Durham Research Online
... known as the Caledonian suture, is a highly complex zone that includes major faults and diverse rock types (Soper et al. 1992). It runs down the coast of northeast Greenland and passes through northern Britain (figure 2). After a long quiescence, the supercontinent split apart again, and about 54 mi ...
... known as the Caledonian suture, is a highly complex zone that includes major faults and diverse rock types (Soper et al. 1992). It runs down the coast of northeast Greenland and passes through northern Britain (figure 2). After a long quiescence, the supercontinent split apart again, and about 54 mi ...
Impact of the Arctic Ocean Atlantic water layer on Siberian shelf
... the mid‐1990s and the mid‐2000s is consistent with outer shelf bottom temperature variability. For April–May 2008 we observed on‐shelf near‐bottom warm and saline water intrusions up to the 20 m isobath. These intrusions are typically about 0.2°C warmer and 1–1.5 practical salinity units saltier tha ...
... the mid‐1990s and the mid‐2000s is consistent with outer shelf bottom temperature variability. For April–May 2008 we observed on‐shelf near‐bottom warm and saline water intrusions up to the 20 m isobath. These intrusions are typically about 0.2°C warmer and 1–1.5 practical salinity units saltier tha ...
Seafloor weathering controls on atmospheric C02 and global climate
... of Honnorez, 1981 ) and predicted by solubility calculations. In Fig. 1 are shown calculated free energies of dissolution, AGr (kJ mo1-1 ) for the various phases present in basalt in contact with seawater as a function of temperature. The WATCH program of Arn6rsson et al. (1982) was used to calculat ...
... of Honnorez, 1981 ) and predicted by solubility calculations. In Fig. 1 are shown calculated free energies of dissolution, AGr (kJ mo1-1 ) for the various phases present in basalt in contact with seawater as a function of temperature. The WATCH program of Arn6rsson et al. (1982) was used to calculat ...
unep/cbd/sbstta/20/inf/25
... investigated further, to assess the potential for evolutionary adaptation. Multigenerational studies with calcifying and non-calcifying algal cultures show that adaptation to high CO2 is possible for some species. Such studies are more difficult to conduct for long-lived organisms or for organisms f ...
... investigated further, to assess the potential for evolutionary adaptation. Multigenerational studies with calcifying and non-calcifying algal cultures show that adaptation to high CO2 is possible for some species. Such studies are more difficult to conduct for long-lived organisms or for organisms f ...
Plate Tectonics - ESL Consulting Services
... ESS1.C The History of Planet Earth Tectonic processes continually generate new ocean sea floor at ridges and destroy old sea floor at trenches ESS2.A Earth’s Materials and Systems All Earth processes are the result of energy flowing and matter cycling within and among the planet’s systems. This ...
... ESS1.C The History of Planet Earth Tectonic processes continually generate new ocean sea floor at ridges and destroy old sea floor at trenches ESS2.A Earth’s Materials and Systems All Earth processes are the result of energy flowing and matter cycling within and among the planet’s systems. This ...
Kiel: an excellent place for PhD research
... cover themselves with a shell (coccosphere) composed of tiny calcium carbonate platelets (coccoliths). Through their ability to calcify they contribute to the vertical gradient in ocean alkalinity, accelerate organic matter export to depth, and increase the Earth’s albedo, making this functional gro ...
... cover themselves with a shell (coccosphere) composed of tiny calcium carbonate platelets (coccoliths). Through their ability to calcify they contribute to the vertical gradient in ocean alkalinity, accelerate organic matter export to depth, and increase the Earth’s albedo, making this functional gro ...
Plumes, or plate tectonic processes?
... known as the Caledonian suture, is a highly complex zone that includes major faults and diverse rock types (Soper et al. 1992). It runs down the coast of northeast Greenland and passes through northern Britain (figure 2). After a long quiescence, the supercontinent split apart again, and about 54 mi ...
... known as the Caledonian suture, is a highly complex zone that includes major faults and diverse rock types (Soper et al. 1992). It runs down the coast of northeast Greenland and passes through northern Britain (figure 2). After a long quiescence, the supercontinent split apart again, and about 54 mi ...
Plate Tectonics: Note 2 T. Seno (Earthquake Res Inst, Univ of Tokyo
... large ocean basins, fracture zones, which cut and translate MOR, deep-sea trenches, and mountain belts (Fig. 2). If divergent and convergent boundaries correspond to the upwelling and downwelling sites of the convection cell, topographic bulges and depressions, respectively, should be the morphologi ...
... large ocean basins, fracture zones, which cut and translate MOR, deep-sea trenches, and mountain belts (Fig. 2). If divergent and convergent boundaries correspond to the upwelling and downwelling sites of the convection cell, topographic bulges and depressions, respectively, should be the morphologi ...
A simple model of seasonal open ocean convection
... consists of two boxes, one for the permanently mixed surface layer and one for the deep ocean (Welander 1982). It includes dierent boundary conditions for the surface ¯uxes of heat and salt, as well as a strongly nonlinear dependence of vertical mixing between the two boxes on the vertical density ...
... consists of two boxes, one for the permanently mixed surface layer and one for the deep ocean (Welander 1982). It includes dierent boundary conditions for the surface ¯uxes of heat and salt, as well as a strongly nonlinear dependence of vertical mixing between the two boxes on the vertical density ...
INVITED REVIEW Petit-spot volcanism: A new type of volcanic zone
... indicate 100–500 m of vertical displacement upon the faults (Ogawa et al., 1997). An important difference between the area with trench-parallel normal faults and other parts of the subducting plate is the presence of hummocky structures within the former area (Site A in Fig. 3A) (Hirano et al., 200 ...
... indicate 100–500 m of vertical displacement upon the faults (Ogawa et al., 1997). An important difference between the area with trench-parallel normal faults and other parts of the subducting plate is the presence of hummocky structures within the former area (Site A in Fig. 3A) (Hirano et al., 200 ...
Circulation at the western boundary of the South and Equatorial
... Current. An exception to the net oceanic heat gain is the latitude domain 25S–40S, where the warm waters of the Brazil Current ow under a relatively cold air. This averaged situation, however, masks intense seasonal variations with crest-to-trough amplitudes of 250 W m2 2, 100 W m2 2, and 30 W m2 ...
... Current. An exception to the net oceanic heat gain is the latitude domain 25S–40S, where the warm waters of the Brazil Current ow under a relatively cold air. This averaged situation, however, masks intense seasonal variations with crest-to-trough amplitudes of 250 W m2 2, 100 W m2 2, and 30 W m2 ...
Circulation at the western boundary of the South and Equatorial
... Current. An exception to the net oceanic heat gain is the latitude domain 25S–40S, where the warm waters of the Brazil Current !ow under a relatively cold air. This averaged situation, however, masks intense seasonal variations with crest-to-trough amplitudes of 250 W m22, 100 W m22, and 30 W m22 ov ...
... Current. An exception to the net oceanic heat gain is the latitude domain 25S–40S, where the warm waters of the Brazil Current !ow under a relatively cold air. This averaged situation, however, masks intense seasonal variations with crest-to-trough amplitudes of 250 W m22, 100 W m22, and 30 W m22 ov ...
Waves are “disturbances”
... wave characteristic does not change: wave period (frequency). Here is another way to think about why waves grow at a beach: the front part of a wave crest is in slightly shallower water than the back part of the wave crest, so it is always going a little slower than the back part of the crest. As th ...
... wave characteristic does not change: wave period (frequency). Here is another way to think about why waves grow at a beach: the front part of a wave crest is in slightly shallower water than the back part of the wave crest, so it is always going a little slower than the back part of the crest. As th ...
Michael Scott McCartney Physical Oceanographer Senior Scientist Department of Physical Oceanography
... Fellow, The Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR—a Joint Institute of WHOI and NOAA), 1998−present Member, Institute Advisory Committee for the WHOI Climate Institute, 2001−2003 U.S. CLIVAR Atlantic Implementation Panel, 1999−2001 International CLIVAR Implementation Panel, 200 ...
... Fellow, The Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR—a Joint Institute of WHOI and NOAA), 1998−present Member, Institute Advisory Committee for the WHOI Climate Institute, 2001−2003 U.S. CLIVAR Atlantic Implementation Panel, 1999−2001 International CLIVAR Implementation Panel, 200 ...
Michael Scott McCartney Physical Oceanographer Senior Scientist
... Fellow, The Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR—a Joint Institute of WHOI and NOAA), 1998−present Member, Institute Advisory Committee for the WHOI Climate Institute, 2001−2003 U.S. CLIVAR Atlantic Implementation Panel, 1999−2001 International CLIVAR Implementation Panel, 200 ...
... Fellow, The Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research (CICOR—a Joint Institute of WHOI and NOAA), 1998−present Member, Institute Advisory Committee for the WHOI Climate Institute, 2001−2003 U.S. CLIVAR Atlantic Implementation Panel, 1999−2001 International CLIVAR Implementation Panel, 200 ...
Investigation of the Low Velocity Layer using Shallow Seismic
... On the onshore, there is a general surface whose seismic velocity is much lower than normal referred as the weathered layer or low velocity layer (LVL). This layer is usually some few metres thick, but may occasionally reach a thickness of several tens of metres depending on the geological nature of ...
... On the onshore, there is a general surface whose seismic velocity is much lower than normal referred as the weathered layer or low velocity layer (LVL). This layer is usually some few metres thick, but may occasionally reach a thickness of several tens of metres depending on the geological nature of ...
Plate Tectonics Lecture Notes
... are found along the coast of one continent, they are also found on the coast of the another continent at the place where the continents “fit together.” Observations: Identical fossils of plants and animals have been found on different continents, but today each continent has its own unique groups of ...
... are found along the coast of one continent, they are also found on the coast of the another continent at the place where the continents “fit together.” Observations: Identical fossils of plants and animals have been found on different continents, but today each continent has its own unique groups of ...
Sample Chapter
... minerals/elements. The differentiation is similar to continental crust that by melting and separation has risen above the uppermost mantle. All the years of heat flow toward the Earth’s surface have “sweated out” many low-density elements to form a continental crust. Today, the continents make up on ...
... minerals/elements. The differentiation is similar to continental crust that by melting and separation has risen above the uppermost mantle. All the years of heat flow toward the Earth’s surface have “sweated out” many low-density elements to form a continental crust. Today, the continents make up on ...
The South Atlantic Anticyclone as a key player for the representation
... vertical resolution, regional climate models imply a sharper focus on selected domain location (Sein et al. 2015). The freedom of choice regarding the domain allows not only simulating the coupled interactions between components of the climate system, but also to either include or exclude some of th ...
... vertical resolution, regional climate models imply a sharper focus on selected domain location (Sein et al. 2015). The freedom of choice regarding the domain allows not only simulating the coupled interactions between components of the climate system, but also to either include or exclude some of th ...
Ecosystem Overview: PNCIMA
... Figure 1.14 Monthly mean chlorophyll a biomass (mg m-3) for the PNCIMA region as measured by the SeaWiFS satellite sensor at 9 km spatial resolution (http://reason.gsfc.nasa.gov/OPS/Giovanni/ocean.seawifs.shtml). Note no data are available for December of any year. Large squares represent the annual ...
... Figure 1.14 Monthly mean chlorophyll a biomass (mg m-3) for the PNCIMA region as measured by the SeaWiFS satellite sensor at 9 km spatial resolution (http://reason.gsfc.nasa.gov/OPS/Giovanni/ocean.seawifs.shtml). Note no data are available for December of any year. Large squares represent the annual ...
Iodine Isotopes and their Species in Surface Water from the
... liquid and gaseous discharges from the nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities worldwide and in particular the ones in Europe. Most of this 129I signal has been accumulated in the marine environment which plays a major role in the iodine natural pool. In this thesis, an overview of available 129I conce ...
... liquid and gaseous discharges from the nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities worldwide and in particular the ones in Europe. Most of this 129I signal has been accumulated in the marine environment which plays a major role in the iodine natural pool. In this thesis, an overview of available 129I conce ...
Sunlight and water transparency: cornerstones in coral
... is the relationship between K and the percentage of coral cover at a given depth (Fig. 1). These data are values for the attenuation coefficient calculated from Secchi disk observations by the relationship K = 1.5/d where d is the depth in meters at which the disk disappears from view. This analysis ...
... is the relationship between K and the percentage of coral cover at a given depth (Fig. 1). These data are values for the attenuation coefficient calculated from Secchi disk observations by the relationship K = 1.5/d where d is the depth in meters at which the disk disappears from view. This analysis ...
Mapping and Monitoring Large-Scale Ocean Fronts Off the
... 1983), although numerous attempts have been made. According to Owen (1981), for example, “a front is a line or linear zone that defines an axis of laterally convergent flow, below or above which vertical motion is induced.” Frontal boundaries are often so pronounced that they are easily observed aboar ...
... 1983), although numerous attempts have been made. According to Owen (1981), for example, “a front is a line or linear zone that defines an axis of laterally convergent flow, below or above which vertical motion is induced.” Frontal boundaries are often so pronounced that they are easily observed aboar ...
Winter et al 1997b
... dymium isotope studies provide important information concerning ocean circulation and the cycling and sources of trace metals in seawater. Because marine hydrothermal vent systems act as a net rare earth element (REE) sink (Olivarez and Owen, 1989; German et al., 1990) and carbonate sediments have v ...
... dymium isotope studies provide important information concerning ocean circulation and the cycling and sources of trace metals in seawater. Because marine hydrothermal vent systems act as a net rare earth element (REE) sink (Olivarez and Owen, 1989; German et al., 1990) and carbonate sediments have v ...
583 RADIOCARBON IN THE WATER COLUMN OF THE
... On the other hand, at Stations 1 and 2, the ∆14C values are lower (by up to 50‰) in the layer above 1500 m. At these stations, the differences between our and GEOSECS observations are found in vertical salinity profiles as well, and this may be caused by the influence of the saline Kuroshio Extensio ...
... On the other hand, at Stations 1 and 2, the ∆14C values are lower (by up to 50‰) in the layer above 1500 m. At these stations, the differences between our and GEOSECS observations are found in vertical salinity profiles as well, and this may be caused by the influence of the saline Kuroshio Extensio ...
Ocean
An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós, the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with ""ocean"" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.Saline water covers approximately 72% of the planet's surface (~3.6×108 km2) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that only 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).As it is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, the world ocean is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much of the oceans depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist. The origin of Earth's oceans remains unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life.Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.