Geology
... Seismic tomography has revealed the structure of subduction zones in a variety of geodynamic settings (Zhao, 2004). This structure is characterized by a pronounced asymmetry (Zhao, 2004; King, 2001) in relative plate movements. This asymmetry is the essence of subduction, whereby one plate moves ben ...
... Seismic tomography has revealed the structure of subduction zones in a variety of geodynamic settings (Zhao, 2004). This structure is characterized by a pronounced asymmetry (Zhao, 2004; King, 2001) in relative plate movements. This asymmetry is the essence of subduction, whereby one plate moves ben ...
Diversity and distribution of pigmented heterotrophic bacteria in
... account for up to 39.6% of culturable bacteria, equivalent to 1.4% of the total microbial community. This value might even be underestimated because it is probable that not all pigmented bacteria were isolated. Their abundance and genetic distribution are heavily influenced by environmental properti ...
... account for up to 39.6% of culturable bacteria, equivalent to 1.4% of the total microbial community. This value might even be underestimated because it is probable that not all pigmented bacteria were isolated. Their abundance and genetic distribution are heavily influenced by environmental properti ...
Next Generation Sunshine State Standards Chapter 7
... Although the seed for Wegener’s hypothesis came from the remarkable similarities of the continental margins on opposite sides of the Atlantic, he thought the idea of a mobile Earth was improbable. Not until he learned that identical fossil organisms were known from rocks in both South America and Af ...
... Although the seed for Wegener’s hypothesis came from the remarkable similarities of the continental margins on opposite sides of the Atlantic, he thought the idea of a mobile Earth was improbable. Not until he learned that identical fossil organisms were known from rocks in both South America and Af ...
Early ice retreat and ocean warming may induce copepod
... zones were identified from model simulations, thus allowing a better characterization of habitats and prediction of potential future biogeographic boundary shifts. ...
... zones were identified from model simulations, thus allowing a better characterization of habitats and prediction of potential future biogeographic boundary shifts. ...
22.4 Plate Tectonics
... sink into the mantle in the process of subduction. Subduction zones are near the edges of oceanic plates. As a plate sinks through a subduction zone, it bends, forming a depression in the ocean floor called a trench. ...
... sink into the mantle in the process of subduction. Subduction zones are near the edges of oceanic plates. As a plate sinks through a subduction zone, it bends, forming a depression in the ocean floor called a trench. ...
22.4 Plate Tectonics
... sink into the mantle in the process of subduction. Subduction zones are near the edges of oceanic plates. As a plate sinks through a subduction zone, it bends, forming a depression in the ocean floor called a trench. ...
... sink into the mantle in the process of subduction. Subduction zones are near the edges of oceanic plates. As a plate sinks through a subduction zone, it bends, forming a depression in the ocean floor called a trench. ...
The cold and relatively dry nature of mantle forearcs in subduction
... temperature, labelled every 300 °C, whereas the red arrows and labels show major water fluxes mediated by subduction. ...
... temperature, labelled every 300 °C, whereas the red arrows and labels show major water fluxes mediated by subduction. ...
Furnace of Creation, Cradle of Destruction: A Journey to the
... one Japanese myth has a massive spider dwelling within the earth and causing volcanoes to erupt. Volcanoes have always played a central role in the mythology of Japan—a land with more than a hundred active volcanoes. The most famous of all the Japanese volcanoes is the sacred Mount Fuji (Fujiyama—th ...
... one Japanese myth has a massive spider dwelling within the earth and causing volcanoes to erupt. Volcanoes have always played a central role in the mythology of Japan—a land with more than a hundred active volcanoes. The most famous of all the Japanese volcanoes is the sacred Mount Fuji (Fujiyama—th ...
Why is subduction on the Earth one-sided?
... Seismic tomography has revealed the structure of subduction zones in a variety of geodynamic settings (Zhao, 2004). This structure is characterized by a pronounced asymmetry (Zhao, 2004; King, 2001) in relative plate movements. This asymmetry is the essence of subduction, whereby one plate moves ben ...
... Seismic tomography has revealed the structure of subduction zones in a variety of geodynamic settings (Zhao, 2004). This structure is characterized by a pronounced asymmetry (Zhao, 2004; King, 2001) in relative plate movements. This asymmetry is the essence of subduction, whereby one plate moves ben ...
Scientific Ocean Drilling of Mid-Ocean Ridge and Ridge
... volcanic, hydrothermal, and structural processes mainly transpire within the first few million years of seafloor spreading, on the crest and young flanks of the mid-ocean ridge. In this active zone little sediment has yet accumulated, and only a thin crustal layer separates the oceans from the mantl ...
... volcanic, hydrothermal, and structural processes mainly transpire within the first few million years of seafloor spreading, on the crest and young flanks of the mid-ocean ridge. In this active zone little sediment has yet accumulated, and only a thin crustal layer separates the oceans from the mantl ...
Currents in Haida Eddies
... 30–100 km and sometimes missed the eddy center. Several cruises were specifically devoted to the study of eddies and were directed to eddy centers by SSHA contour plots provided on-line in nearreal-time by the Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research (CCAR). On these occasions the ships selected ce ...
... 30–100 km and sometimes missed the eddy center. Several cruises were specifically devoted to the study of eddies and were directed to eddy centers by SSHA contour plots provided on-line in nearreal-time by the Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research (CCAR). On these occasions the ships selected ce ...
EPSL Effects of relative plate motion on the deep structure and
... P-wave velocity relative to iasp91, a radially stratified model of seismic velocity [52]: the dark (light) grey represents regions where seismic velocity is higher (lower) than average. (a) Mantle section across the I z u - B o n i n arc (top); and (b) mantle section across the Mariana arc (bottom). ...
... P-wave velocity relative to iasp91, a radially stratified model of seismic velocity [52]: the dark (light) grey represents regions where seismic velocity is higher (lower) than average. (a) Mantle section across the I z u - B o n i n arc (top); and (b) mantle section across the Mariana arc (bottom). ...
Plate Tectonics: A Paradigm Under Threat
... the movement of lithospheric plates over long distances, as single rigid bodies, is hardly possible. Moreover, if we take into account the absence of the asthenosphere as a single continuous zone, then this movement seems utterly impossible.” She states that this is further confirmed by the strong e ...
... the movement of lithospheric plates over long distances, as single rigid bodies, is hardly possible. Moreover, if we take into account the absence of the asthenosphere as a single continuous zone, then this movement seems utterly impossible.” She states that this is further confirmed by the strong e ...
Improving HF Radar Estimates of Surface Currents Using Signal
... ‘‘Doppler velocities,’’ these spectra provide estimates of velocities observed along each range circle. Successive spectra for each range circle are normally averaged over a time interval (e.g., a 30-min average every 10 min or a 1-h average every ½ h) to reduce noise and attain an ensemble average ...
... ‘‘Doppler velocities,’’ these spectra provide estimates of velocities observed along each range circle. Successive spectra for each range circle are normally averaged over a time interval (e.g., a 30-min average every 10 min or a 1-h average every ½ h) to reduce noise and attain an ensemble average ...
Geodynamics of congested subduction zones
... What is the signature in the over-riding plate (i.e. in the geological record)? ...
... What is the signature in the over-riding plate (i.e. in the geological record)? ...
Abrupt Ocean Anoxia During the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction
... Phanerozoic, the first during the early Paleozoic and the second during the Mesozoic (Sheehan, 2001a; Stanley, 2007; Servais and Owen, 2010). The early Paleozoic expansion in marine biodiversity consists of the “Cambrian Explosion” and the “Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event” or GOBE. The GOB ...
... Phanerozoic, the first during the early Paleozoic and the second during the Mesozoic (Sheehan, 2001a; Stanley, 2007; Servais and Owen, 2010). The early Paleozoic expansion in marine biodiversity consists of the “Cambrian Explosion” and the “Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event” or GOBE. The GOB ...
A free plate surface and weak oceanic crust
... friction coefficients and requires a moderate increase of viscosity with depth in order to avoid slab break-off. The lithospheric strength, here controlled by the friction coefficient, is a key parameter controlling subduction style. While weak plates result in unsteady ‘blob-like’ subduction, asymm ...
... friction coefficients and requires a moderate increase of viscosity with depth in order to avoid slab break-off. The lithospheric strength, here controlled by the friction coefficient, is a key parameter controlling subduction style. While weak plates result in unsteady ‘blob-like’ subduction, asymm ...
Ocean Circulation and Climate: A 21st Century Perspective
... erosive activities of a grounded ice sheet (SCAR, 1997). This distinction in average depth is of fundamental importance to the manner in which warm subpolar waters can or cannot go aboard the continental shelves and reach the periphery of the major ice sheets. Another distinct feature of the Antarct ...
... erosive activities of a grounded ice sheet (SCAR, 1997). This distinction in average depth is of fundamental importance to the manner in which warm subpolar waters can or cannot go aboard the continental shelves and reach the periphery of the major ice sheets. Another distinct feature of the Antarct ...
Lesson Plan - ScienceA2Z.com
... encased in the porous oceanic crust. As this water rises into the mantle of the overriding plate, it lowers the melting temperature of surrounding mantle, producing melts (magma) with large amounts of dissolved gases. These melts rise to the surface and are the source of some of the most explosive v ...
... encased in the porous oceanic crust. As this water rises into the mantle of the overriding plate, it lowers the melting temperature of surrounding mantle, producing melts (magma) with large amounts of dissolved gases. These melts rise to the surface and are the source of some of the most explosive v ...
On the Structure and Seismotectonics of the Kuril Arc Trench System
... continuous profiling and multichannel commondepth point sounding by reflection method used, the pecu liarities of the structure and seismotectonics of the Kuril arctrench system have been analyzed. Additionally, the features of the Benioff and Tarakanov opposite seismofocal zones, associated with ...
... continuous profiling and multichannel commondepth point sounding by reflection method used, the pecu liarities of the structure and seismotectonics of the Kuril arctrench system have been analyzed. Additionally, the features of the Benioff and Tarakanov opposite seismofocal zones, associated with ...
On the origin of the asthenosphere
... Schmerr, in press). These studies showed that the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (the LAB) in the oceanic regions is sharp (less than ~10–15 km interval) at a depth of ~70 km (with some age dependence, e.g., Rychert and Shearer, 2011, as I will discuss later) and associated with a large velocity ...
... Schmerr, in press). These studies showed that the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (the LAB) in the oceanic regions is sharp (less than ~10–15 km interval) at a depth of ~70 km (with some age dependence, e.g., Rychert and Shearer, 2011, as I will discuss later) and associated with a large velocity ...
Microbial eukaryotic distribution in a dynamic Beaufort Sea and the
... ecosystems. They are responsible for significant global photosynthetic production and as bacterial grazers much of the global heterotrophic production, and therefore, they have a major impact on marine carbon and energy budgets (Sherr et al., 2007). In general, the identity and biogeography of most ...
... ecosystems. They are responsible for significant global photosynthetic production and as bacterial grazers much of the global heterotrophic production, and therefore, they have a major impact on marine carbon and energy budgets (Sherr et al., 2007). In general, the identity and biogeography of most ...
Plate Tectonics Questions
... In Anchorage, Alaska, scientists are monitoring sensors located on nearby Mt. Redoubt. The sensors measure seismic activity at the top of the volcano. No one lives near the volcano itself, so there is no danger to humans from lava flows, but ash can be dangerous when breathed in, and can damage airp ...
... In Anchorage, Alaska, scientists are monitoring sensors located on nearby Mt. Redoubt. The sensors measure seismic activity at the top of the volcano. No one lives near the volcano itself, so there is no danger to humans from lava flows, but ash can be dangerous when breathed in, and can damage airp ...
28-4_cabrera_12-12-15b.pdf
... oceanographic cruises conducted in May/June 2011 and April/May 2012, features a northward-flowing current (the nascent Kuroshio) bracketed by an anticyclonic eddy to its northeast and a cyclonic eddy to its southwest. A previous study showed that a more northerly location of the North Equatorial Cur ...
... oceanographic cruises conducted in May/June 2011 and April/May 2012, features a northward-flowing current (the nascent Kuroshio) bracketed by an anticyclonic eddy to its northeast and a cyclonic eddy to its southwest. A previous study showed that a more northerly location of the North Equatorial Cur ...
Earth/Space Science Pretest 2014-2015 Multiple Choice Identify the
... a. the continental crust c. the oceanic crust b. the lithosphere d. the mantle ____ 39. What layer of Earth is labeled B in Figure 8-2? a. the continental crust c. the oceanic crust b. the lithosphere d. the mantle ____ 40. The inner planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars—were formed by ____. a. su ...
... a. the continental crust c. the oceanic crust b. the lithosphere d. the mantle ____ 39. What layer of Earth is labeled B in Figure 8-2? a. the continental crust c. the oceanic crust b. the lithosphere d. the mantle ____ 40. The inner planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars—were formed by ____. a. su ...
Ocean
An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós, the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with ""ocean"" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.Saline water covers approximately 72% of the planet's surface (~3.6×108 km2) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that only 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3,700 meters (12,100 ft).As it is the principal component of Earth's hydrosphere, the world ocean is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much of the oceans depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist. The origin of Earth's oceans remains unknown; oceans are thought to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life.Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is estimated to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's giant planets are also thought to have liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.