Plate Tectonics: The Unifying Theory
... Plate Tectonics • Fundamental concept of geoscience • Integrates from many branches • First suggested based on geology and paleontology • Fully embraced after evidence from geophysics ...
... Plate Tectonics • Fundamental concept of geoscience • Integrates from many branches • First suggested based on geology and paleontology • Fully embraced after evidence from geophysics ...
Full-Text
... Devonian brachiopod genera Neomphyma, Ivdelinia and corals Riphaeolites, Pachyfavosites, and Acanthophyllum. There is also a drastic impoverishment of the Silurian fauna with only infrequent specimens of Lissatrypa kuschvensis (Tschern.) (Tyazheva et al. 1976). The very few conodonts are represented ...
... Devonian brachiopod genera Neomphyma, Ivdelinia and corals Riphaeolites, Pachyfavosites, and Acanthophyllum. There is also a drastic impoverishment of the Silurian fauna with only infrequent specimens of Lissatrypa kuschvensis (Tschern.) (Tyazheva et al. 1976). The very few conodonts are represented ...
Mesoscale hydrological variability induced by northwesterly wind on
... theory, northwesterly to northerly winds induce upwelling in the south part of the Loire because the coastline is actually oriented N-S, whereas westerly to northwesterly winds generate upwelling to the north of the Loire as the coastline is oriented NWSE (Lazure and Jégou, 1998). Density currents a ...
... theory, northwesterly to northerly winds induce upwelling in the south part of the Loire because the coastline is actually oriented N-S, whereas westerly to northwesterly winds generate upwelling to the north of the Loire as the coastline is oriented NWSE (Lazure and Jégou, 1998). Density currents a ...
Executive summary of the updated synthesis of the impacts of
... of water depth. Coastal ecosystems and habitats experience greater variability than those in the open ocean, due to both physical and biological processes. ...
... of water depth. Coastal ecosystems and habitats experience greater variability than those in the open ocean, due to both physical and biological processes. ...
Working Paper
... The possible effects of raised C02 and other greenhouse gases on climate have been investigated using general circulation models (GCMs) by several modelling groups including the UK Meteorological Office (UKMO), the US National Center for Atmospheric Research at Boulder (NCAR), the Goddard Institute ...
... The possible effects of raised C02 and other greenhouse gases on climate have been investigated using general circulation models (GCMs) by several modelling groups including the UK Meteorological Office (UKMO), the US National Center for Atmospheric Research at Boulder (NCAR), the Goddard Institute ...
Terrigenous Sediments - Lamont
... Terrigenous sediments are the weathering products of rocks exposed at the Earth’s surface. They are brought to the ocean by rivers, winds, and ice and may be redistributed in the ocean by currents. Accordingly variations in composition, grain size, and flux of terrigenous marine sediments hold clues ...
... Terrigenous sediments are the weathering products of rocks exposed at the Earth’s surface. They are brought to the ocean by rivers, winds, and ice and may be redistributed in the ocean by currents. Accordingly variations in composition, grain size, and flux of terrigenous marine sediments hold clues ...
Title Scaling Surface Mixing/Mixed Layer Depth under Stabilizing
... with satellite remote sensing, enable us to investigate the scaling of the mixed layer depth in global oceans in an extensive and quantitative manner. In this study, we first analyzed observed oceanic data and investigated parameter dependences of the stabilized mixed layer depth (hereinafter referr ...
... with satellite remote sensing, enable us to investigate the scaling of the mixed layer depth in global oceans in an extensive and quantitative manner. In this study, we first analyzed observed oceanic data and investigated parameter dependences of the stabilized mixed layer depth (hereinafter referr ...
conference handbook
... This presentation explores efforts to measure the impact of the Ocean Literacy Principles and the related materials that have resulted from educator-scientist collaborations led by the Center for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence—California (COSEE—CA). More specifically, COSEE—CA researchers have ...
... This presentation explores efforts to measure the impact of the Ocean Literacy Principles and the related materials that have resulted from educator-scientist collaborations led by the Center for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence—California (COSEE—CA). More specifically, COSEE—CA researchers have ...
Plate Tectonics
... *Later in the 1960’s, Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews, a Cambridge University professor/student team, discovered the principles of magnetic patterns on the ocean floor and went on the road to present their discoveries. They published first in a rather obscure journal and then on the lecture cir ...
... *Later in the 1960’s, Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews, a Cambridge University professor/student team, discovered the principles of magnetic patterns on the ocean floor and went on the road to present their discoveries. They published first in a rather obscure journal and then on the lecture cir ...
marine sediments in GE v3
... 1. Go to the GEODE website http://geode.net/exploring-marine-sediments-using-google-earth/ and click on: Surficial Sea Floor Sediment Map Data v2.kmz. Save the file to your computer, and then click on the file to open it. This will automatically open the file in Google Earth. 2. Be sure that the Sed ...
... 1. Go to the GEODE website http://geode.net/exploring-marine-sediments-using-google-earth/ and click on: Surficial Sea Floor Sediment Map Data v2.kmz. Save the file to your computer, and then click on the file to open it. This will automatically open the file in Google Earth. 2. Be sure that the Sed ...
WG3 Central and South Atlantic Region DRAFT
... All of the sub-regions of the Central and South Atlantic are experiencing major environmental changes due to human activity. Rising temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide are causing ocean warming and acidification in most places. Coastal waters also experience impacts from nearby landmasses and ...
... All of the sub-regions of the Central and South Atlantic are experiencing major environmental changes due to human activity. Rising temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide are causing ocean warming and acidification in most places. Coastal waters also experience impacts from nearby landmasses and ...
8 Multiple plate collisions and the end of the Iapetus Ocean
... essentially closed. It is clear from the comparison of Figures 8.1a and b that the Iapetus Ocean closed in a scissor-like manner, with closure first in the southwest and progressing north-eastwards. This closure was a consequence of the oblique convergence and anticlockwise rotation of Eastern Avalo ...
... essentially closed. It is clear from the comparison of Figures 8.1a and b that the Iapetus Ocean closed in a scissor-like manner, with closure first in the southwest and progressing north-eastwards. This closure was a consequence of the oblique convergence and anticlockwise rotation of Eastern Avalo ...
Coastal and Ocean Management Strategy and Policy Framework for
... For hundreds of years, the people of Newfoundland and Labrador have relied on the marine resources from our waters. The strong connection to the sea is reflected in the depth of our culture and heritage. In fact, 90 per cent of Newfoundland and Labrador’s population resides in coastal areas. For cen ...
... For hundreds of years, the people of Newfoundland and Labrador have relied on the marine resources from our waters. The strong connection to the sea is reflected in the depth of our culture and heritage. In fact, 90 per cent of Newfoundland and Labrador’s population resides in coastal areas. For cen ...
Patterns of life on the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge
... It has prominent topographic features, in particular, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This feature largely determines deepwater circulation patterns that connect this ocean to the North Atlantic, Southern, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Yet very little is known about biodiversity patterns in the South Atlantic ...
... It has prominent topographic features, in particular, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This feature largely determines deepwater circulation patterns that connect this ocean to the North Atlantic, Southern, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Yet very little is known about biodiversity patterns in the South Atlantic ...
Unit 3: Introducing Earth
... rings that a tree has equals its age. Careful examination of tree rings can give detailed information about the age of a piece of wood and the growing conditions a tree experienced during its life time. Scientists compare tree rings to a catalog of tree ring history to figure out the age of certain ...
... rings that a tree has equals its age. Careful examination of tree rings can give detailed information about the age of a piece of wood and the growing conditions a tree experienced during its life time. Scientists compare tree rings to a catalog of tree ring history to figure out the age of certain ...
Observed development of the vertical structure of the marine
... in the Mediterranean Sea area, which plays a crucial role as source of energy and moisture for the European Climate. The Mediterranean area is a transitional zone between the subtropical desert area of North Africa and the continental regions of Central and North Europe. Therefore, its climate regim ...
... in the Mediterranean Sea area, which plays a crucial role as source of energy and moisture for the European Climate. The Mediterranean area is a transitional zone between the subtropical desert area of North Africa and the continental regions of Central and North Europe. Therefore, its climate regim ...
the southern ocean observing system
... 3. The role of the ocean in the stability of the Antarctic ice sheet and its contribution to sea-level rise 4. The future and consequences of Southern Ocean carbon uptake 5. The future of Antarctic sea ice 6. The impacts of global change on Southern Ocean ecosystems There is an urgent need to increa ...
... 3. The role of the ocean in the stability of the Antarctic ice sheet and its contribution to sea-level rise 4. The future and consequences of Southern Ocean carbon uptake 5. The future of Antarctic sea ice 6. The impacts of global change on Southern Ocean ecosystems There is an urgent need to increa ...
The Southern Ocean Observing System
... 3. The role of the ocean in the stability of the Antarctic ice sheet and its contribution to sea-level rise 4. The future and consequences of Southern Ocean carbon uptake 5. The future of Antarctic sea ice 6. The impacts of global change on Southern Ocean ecosystems There is an urgent need to increa ...
... 3. The role of the ocean in the stability of the Antarctic ice sheet and its contribution to sea-level rise 4. The future and consequences of Southern Ocean carbon uptake 5. The future of Antarctic sea ice 6. The impacts of global change on Southern Ocean ecosystems There is an urgent need to increa ...
6: Environmental Considerations
... Mineral deposits are found in many different environments ranging from shallow water (sand, gravel, phosphorites, and placers) to deep water (cobalt crusts, polymetallic sulfides, and manganese nodules). These environments include both the most biologically productive areas of the coastal ocean as w ...
... Mineral deposits are found in many different environments ranging from shallow water (sand, gravel, phosphorites, and placers) to deep water (cobalt crusts, polymetallic sulfides, and manganese nodules). These environments include both the most biologically productive areas of the coastal ocean as w ...
Sensitivity of euphotic zone properties to CDOM variations in marine
... frequently applied as background attenuation in ecosystem modelling (Sarmiento and Gruber, 2006, see also Table 1). Fasham et al. (1990) noted, however, that the background attenuation was one of the most critical parameters in their model even though it was varied on a relatively narrow range of 0. ...
... frequently applied as background attenuation in ecosystem modelling (Sarmiento and Gruber, 2006, see also Table 1). Fasham et al. (1990) noted, however, that the background attenuation was one of the most critical parameters in their model even though it was varied on a relatively narrow range of 0. ...
1 Ocean Islands and Plume Magmatism
... Other marked features include two large slow anomalies under Africa and the central Pacific Ocean that originate at the CMB (core-mantle boundary)and extend well up into the lower mantle. Also prominent are the seismically fast continental shields in the upper mantle: the South and West African Crat ...
... Other marked features include two large slow anomalies under Africa and the central Pacific Ocean that originate at the CMB (core-mantle boundary)and extend well up into the lower mantle. Also prominent are the seismically fast continental shields in the upper mantle: the South and West African Crat ...
B6 Isostacy B6.1 Airy and Pratt hypotheses
... plumb line was used when measuring the elevation angle of a particular star, as described in B1 when Jean Picard measured the radius of the Earth. • North-South distances in India were measured with two methods (a) changes in elevation of stars and (b) direct measurements on the ground using triangu ...
... plumb line was used when measuring the elevation angle of a particular star, as described in B1 when Jean Picard measured the radius of the Earth. • North-South distances in India were measured with two methods (a) changes in elevation of stars and (b) direct measurements on the ground using triangu ...
The Science of Tsunamis
... transforming the surface of the Earth. Over time, as landmasses collide, an ocean that separated the masses may disappear, while the previous ocean bottom is lifted above sea level. Plates may deform along their borders into mountain ranges. Landmasses that make up the continental crust may slide ho ...
... transforming the surface of the Earth. Over time, as landmasses collide, an ocean that separated the masses may disappear, while the previous ocean bottom is lifted above sea level. Plates may deform along their borders into mountain ranges. Landmasses that make up the continental crust may slide ho ...
Ocean
An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós, the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with ""ocean"" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.Saline water covers approximately 72% of the planet's surface (~3.6×108 km2) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that only 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).As it is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, the world ocean is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much of the oceans depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist. The origin of Earth's oceans remains unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life.Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.