![Test 1 Objectives](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/009153699_1-b69305d9ec3715da48abb0a1574d0898-300x300.png)
Test 1 Objectives
... Know about intra and extracellular ion concentrations as well as equilibrium. ...
... Know about intra and extracellular ion concentrations as well as equilibrium. ...
Novel approaches to explore mechanisms of
... epilepsies, such as absence epilepsy involving thalamo-cortical circuits, Dravet syndrome or generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), which all have strong genetic components, often due to monogenic ion channel mutations (Duncan et al., 2006; Westbrook, 2013; Spillane et al., 2015), ...
... epilepsies, such as absence epilepsy involving thalamo-cortical circuits, Dravet syndrome or generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), which all have strong genetic components, often due to monogenic ion channel mutations (Duncan et al., 2006; Westbrook, 2013; Spillane et al., 2015), ...
Slide 1
... every 10 s while the strength of the synaptic connection is monitored. Strength can be assessed by the amplitude of the extracellularly recorded EPSP or, as was done in this example, as the slope of the rising phase of the EPSP, which provides an accurate reflection of its strength. To induce LTP, t ...
... every 10 s while the strength of the synaptic connection is monitored. Strength can be assessed by the amplitude of the extracellularly recorded EPSP or, as was done in this example, as the slope of the rising phase of the EPSP, which provides an accurate reflection of its strength. To induce LTP, t ...
Blockade of NMDA receptors in the developing cortex and
... autophagy (3-MA, rapamycin) did not interfere with the anti-excitotoxic effect of MK801 observed in deep layers V and VI. In vivo, 3-MA blocked the rapid increase in caspase-3 cleavage induced by NMDA antagonists and prevented death of Gad67-GFP neurons in layers II-IV. Together, these data suggest ...
... autophagy (3-MA, rapamycin) did not interfere with the anti-excitotoxic effect of MK801 observed in deep layers V and VI. In vivo, 3-MA blocked the rapid increase in caspase-3 cleavage induced by NMDA antagonists and prevented death of Gad67-GFP neurons in layers II-IV. Together, these data suggest ...
handout
... So why have multiple iR? e.g. glutamate activates both AMPA and NMDA receptors, both of which can be found together on the same synapse. How is synaptic transmission regulated? In the case of glutamate, the strength of the stimulus controls the activation of either AMPA or NMDA receptor. There are e ...
... So why have multiple iR? e.g. glutamate activates both AMPA and NMDA receptors, both of which can be found together on the same synapse. How is synaptic transmission regulated? In the case of glutamate, the strength of the stimulus controls the activation of either AMPA or NMDA receptor. There are e ...
The Role of theThalamus in Human Consciousness
... critical (Penfield, Alkire, Jennett, et al) III. Anatomy and function of thalamus and cortex (Mumford, Steriade, Llinás,…) IV. Neural synchronization is a NCC => ...
... critical (Penfield, Alkire, Jennett, et al) III. Anatomy and function of thalamus and cortex (Mumford, Steriade, Llinás,…) IV. Neural synchronization is a NCC => ...
Biochemistry of Nerve Transmission - I-GaP
... Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) is formed by the hydroxylation and decarboxylation of tryptophan (see Specialized Products of Amino Acids). The greatest concentration of 5HT (90%) is found in the enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Most of the remainder of the body's 5HT is fo ...
... Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) is formed by the hydroxylation and decarboxylation of tryptophan (see Specialized Products of Amino Acids). The greatest concentration of 5HT (90%) is found in the enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Most of the remainder of the body's 5HT is fo ...
1. Dominant Optic Atrophy (DOA): Clinical, genetic and
... Methods: We reviewed all 300 patients assessed for epilepsy surgery with intracranial electrodes and single pulse electrical stimulation (SPES) at King’s College Hospital between 1999 and 2013 to identify the stimulation sites that elicit EEG responses similar to the patient’s Kcomplexes. Results: I ...
... Methods: We reviewed all 300 patients assessed for epilepsy surgery with intracranial electrodes and single pulse electrical stimulation (SPES) at King’s College Hospital between 1999 and 2013 to identify the stimulation sites that elicit EEG responses similar to the patient’s Kcomplexes. Results: I ...
Nervous System Part 1
... EPSP: excitatory post-synaptic potentials; depolarization IPSP: inhibitory post-synaptic potentials; hyperpolarizing When threshold is reached an action potential is fired down the post-synaptic neuron. ...
... EPSP: excitatory post-synaptic potentials; depolarization IPSP: inhibitory post-synaptic potentials; hyperpolarizing When threshold is reached an action potential is fired down the post-synaptic neuron. ...
COGNITIVE SCIENCE 107A Sensory Physiology and the Thalamus
... – Receive input from specific areas but relay output to three major association areas (one-to-many; divergent) ...
... – Receive input from specific areas but relay output to three major association areas (one-to-many; divergent) ...
File
... Because of the large sodium concentration gradient and large electrical negativity inside the neuron, sodium ions diffuse rapidly to the inside of the membrane. 2. The rapid influx of positively charged sodium ions to the interior neutralizes part of the negativity of the resting membrane potential. ...
... Because of the large sodium concentration gradient and large electrical negativity inside the neuron, sodium ions diffuse rapidly to the inside of the membrane. 2. The rapid influx of positively charged sodium ions to the interior neutralizes part of the negativity of the resting membrane potential. ...
GENETIC MECH.Epilepsy2005 - University of Colorado Denver
... assumed to be mainly genetic in origin. In some cases, the genetic point of origin has already been shown by successful cloning of the mutated gene1–15, but for most idiopathic epilepsies, especially the common forms like juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, or childhood and juvenile ABSENCE EPILEPSY, the g ...
... assumed to be mainly genetic in origin. In some cases, the genetic point of origin has already been shown by successful cloning of the mutated gene1–15, but for most idiopathic epilepsies, especially the common forms like juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, or childhood and juvenile ABSENCE EPILEPSY, the g ...
Activity of Ventral Medial Thalamic Neurons during
... vivo study provides the first description of the activity of VM thalamic neurons during seizures in the genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg, a well established model of absence epilepsy. Cortical paroxysms were accompanied in VM thalamic neurons by rhythmic bursts of action potentials. Pha ...
... vivo study provides the first description of the activity of VM thalamic neurons during seizures in the genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg, a well established model of absence epilepsy. Cortical paroxysms were accompanied in VM thalamic neurons by rhythmic bursts of action potentials. Pha ...
The neuroscience of depression: why does it matter?
... • dysregulated circadian cortisol patterns • reduced hippocampal volume • increased amygdala sensitivity ...
... • dysregulated circadian cortisol patterns • reduced hippocampal volume • increased amygdala sensitivity ...
Neuroscience 5a – Touch and Proprioception
... Receptors The receptors for touch are found as peripheral nerve terminals of axons of dorsal root ganglion cells. They are all mechanoreceptors and they fire action potentials when either nerve endings or connective tissue structures on the nerve endings become deformed. As the endings become more a ...
... Receptors The receptors for touch are found as peripheral nerve terminals of axons of dorsal root ganglion cells. They are all mechanoreceptors and they fire action potentials when either nerve endings or connective tissue structures on the nerve endings become deformed. As the endings become more a ...
Synapse
... ↓ing the threshold for excitation of the postsynaptic neurons. ii)Strychnine →↑ neuronal excitability by interfering with the action of glycine (an inhibitory neurotransmitter) on the neurons. iii)Anesthetics and hypnotics →↑ threshold for excitation of the neurons→↓ synaptic transmission. ...
... ↓ing the threshold for excitation of the postsynaptic neurons. ii)Strychnine →↑ neuronal excitability by interfering with the action of glycine (an inhibitory neurotransmitter) on the neurons. iii)Anesthetics and hypnotics →↑ threshold for excitation of the neurons→↓ synaptic transmission. ...
April14,04copy.doc
... their whiskers for ten additional weeks after the trimming period. These overall decreases after deprivation were suggested as a down-regulating mechanism that compensates for the reduced sensory input (Fuchs and Salazar, 1998). Recent studies showed that whisker trimming reduced the numerical densi ...
... their whiskers for ten additional weeks after the trimming period. These overall decreases after deprivation were suggested as a down-regulating mechanism that compensates for the reduced sensory input (Fuchs and Salazar, 1998). Recent studies showed that whisker trimming reduced the numerical densi ...
5. Ruiz G., en Homeopathy Jorurnal, 91, 80-84 (2002)
... blood circulation as a source of a homeopathically relevant parameter that will vary in a reproducible and systematic way following exhibition of specific medicines in homoeopathic doses. Mathematical treatment of the signals gives a Fourier power spectrum with an approximately linear profile (in a ...
... blood circulation as a source of a homeopathically relevant parameter that will vary in a reproducible and systematic way following exhibition of specific medicines in homoeopathic doses. Mathematical treatment of the signals gives a Fourier power spectrum with an approximately linear profile (in a ...
HISTAMINE AND RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME
... They found that when the H3 receptor activity was blocked and either the D1 or D2 receptors were activated, the locomotor activity of the mice increased from its baseline level. When the H3 receptor was activated and either the D1 or D2 receptor was activated, the locomotor activity of the mice decr ...
... They found that when the H3 receptor activity was blocked and either the D1 or D2 receptors were activated, the locomotor activity of the mice increased from its baseline level. When the H3 receptor was activated and either the D1 or D2 receptor was activated, the locomotor activity of the mice decr ...
Autonomic Nervous System ANS - Anderson School District One
... αlpha & βeta Receptors • α1 & β1 produce excitation when activated • α2 & β2 receptors cause inhibition of effector tissues • β3 found only on cells of brown adipose where activation causes thermogenesis (heat production) ...
... αlpha & βeta Receptors • α1 & β1 produce excitation when activated • α2 & β2 receptors cause inhibition of effector tissues • β3 found only on cells of brown adipose where activation causes thermogenesis (heat production) ...
ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels in the Brain: Sensors of
... he brain is an unresting assembly of cells continually receiving and routing information to maintain the integrity of the individual organism. The aerobic metabolism of glucose is critical in this process. Indeed, although the brain represents only ~2% of body weight, it accounts for ~20% of total b ...
... he brain is an unresting assembly of cells continually receiving and routing information to maintain the integrity of the individual organism. The aerobic metabolism of glucose is critical in this process. Indeed, although the brain represents only ~2% of body weight, it accounts for ~20% of total b ...
Motor activity induced by disinhibition of the primary motor cortex of
... (APV) in order to block more effectively and locally the transmission through this receptor. Application of APV did not affect the spontaneous EMG activity elicited by bicuculline (Fig. 1B). Application of a non-NMDA receptor antagonist (CNQX), which blocks transmission through the quisqualate and k ...
... (APV) in order to block more effectively and locally the transmission through this receptor. Application of APV did not affect the spontaneous EMG activity elicited by bicuculline (Fig. 1B). Application of a non-NMDA receptor antagonist (CNQX), which blocks transmission through the quisqualate and k ...
to undergo a fundamental change in its normal mode of
... •Change in E/I balance in the local circuit •Hypothesis --reduced local circuit inhibition caused by something wrong in GABA inhibitory neurons or synapses •Consistent with NMDA-->GABA malfunction leading to weakened GABA signal ...
... •Change in E/I balance in the local circuit •Hypothesis --reduced local circuit inhibition caused by something wrong in GABA inhibitory neurons or synapses •Consistent with NMDA-->GABA malfunction leading to weakened GABA signal ...
Spike-and-wave
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Spike-waves.png?width=300)
Spike-and-wave is the term that describes a particular pattern of the electroencephalogram (EEG) typically observed during epileptic seizures. A spike-and-wave discharge is a regular, symmetrical, generalized EEG pattern seen particularly during absence epilepsy, also known as ‘petit mal’ epilepsy. The basic mechanisms underlying these patterns are complex and involve part of the cerebral cortex, the thalamocortical network, and intrinsic neuronal mechanisms. The first spike-and-wave pattern was recorded in the early twentieth century by Hans Berger. Many aspects of the pattern are still being researched and discovered, and still many aspects are uncertain. The spike-and-wave pattern is most commonly researched in absence epilepsy, but is common in several epilepsies such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and Ohtahara syndrome. Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly prescribed to treat epileptic seizures, and new ones are being discovered with less adverse effects. Today, most of the research is focused on the origin of the generalized bilateral spike-and-wave discharge. One proposal suggests that a thalamocortical (TC) loop is involved in the initiation spike-and-wave oscillations. Although there are several theories, the use of animal models has provided new insight on spike-and-wave discharge in humans.