On the formation, ventilation, and erosion of mode waters in the
... model runs as random variables themselves, each with an associated posterior probability (roughly interpreted to be the degree of our belief that a model simulates the observations better than other models) that we use to weight the outputs to come up with a final estimate. The observations we use h ...
... model runs as random variables themselves, each with an associated posterior probability (roughly interpreted to be the degree of our belief that a model simulates the observations better than other models) that we use to weight the outputs to come up with a final estimate. The observations we use h ...
Terra Nova 2012 Jagoutz
... the major element difference between Archean TTG and post-Archean GG. Based on an extensive compilation of experimental melt compositions, Moyen and Stevens (2006), have inferred that the Na concentration of the melt is dependent on the pressure of melting, with high pressure melts have high Na conce ...
... the major element difference between Archean TTG and post-Archean GG. Based on an extensive compilation of experimental melt compositions, Moyen and Stevens (2006), have inferred that the Na concentration of the melt is dependent on the pressure of melting, with high pressure melts have high Na conce ...
IOC Regional Committee for the Southern Ocean (Sixth Session
... Recommends that the IOC Executive Council encourages the satellite agencies to undertake a dedicated gravity mission; Also recommends that the IOC Executive Council encourages the Member States of IOC to support research programs on sea-ice remote sensing, and that IOC invites the satellite operatin ...
... Recommends that the IOC Executive Council encourages the satellite agencies to undertake a dedicated gravity mission; Also recommends that the IOC Executive Council encourages the Member States of IOC to support research programs on sea-ice remote sensing, and that IOC invites the satellite operatin ...
Oceanic lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary from - HAL
... maximum in the asthenosphere, while the elastic lithosphere jointly moves with the plate. As a part of the adiabatic convecting mantle, the LAB within the upper thermal boundary layer can be considered as the limit between a conductive lithosphere and a convective asthenosphere. The LAB is classical ...
... maximum in the asthenosphere, while the elastic lithosphere jointly moves with the plate. As a part of the adiabatic convecting mantle, the LAB within the upper thermal boundary layer can be considered as the limit between a conductive lithosphere and a convective asthenosphere. The LAB is classical ...
Arc Magmatism
... • The parent magma for the calc-alkaline series is a high alumina basalt, a type of basalt that is largely restricted to the subduction zone environment, and the origin of which is controversial • Some high-Mg (>8wt% MgO) high alumina basalts may be primary, as may some andesites, but most surface ...
... • The parent magma for the calc-alkaline series is a high alumina basalt, a type of basalt that is largely restricted to the subduction zone environment, and the origin of which is controversial • Some high-Mg (>8wt% MgO) high alumina basalts may be primary, as may some andesites, but most surface ...
Quantifying the Cenozoic marine diatom
... crofossil abundance in sediments. Smear slides however do not provide estimates of chert abundance, and thus systematically underestimate opal in sections where significant silica diagenesis has occurred. This, however, only affects significantly the older Paleogene record, as chert abundance has be ...
... crofossil abundance in sediments. Smear slides however do not provide estimates of chert abundance, and thus systematically underestimate opal in sections where significant silica diagenesis has occurred. This, however, only affects significantly the older Paleogene record, as chert abundance has be ...
Self-subduction of the Pangaean global plate
... transtensional (pull-apart) basins throughout the Pangaea plate. One such basin evolved into a new ocean, the Neotethys, giving rise to the Cimmerian ribbon continent, which now forms parts of modern Turkey, Iran and Tibet. The ribbon continent rifted from Pangaea, terminating the Pangaean self-subd ...
... transtensional (pull-apart) basins throughout the Pangaea plate. One such basin evolved into a new ocean, the Neotethys, giving rise to the Cimmerian ribbon continent, which now forms parts of modern Turkey, Iran and Tibet. The ribbon continent rifted from Pangaea, terminating the Pangaean self-subd ...
ESS 202 - Earthquakes
... from thrust faults • Imagine a vertical line through the fault. The crust above the intersection of the line with the fault is called the hanging wall, the crust below the intersection is called the footwall. • If the hanging wall is moving up, the fault is a thrust ...
... from thrust faults • Imagine a vertical line through the fault. The crust above the intersection of the line with the fault is called the hanging wall, the crust below the intersection is called the footwall. • If the hanging wall is moving up, the fault is a thrust ...
DS3F White Paper - Deep Sea Frontier
... past. Neither the deep biosphere, likely the largest biomass pool in the global carbon cycle, nor other extremophiles at hydrothermal vents (>400°C), beneath salt bodies or in areas of low energy supply would have been discovered without drilling. Tapping into the deep Earth beneath the ocean furthe ...
... past. Neither the deep biosphere, likely the largest biomass pool in the global carbon cycle, nor other extremophiles at hydrothermal vents (>400°C), beneath salt bodies or in areas of low energy supply would have been discovered without drilling. Tapping into the deep Earth beneath the ocean furthe ...
Is the Empirical Evidence for Plate Tectonics Enough? Quote: Plate
... dissolved gases. These melts rise to the surface and are the source of some of the most explosive volcanism on Earth because of their high volumes of extremely pressurized gases (consider Mount St. Helens). The melts rise to the surface and cool forming long chains of volcanoes inland from the conti ...
... dissolved gases. These melts rise to the surface and are the source of some of the most explosive volcanism on Earth because of their high volumes of extremely pressurized gases (consider Mount St. Helens). The melts rise to the surface and cool forming long chains of volcanoes inland from the conti ...
pHet Worksheet
... tools in the lower left corner to qualitatively compare the thickness, density, and temperature of the oceanic and continental crust samples. Complete the table below. Crust Type Oceanic ...
... tools in the lower left corner to qualitatively compare the thickness, density, and temperature of the oceanic and continental crust samples. Complete the table below. Crust Type Oceanic ...
Plate Tectonics: GL209 Prof. John Tarney Lecture 3: Wilson Cycle 1
... extrapolation from land geology based on deep drill holes. The critical point is the huge thicknesses of Mesozoic and Tertiary sediments, here shown as almost 15 km, but in other cross-sections this can be even thicker. Note that at the bottom of this pile are ...
... extrapolation from land geology based on deep drill holes. The critical point is the huge thicknesses of Mesozoic and Tertiary sediments, here shown as almost 15 km, but in other cross-sections this can be even thicker. Note that at the bottom of this pile are ...
Plate Tectonics
... is made of many pieces. They fit side by side like a puzzle. Unlike a puzzle, those pieces move. They push each other. They crash and smash. The pieces are called tectonic plates. There are two types of plates on Earth. Oceanic plates are under the ocean water. Continental plates are under land. ...
... is made of many pieces. They fit side by side like a puzzle. Unlike a puzzle, those pieces move. They push each other. They crash and smash. The pieces are called tectonic plates. There are two types of plates on Earth. Oceanic plates are under the ocean water. Continental plates are under land. ...
Stable isotope technique for evaluation of organic matter movement
... which was known as one of the most polluted coastal areas in Japan. Sedimental cores and particulate matter samples from the Yodo River and the Osaka Bay were collected for examination of 6^C, 6^N, carbon and nitrogen contents. Means 6^C for sediment, large size of participate organic matter (15-149 ...
... which was known as one of the most polluted coastal areas in Japan. Sedimental cores and particulate matter samples from the Yodo River and the Osaka Bay were collected for examination of 6^C, 6^N, carbon and nitrogen contents. Means 6^C for sediment, large size of participate organic matter (15-149 ...
200 K higher than assumed in
... U, Th, K and other LIL are concentrated in the crust & the upper mantle boundary layer during the radial zone refining associated with accretion (Birch, Tatsumoto…). This accentuates the thermal bump. ...
... U, Th, K and other LIL are concentrated in the crust & the upper mantle boundary layer during the radial zone refining associated with accretion (Birch, Tatsumoto…). This accentuates the thermal bump. ...
Olsson - BORA
... In an attempt to quantify the fraction of the different water masses within the EGC, Optimum Multiparameter (OMP) analysis was conducted on the data, following Tomczak and Large (1989) and Karstensen and Tomczak (2000). OMP analysis is based on a simple model of linear mixing assuming that all water ...
... In an attempt to quantify the fraction of the different water masses within the EGC, Optimum Multiparameter (OMP) analysis was conducted on the data, following Tomczak and Large (1989) and Karstensen and Tomczak (2000). OMP analysis is based on a simple model of linear mixing assuming that all water ...
NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE A Destabilizing Thermohaline
... Since much of the direct forcing for the THC takes place at high latitudes, sea ice probably plays a significant role in the climate system; however, the exact nature of its interaction with the THC is unknown. Sea ice directly affects the density of the ocean in two ways. First, when sea ice forms, ...
... Since much of the direct forcing for the THC takes place at high latitudes, sea ice probably plays a significant role in the climate system; however, the exact nature of its interaction with the THC is unknown. Sea ice directly affects the density of the ocean in two ways. First, when sea ice forms, ...
How Waves Reveal Internal Structure of the Earth.
... Because the continental crust is less dense the equilibrium level is not 1/8 : 7/8 but ¼ : ¾. In other words, the continental crust floats higher than the oceanic crust – like an empty (low density) boat floats higher than a laden (high density) one. Incidentally, we can use this difference in the e ...
... Because the continental crust is less dense the equilibrium level is not 1/8 : 7/8 but ¼ : ¾. In other words, the continental crust floats higher than the oceanic crust – like an empty (low density) boat floats higher than a laden (high density) one. Incidentally, we can use this difference in the e ...
Diel Oscillations in Whale Shark Vertical
... after 87 d showed increased meso- and bathypelagic diving while crossing the bathymetrically nonconstraining southern part of the Mozambique Channel. After three weeks with daily maximum diving depths in the epipelagic zone at the beginning of the track, when the whale shark stayed close to the Moza ...
... after 87 d showed increased meso- and bathypelagic diving while crossing the bathymetrically nonconstraining southern part of the Mozambique Channel. After three weeks with daily maximum diving depths in the epipelagic zone at the beginning of the track, when the whale shark stayed close to the Moza ...
The Mantle and Creation of the Oceanic Crust The Mantle
... Ridges stand above the surrounding seafloor by ~ 2 km. The are not elevated because of a build-up of lava flows. The oceanic crust is typically 6 km thick everywhere (if anything, crust is thinner right at the axis). Ridges and rises are elevated is because they are hot and ...
... Ridges stand above the surrounding seafloor by ~ 2 km. The are not elevated because of a build-up of lava flows. The oceanic crust is typically 6 km thick everywhere (if anything, crust is thinner right at the axis). Ridges and rises are elevated is because they are hot and ...
junior cert paper breakdown and 2010 sample
... (i) The type of weathering shown in the diagram is Physical/Mechanical Weathering this type of mechanical weathering is known as freeze-thaw which is the break up of rock by frost action (ii) It occurs when 1- precipitation seeps into the joints and cracks in a rock by day. 2 - The temperature drops ...
... (i) The type of weathering shown in the diagram is Physical/Mechanical Weathering this type of mechanical weathering is known as freeze-thaw which is the break up of rock by frost action (ii) It occurs when 1- precipitation seeps into the joints and cracks in a rock by day. 2 - The temperature drops ...
Deep ocean ventilation, carbon isotopes, marine sedimentation and
... the depth of the CaCO3 saturation horizon and the sedimentation rate of CaCO3 , organic carbon and opal are compared to available paleo-data to assess the importance of changes in deep ocean ventilation for glacial-interglacial CO2 variations. Paleo-records of CO2 carbon isotope composition provide ...
... the depth of the CaCO3 saturation horizon and the sedimentation rate of CaCO3 , organic carbon and opal are compared to available paleo-data to assess the importance of changes in deep ocean ventilation for glacial-interglacial CO2 variations. Paleo-records of CO2 carbon isotope composition provide ...
actaAdriat Adricosm.indd - Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo
... October 2002, the surface layer was still warm compared to the deep layers (Fig. 4). However, isotherm slopes suggest that the warm layer is deeper at the Dubrovnik side of the transect than at the Bari side, caused by intrusions of warmer LIW into the eastern Adriatic. The influence of this intrusi ...
... October 2002, the surface layer was still warm compared to the deep layers (Fig. 4). However, isotherm slopes suggest that the warm layer is deeper at the Dubrovnik side of the transect than at the Bari side, caused by intrusions of warmer LIW into the eastern Adriatic. The influence of this intrusi ...
Evidence for both crustal and mantle earthquakes in the subducting
... with our observation, that the upper and lower seismic layer represent the brittle upper oceanic crust and the brittle uppermost mantle, respectively, with the two seismic layers being separated by a ductile lower oceanic crust. [14] Kirby et al. [1996] showed that large volume changes related to th ...
... with our observation, that the upper and lower seismic layer represent the brittle upper oceanic crust and the brittle uppermost mantle, respectively, with the two seismic layers being separated by a ductile lower oceanic crust. [14] Kirby et al. [1996] showed that large volume changes related to th ...
Supplemental Readings on Plate Tectonics and
... than it is on the outside. How much hotter is it? Well, geophysicists estimate that the center of the Earth has a temperature somewhere in the neighborhood of 4000°–5000°C (7000°–9000°F); the earth's surface has a temperature range of -50° to +50°C (-60° to 120°F). Now, another way of describing the ...
... than it is on the outside. How much hotter is it? Well, geophysicists estimate that the center of the Earth has a temperature somewhere in the neighborhood of 4000°–5000°C (7000°–9000°F); the earth's surface has a temperature range of -50° to +50°C (-60° to 120°F). Now, another way of describing the ...
Ocean
An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós, the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with ""ocean"" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.Saline water covers approximately 72% of the planet's surface (~3.6×108 km2) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that only 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).As it is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, the world ocean is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much of the oceans depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist. The origin of Earth's oceans remains unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life.Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.