The concept of a reflex
... To help an organism avoid injury reflex arcs provide a means for immediate withdrawal from dangerous stimuli. While all sensory information does eventually get sent to the brain for analysis, the advantage of a reflex arc is that it can process the rapid, protective response directly in the spinal c ...
... To help an organism avoid injury reflex arcs provide a means for immediate withdrawal from dangerous stimuli. While all sensory information does eventually get sent to the brain for analysis, the advantage of a reflex arc is that it can process the rapid, protective response directly in the spinal c ...
Neuronal activity in human primary visual cortex correlates with
... are initiated at later stages of processing and then propagated via feedback to V1. It is also possible that both processes occur. Specifically, local interactions among V1 neurons may trigger the perceptual alternations during rivalry, whereas interactions in later visual areas may reinforce the ne ...
... are initiated at later stages of processing and then propagated via feedback to V1. It is also possible that both processes occur. Specifically, local interactions among V1 neurons may trigger the perceptual alternations during rivalry, whereas interactions in later visual areas may reinforce the ne ...
Enhanced cholinergic suppression of previously strengthened synapses enables the formation of
... input synapses which are the primary influence on postsynaptic activity during encoding. In contrast, associative memory models focus on storage of associations between patterns of activity imposed by external input. Thus, the input arrives along afferent input connections which have been previously m ...
... input synapses which are the primary influence on postsynaptic activity during encoding. In contrast, associative memory models focus on storage of associations between patterns of activity imposed by external input. Thus, the input arrives along afferent input connections which have been previously m ...
chapt12_lecturenew
... – informs the CNS of stimuli within or around the body – somatic sensory division – carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints – visceral sensory division – carries signals from the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities • heart, lungs, stomach, and urinary bladde ...
... – informs the CNS of stimuli within or around the body – somatic sensory division – carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints – visceral sensory division – carries signals from the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities • heart, lungs, stomach, and urinary bladde ...
B - CommuniGate Pro uni
... co-cultures was determined using immunohistochemistry. In the cortex parvalbumin-positive and calbindin-positive cells, which resembled those seen in vivo, had laminar distributions. In the striatum, strongly stained parvalbumin-positive cells resembling striatal GABAerglc interneurons and cholinerg ...
... co-cultures was determined using immunohistochemistry. In the cortex parvalbumin-positive and calbindin-positive cells, which resembled those seen in vivo, had laminar distributions. In the striatum, strongly stained parvalbumin-positive cells resembling striatal GABAerglc interneurons and cholinerg ...
Neural correlates of a decision in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of
... decisions that guide behavior. Such interpretations often outlast the fleeting sensory impressions on which they are based, so that sensory input can motivate subsequent behavior. To study this process, we trained rhesus monkeys to discriminate the direction of motion in a dynamic random dot display ...
... decisions that guide behavior. Such interpretations often outlast the fleeting sensory impressions on which they are based, so that sensory input can motivate subsequent behavior. To study this process, we trained rhesus monkeys to discriminate the direction of motion in a dynamic random dot display ...
Presentation - Neuropathology
... bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability, and a postural/action tremor rather than the classic pill-rolling tremor seen in Parkinson's disease. These symptoms are usually poorly responsive to long-term levodopa therapy. In MSA-C, typical findings are gait and limb ataxia, cerebellar dysarthria, ...
... bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability, and a postural/action tremor rather than the classic pill-rolling tremor seen in Parkinson's disease. These symptoms are usually poorly responsive to long-term levodopa therapy. In MSA-C, typical findings are gait and limb ataxia, cerebellar dysarthria, ...
Hypothalamic Regulation of Sleep
... (for review see Shiromani et al. 1987). Single-cell recording studies of the type conducted by sleep researchers are by definition correlational, yet investigators have been quick to infer a cause-and-effect. Moreover, historically, lesions of the DRN, LC or the BF have never been shown to produce h ...
... (for review see Shiromani et al. 1987). Single-cell recording studies of the type conducted by sleep researchers are by definition correlational, yet investigators have been quick to infer a cause-and-effect. Moreover, historically, lesions of the DRN, LC or the BF have never been shown to produce h ...
Autonomous and nonautonomous functions for Hox/Pbx in
... expression of tag-1 in r4 neurons of 36-hpf lzr/pbx4 embryos (Pöpperl et al., 2000). In addition, the motor nerve projection from r2 appears reduced or missing entirely, and axons from cells located in r2 and r3 project unfasiculated to the lateral edge of the hindbrain where they terminate. These ...
... expression of tag-1 in r4 neurons of 36-hpf lzr/pbx4 embryos (Pöpperl et al., 2000). In addition, the motor nerve projection from r2 appears reduced or missing entirely, and axons from cells located in r2 and r3 project unfasiculated to the lateral edge of the hindbrain where they terminate. These ...
Nervous System
... • Time when threshold stimulus does not start another action potential •The axon’s voltage-gated Na+ channels are not responsive at all and the axon can not be stimulated ...
... • Time when threshold stimulus does not start another action potential •The axon’s voltage-gated Na+ channels are not responsive at all and the axon can not be stimulated ...
Effects of chronic nicotine administration on nitric oxide synthase
... boundaries of the different regions were determined, and NDstained cells were counted by the same author (B.B.). These planimetric analyses were performed in three consecutive sections from the same series (150 m apart), corresponding to Bregma levels ranging from 1.20 to 1.70 mm (Paxinos and Watso ...
... boundaries of the different regions were determined, and NDstained cells were counted by the same author (B.B.). These planimetric analyses were performed in three consecutive sections from the same series (150 m apart), corresponding to Bregma levels ranging from 1.20 to 1.70 mm (Paxinos and Watso ...
Central mechanisms regulating coordinated cardiovascular and
... Many previous studies have identified brain regions that are activated during unconditioned psychological stress, as indicated by c-Fos expression (e.g., 44 – 46, 64, 101, 121, 138, 139, 151) (Fig. 2). Many of these regions also play an important role in sympathetic and/or respiratory regulation, su ...
... Many previous studies have identified brain regions that are activated during unconditioned psychological stress, as indicated by c-Fos expression (e.g., 44 – 46, 64, 101, 121, 138, 139, 151) (Fig. 2). Many of these regions also play an important role in sympathetic and/or respiratory regulation, su ...
Vibration Sensitivity and a Computational Theory for Prey
... roctonus, the defensive orientation response (DOR), has more utility for experimental analysis of vibration sensing behavior because it is easily and repeatably evoked in the laboratory when animals are agitated into defensive posture. The DOR is characterized by the same accurate rotation of the bo ...
... roctonus, the defensive orientation response (DOR), has more utility for experimental analysis of vibration sensing behavior because it is easily and repeatably evoked in the laboratory when animals are agitated into defensive posture. The DOR is characterized by the same accurate rotation of the bo ...
A local circuit approach to understanding integration of
... long-range intracortical inputs is known to be context-dependent: the same long-range stimulus can either facilitate or suppress responses, depending on the level of local activation. By constructing a large-scale model of primary visual cortex, we demonstrate that this effect can be understood in t ...
... long-range intracortical inputs is known to be context-dependent: the same long-range stimulus can either facilitate or suppress responses, depending on the level of local activation. By constructing a large-scale model of primary visual cortex, we demonstrate that this effect can be understood in t ...
Emergence of Sense-Making Behavior by the Stimulus Avoidance
... spontaneously without having any explicit reward or evaluation function. We call this a “learning by stimulation avoidance” (LSA) principle. LSA assures a homeostatic property as it sustains stability and variation simultaneously. Shahaf and Marom (2001) demonstrated that cultured neuronal cells can ...
... spontaneously without having any explicit reward or evaluation function. We call this a “learning by stimulation avoidance” (LSA) principle. LSA assures a homeostatic property as it sustains stability and variation simultaneously. Shahaf and Marom (2001) demonstrated that cultured neuronal cells can ...
LECTURE OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
... 4) .The functional unit of the Nervous System is the neuron. Neuron is the term given to the nerve cell and all its processes. It is formed of : A) cell body has nucleus B) two types of processes, called an axon and dendrites. 1) the axon is, single, the longest process of the cell body ,carr ...
... 4) .The functional unit of the Nervous System is the neuron. Neuron is the term given to the nerve cell and all its processes. It is formed of : A) cell body has nucleus B) two types of processes, called an axon and dendrites. 1) the axon is, single, the longest process of the cell body ,carr ...
Corticofugal modulation of functional connectivity within the auditory
... The technique of reversible deactivation of the cerebral cortex (Payne et al., 1996) is a tool of importance to study the cortical influence on thalamic activity. Of the available deactivation techniques, reversible cooling offers several advantages, in particular because steady state deactivated co ...
... The technique of reversible deactivation of the cerebral cortex (Payne et al., 1996) is a tool of importance to study the cortical influence on thalamic activity. Of the available deactivation techniques, reversible cooling offers several advantages, in particular because steady state deactivated co ...
Computational physics: Neural networks
... the neuron is noisy, it differs from trial to trial. By averaging the response over some time window one computes the instantaneous firing rate (fig. 1 lower two panels) of the neuron which is reproducible from trial to trial. Instead of measuring the instantaneous firing rate of the neuron, we can ...
... the neuron is noisy, it differs from trial to trial. By averaging the response over some time window one computes the instantaneous firing rate (fig. 1 lower two panels) of the neuron which is reproducible from trial to trial. Instead of measuring the instantaneous firing rate of the neuron, we can ...
Transgenic Mouse Lines Subdivide Medial Vestibular Nucleus
... EY11027 (S.d.L.) and by a National Science Foundation graduate fellowship and a Salk Institute association grant (M.W.B.). We are grateful to I. van Welie for initial data on the GIN mice; L. Glickfeld for help with RT-PCR; K. Keener and B. Zingg for excellent technical assistance; A. Nelson, M. Fau ...
... EY11027 (S.d.L.) and by a National Science Foundation graduate fellowship and a Salk Institute association grant (M.W.B.). We are grateful to I. van Welie for initial data on the GIN mice; L. Glickfeld for help with RT-PCR; K. Keener and B. Zingg for excellent technical assistance; A. Nelson, M. Fau ...
Aging reduces total neuron number in the dorsal component of the
... slides were then dehydrated through increasing concentrations of ethanol, cleared with Citrisolv, and coverslipped under Permount. For immunohistochemistry, we used a mouse monoclonal antibody against GAD67 (MAB5406, clone 1G10.2; lot #LV1721349; Millipore, Bedford, MA). This antibody was raised aga ...
... slides were then dehydrated through increasing concentrations of ethanol, cleared with Citrisolv, and coverslipped under Permount. For immunohistochemistry, we used a mouse monoclonal antibody against GAD67 (MAB5406, clone 1G10.2; lot #LV1721349; Millipore, Bedford, MA). This antibody was raised aga ...
Responses of the human motor system to observing actions across
... barking). The human ventral premotor cortex was equally active for non-communicative mouth movements across all three species. For communicative mouth movements, the premotor cortex responded most strongly to human speech, less strongly to monkey mouth movements, and was not activated for barking. T ...
... barking). The human ventral premotor cortex was equally active for non-communicative mouth movements across all three species. For communicative mouth movements, the premotor cortex responded most strongly to human speech, less strongly to monkey mouth movements, and was not activated for barking. T ...
Paper: Neural substrates for expectation
... This training regimen produced a reduction in the ability of a predicted UCS to support further fear conditioning Following conditioning, amygdala and PAG neurons responded more robustly to shocks when they were presented unexpectedly than when they were signaled by the predictive CSa Finally, pharm ...
... This training regimen produced a reduction in the ability of a predicted UCS to support further fear conditioning Following conditioning, amygdala and PAG neurons responded more robustly to shocks when they were presented unexpectedly than when they were signaled by the predictive CSa Finally, pharm ...
Central nervous system control of food intake and body
... information provides a biological context within which to consider the global obesity epidemic and identifies numerous potential avenues for therapeutic intervention and future research. he apparent ease with which we decide whether or not to eat an appetizing food testifies to the efficiency with w ...
... information provides a biological context within which to consider the global obesity epidemic and identifies numerous potential avenues for therapeutic intervention and future research. he apparent ease with which we decide whether or not to eat an appetizing food testifies to the efficiency with w ...
Behavioral and Neural Changes after Gains and Losses of
... (Barraclough et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2004). During this game, the computer opponent simulated a rational decision maker who chooses its target so as to minimize the payoff of the animal, and the animal gained a token only when it chose the same target as the computer. When the animal’s choice was ...
... (Barraclough et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2004). During this game, the computer opponent simulated a rational decision maker who chooses its target so as to minimize the payoff of the animal, and the animal gained a token only when it chose the same target as the computer. When the animal’s choice was ...
The Preoptic Nucleus in Fishes: A Comparative Discussion of
... strated that PN cells can be activated by wide regions of the telencephalon (Hal\ow\tzet al., 1971). Unfortunately the units recorded were not identified as being en- • docrine neurons by antidromic activation by pituitary stimulation. However, the input from wide regions of the telencephalon does i ...
... strated that PN cells can be activated by wide regions of the telencephalon (Hal\ow\tzet al., 1971). Unfortunately the units recorded were not identified as being en- • docrine neurons by antidromic activation by pituitary stimulation. However, the input from wide regions of the telencephalon does i ...