique sequences. Of these, 3707 (5.9%) occurred at two depths, and only 298 (0. ...
2013 - MBARI
... curling their elongate bodies into circular shapes (Figure 4). The behavior is a case of protective mimicry in which the animals change their appearance to resemble jellies that are unpalatable to the predators. Other animals practice aggressive mimicry—fishes, squids, and a variety of jellies use b ...
... curling their elongate bodies into circular shapes (Figure 4). The behavior is a case of protective mimicry in which the animals change their appearance to resemble jellies that are unpalatable to the predators. Other animals practice aggressive mimicry—fishes, squids, and a variety of jellies use b ...
Water transportation from the subducting slab into the mantle
... then again carried down to the transition zone due to the induced convection. At this depth, hydrous β-phase olivine is stable and plays a role as a huge water reservoir. In contrast, if the geothermal gradient is high, the subducted slab may melt at 700–900 °C at depths shallower than 80 km to form ...
... then again carried down to the transition zone due to the induced convection. At this depth, hydrous β-phase olivine is stable and plays a role as a huge water reservoir. In contrast, if the geothermal gradient is high, the subducted slab may melt at 700–900 °C at depths shallower than 80 km to form ...
Section 5 Plate Boundary Environments
... scientists for several reasons. They are believed to play an important role in the chemistry of the oceans. They supply chemicals to ocean water. While most of the deep ocean contains little life, many different types of organisms exist around the vents. These living things fascinate scientists. The ...
... scientists for several reasons. They are believed to play an important role in the chemistry of the oceans. They supply chemicals to ocean water. While most of the deep ocean contains little life, many different types of organisms exist around the vents. These living things fascinate scientists. The ...
Petrological nature of the oceanic Moho
... Nature of the Moho has been controversial for a long time; an isochemical phase transition boundary between gabbro (crust) and eclogite (mantle) was favored for the Moho by some people while a chemical boundary between mafic rocks (crust) and peridotitic rocks (upper mantle) is now favored by a majo ...
... Nature of the Moho has been controversial for a long time; an isochemical phase transition boundary between gabbro (crust) and eclogite (mantle) was favored for the Moho by some people while a chemical boundary between mafic rocks (crust) and peridotitic rocks (upper mantle) is now favored by a majo ...
THE AZORES
... The motion of the plates in the Azores region, with respect to the hot spot, is poorly constrained. ...
... The motion of the plates in the Azores region, with respect to the hot spot, is poorly constrained. ...
Chapter 32: Plate Tectonics: A Working Model for the Earth
... Benioff, 1899-1968, the American seismologist who discovered them), are imaginary surfaces (almost planes) along which the hypocenters of earthquakes associated with island arcs occur. These planes begin near the surface at the deep ocean trenches and then slope downward underneath the island arcs, ...
... Benioff, 1899-1968, the American seismologist who discovered them), are imaginary surfaces (almost planes) along which the hypocenters of earthquakes associated with island arcs occur. These planes begin near the surface at the deep ocean trenches and then slope downward underneath the island arcs, ...
Calcium isotopic composition of high-latitude
... response of Ca isotopic composition to temperature. Gussone et al. (2003) and Griffith et al. (2008) exhibited a small temperature sensitivity of 0.02‰ per 1◦ C for cultured planktonic foraminifera Orbulina universa, and seven planktonic foraminifera species taken from core-top sediments, respective ...
... response of Ca isotopic composition to temperature. Gussone et al. (2003) and Griffith et al. (2008) exhibited a small temperature sensitivity of 0.02‰ per 1◦ C for cultured planktonic foraminifera Orbulina universa, and seven planktonic foraminifera species taken from core-top sediments, respective ...
Origin of Indian Ocean Seamount Province by shallow
... ridge. The seamounts also exhibit an enriched geochemical signal, indicating that recycled continental lithosphere was present in their source. Plate tectonic reconstructions show that the seamount province formed at the position where West Burma began separating from Australia and India, forming a ...
... ridge. The seamounts also exhibit an enriched geochemical signal, indicating that recycled continental lithosphere was present in their source. Plate tectonic reconstructions show that the seamount province formed at the position where West Burma began separating from Australia and India, forming a ...
Search for Life in the Universe
... – Smaller bodies lose energy faster per unit mass Earth and Venus active Moon and Mercury inactive Mars low level of activity ...
... – Smaller bodies lose energy faster per unit mass Earth and Venus active Moon and Mercury inactive Mars low level of activity ...
effects of ridge subduction on upper plate deformations: the juan
... The Juan Fernandez ridge corresponds to a small, narrow (less than 100 km) and discontinuous topographical anomaly in the present-day Pacific Ocean bathymetry (Fig. 2). The precise reconstruction of the ridge geometry below South America shows it coincides with the flatter and longer segment of the ...
... The Juan Fernandez ridge corresponds to a small, narrow (less than 100 km) and discontinuous topographical anomaly in the present-day Pacific Ocean bathymetry (Fig. 2). The precise reconstruction of the ridge geometry below South America shows it coincides with the flatter and longer segment of the ...
Enrichment of silicate and CO2 and circulation of the bottom water in
... In spite of the general similarity in the distributions of the various properties, there are also some striking differences. Some of these result from the different dynamic ranges in the source water masses (Table 1), e.g., the largest percent change of the silicate values implies that the injection ...
... In spite of the general similarity in the distributions of the various properties, there are also some striking differences. Some of these result from the different dynamic ranges in the source water masses (Table 1), e.g., the largest percent change of the silicate values implies that the injection ...
Ocean
An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós, the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with ""ocean"" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.Saline water covers approximately 72% of the planet's surface (~3.6×108 km2) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that only 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).As it is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, the world ocean is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much of the oceans depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist. The origin of Earth's oceans remains unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life.Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.