Sensory system evolution at the origin of craniates
... peripherally located, bipolar neurons of all non-visual sensory systems. The brain was also elaborated at or about this same time. Were the peripheral and central events simultaneous or sequential? A serial transformation hypothesis postulates that paired eyes and an enlarged brain evolved before th ...
... peripherally located, bipolar neurons of all non-visual sensory systems. The brain was also elaborated at or about this same time. Were the peripheral and central events simultaneous or sequential? A serial transformation hypothesis postulates that paired eyes and an enlarged brain evolved before th ...
Basal Ganglia Functional Connectivity Based on
... globus pallidus. Each basal ganglia peak location was verified by visual inspection of the coordinates using the International Consortium for Brain Mapping 152 (ICBM152) MRI template (Mazziota and others 2001) as a guide. In addition, the caudate and putamen were divided into dorsal and ventral parts ...
... globus pallidus. Each basal ganglia peak location was verified by visual inspection of the coordinates using the International Consortium for Brain Mapping 152 (ICBM152) MRI template (Mazziota and others 2001) as a guide. In addition, the caudate and putamen were divided into dorsal and ventral parts ...
The Nervous System - Napa Valley College
... They are performed by the cerebral cortex. They involve complex interconnections and communication between areas within the cerebral cortex and between the cerebral cortex and other areas of the brain. They involve both conscious and unconscious information processing. They are not part of t ...
... They are performed by the cerebral cortex. They involve complex interconnections and communication between areas within the cerebral cortex and between the cerebral cortex and other areas of the brain. They involve both conscious and unconscious information processing. They are not part of t ...
Mechanism for propagation of rate signals through a 10
... to the input layer, the rate coding can be realized by the “synfire chain”. This seems to be in conflict with the notion that the “synfire chain” can destroy the rate coding.[11] But this is not the case here. In fact, the manner in which input signals are transmitted through a feedforward network depe ...
... to the input layer, the rate coding can be realized by the “synfire chain”. This seems to be in conflict with the notion that the “synfire chain” can destroy the rate coding.[11] But this is not the case here. In fact, the manner in which input signals are transmitted through a feedforward network depe ...
Physiological Psychology
... are sensory organs that give one a visual image of the surrounding area. The ears also are sensory organs. The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The brain can store information, generate thoughts, create ambition, and determine reactions that the body performs in respo ...
... are sensory organs that give one a visual image of the surrounding area. The ears also are sensory organs. The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The brain can store information, generate thoughts, create ambition, and determine reactions that the body performs in respo ...
Mechanisms for Sensing Fat in Food in the Mouth
... the brain, and the information reaches the orbitofrontal cortex (which is secondary taste cortex) via the primary taste cortex in the insula (Verhagen and others 2004; Rolls 2011b). Figure 1 shows an example of a fat-responsive neuron in the orbitofrontal cortex where the evoked neuronal firing rate ...
... the brain, and the information reaches the orbitofrontal cortex (which is secondary taste cortex) via the primary taste cortex in the insula (Verhagen and others 2004; Rolls 2011b). Figure 1 shows an example of a fat-responsive neuron in the orbitofrontal cortex where the evoked neuronal firing rate ...
Posterior cingulate cortex: adapting behavior to a
... CGp. Taking a broader view based on both electrophysiological and functional imaging evidence (summarized below), we conjecture that many of these observed modulations reflect the contribution of CGp to signaling environmental change and, when necessary, relevant shifts in behavioral policy. In our ...
... CGp. Taking a broader view based on both electrophysiological and functional imaging evidence (summarized below), we conjecture that many of these observed modulations reflect the contribution of CGp to signaling environmental change and, when necessary, relevant shifts in behavioral policy. In our ...
Stem cell factor induces outgrowth of c-kit-positive
... complete abrogation of the c-kit kinase activity (Table 1). Moreover, normal numbers of c-kit-positive cells were observed in embryos of WB-Sl/Sl and C57BL/6-Sld/Sld despite the lack of normal SCF (Table 1). Axons from DRGs of C57BL/6-W42/W42, WB-Sl/Sl and C57BL/6-Sld/Sld embryos expressed c-kit rec ...
... complete abrogation of the c-kit kinase activity (Table 1). Moreover, normal numbers of c-kit-positive cells were observed in embryos of WB-Sl/Sl and C57BL/6-Sld/Sld despite the lack of normal SCF (Table 1). Axons from DRGs of C57BL/6-W42/W42, WB-Sl/Sl and C57BL/6-Sld/Sld embryos expressed c-kit rec ...
Hypothalamus - aHuman Project
... TRPV4 knock-out mice drink significantly more when infused with ADH-analogue dDAVP (i.e. when water retention is increased, which should result in decreased water intake) than wildtype mice. ...
... TRPV4 knock-out mice drink significantly more when infused with ADH-analogue dDAVP (i.e. when water retention is increased, which should result in decreased water intake) than wildtype mice. ...
JEB Classics - Journal of Experimental Biology
... adjacent secondary endings (see Ruffini, 1898). Both types connect to the spinal cord via myelinated afferent, or sensory, axons; larger and faster for the primaries than for the secondaries. However, only one type of ending, similar to the primary, was seen in amphibia. The intrafusal muscle fibres ...
... adjacent secondary endings (see Ruffini, 1898). Both types connect to the spinal cord via myelinated afferent, or sensory, axons; larger and faster for the primaries than for the secondaries. However, only one type of ending, similar to the primary, was seen in amphibia. The intrafusal muscle fibres ...
resting membrane potential
... Figure 7.6 Membrane potential of a cell permeable to potassium only. Potassium (K+) and organic anions (A-) are located in greater concentration inside the cell. Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions are located in greater concentration outside the cell. The width of an arrow is relative to the stren ...
... Figure 7.6 Membrane potential of a cell permeable to potassium only. Potassium (K+) and organic anions (A-) are located in greater concentration inside the cell. Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions are located in greater concentration outside the cell. The width of an arrow is relative to the stren ...
Reconstruction of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway in the adult
... Transplants of fetal dopamine neurons can be used to restore dopamine neurotransmission in animal models of Parkinson’s disease, as well as in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease. In these studies the cells are placed in the striatum rather than in the substantia nigra where they normally res ...
... Transplants of fetal dopamine neurons can be used to restore dopamine neurotransmission in animal models of Parkinson’s disease, as well as in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease. In these studies the cells are placed in the striatum rather than in the substantia nigra where they normally res ...
The Dorsal Visual System Predicts Future and Remembers Past Eye
... for predictive remapping of visual activity during saccades in area LIP (Schneegans and Schöner, 2012; Ziesche and Hamker, 2014). To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel approach in which we construct a linear decoder whose output provides a metric representation of eye position, and is comput ...
... for predictive remapping of visual activity during saccades in area LIP (Schneegans and Schöner, 2012; Ziesche and Hamker, 2014). To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel approach in which we construct a linear decoder whose output provides a metric representation of eye position, and is comput ...
Processing of complex stimuli and natural scenes in the visual cortex
... phases of the different frequencies in the Fourier space; the frequency spectrum in contrast was not manipulated. As a result these stimuli have the same frequency content, but are random otherwise. Thus, V1 population responses do not seem to be sensitive to this higher order structure, which makes ...
... phases of the different frequencies in the Fourier space; the frequency spectrum in contrast was not manipulated. As a result these stimuli have the same frequency content, but are random otherwise. Thus, V1 population responses do not seem to be sensitive to this higher order structure, which makes ...
central effects of centripetal impulses in axons of spinal ventral roots
... (i.e., 150 micra) deeper, as is shown in records c, the discharges of the neuron were no longer apparent at the amplification employed but the action potentials of a second neuron, which discharged 4-5 times, were recorded. At a position intermediate between the two points (records b), small potenti ...
... (i.e., 150 micra) deeper, as is shown in records c, the discharges of the neuron were no longer apparent at the amplification employed but the action potentials of a second neuron, which discharged 4-5 times, were recorded. At a position intermediate between the two points (records b), small potenti ...
How and Why Brains Create Meaning from Sensory Information
... wave packet is triggered is of particular interest. When an animal or human receives sensory information, it is carried not by any small number of axons from receptors but by a massive barrage of action potentials. A glimpse of a face, for example, includes all of the detectors for motions, contours ...
... wave packet is triggered is of particular interest. When an animal or human receives sensory information, it is carried not by any small number of axons from receptors but by a massive barrage of action potentials. A glimpse of a face, for example, includes all of the detectors for motions, contours ...
Nervous System - s3.amazonaws.com
... Motor fibers pass into the phrenic nerve (stimulates the contraction of the diaphragm – major breathing muscle) EX. Injury below C5 level – the person is paralyzed but can still breath on their own. If the injury is higher (C2) the motor impulses to the diaphragm are interrupted –can’t breathe w/o a ...
... Motor fibers pass into the phrenic nerve (stimulates the contraction of the diaphragm – major breathing muscle) EX. Injury below C5 level – the person is paralyzed but can still breath on their own. If the injury is higher (C2) the motor impulses to the diaphragm are interrupted –can’t breathe w/o a ...
How do Migraines Happen
... depression might occur in areas of the cortex whose activation produces no outward symptoms before the onset of pain. Or spreading depression might occur in subcortical regions in certain people and stimulate the trigeminal nerves. In this case, although patients may not experience aura, the basic p ...
... depression might occur in areas of the cortex whose activation produces no outward symptoms before the onset of pain. Or spreading depression might occur in subcortical regions in certain people and stimulate the trigeminal nerves. In this case, although patients may not experience aura, the basic p ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Coding of Object Location in
... Bruno and Sakmann 2006; Brecht 2007; Groh et al. 2008) embedded within a global motor-sensory closed loop (Fig. 1). In order to eliminate closed-loop effects induced by the global loop, the global loop must be artificially opened. Practically, the motor-sensory loop can be opened in several ways. In ...
... Bruno and Sakmann 2006; Brecht 2007; Groh et al. 2008) embedded within a global motor-sensory closed loop (Fig. 1). In order to eliminate closed-loop effects induced by the global loop, the global loop must be artificially opened. Practically, the motor-sensory loop can be opened in several ways. In ...
Alaskan Husky encephalopathy - UC Davis School of Veterinary
... Fig. 3 A–D Thalamus. A A discrete focus with both active and quiescent phases of degeneration. In this GFAP preparation, extensive astrogliosis is seen as punctate dark structures scattered throughout much of the lesion. Two cavitated areas are present. Peripheral to the gliotic region are segments ...
... Fig. 3 A–D Thalamus. A A discrete focus with both active and quiescent phases of degeneration. In this GFAP preparation, extensive astrogliosis is seen as punctate dark structures scattered throughout much of the lesion. Two cavitated areas are present. Peripheral to the gliotic region are segments ...
Different Stimuli, Different Spatial Codes: A Visual Map and an
... Maps are a mainstay of visual, somatosensory, and motor coding in many species. However, auditory maps of space have not been reported in the primate brain. Instead, recent studies have suggested that sound location may be encoded via broadly responsive neurons whose firing rates vary roughly propor ...
... Maps are a mainstay of visual, somatosensory, and motor coding in many species. However, auditory maps of space have not been reported in the primate brain. Instead, recent studies have suggested that sound location may be encoded via broadly responsive neurons whose firing rates vary roughly propor ...
12 - PHSchool.com
... We begin our study of the brain with brain embryology, as the terminology used for the structural divisions of the adult brain is easier to follow when you understand brain development. The earliest phase of brain development is shown in Figure 12.1. Starting in the three-week-old embryo, the ectode ...
... We begin our study of the brain with brain embryology, as the terminology used for the structural divisions of the adult brain is easier to follow when you understand brain development. The earliest phase of brain development is shown in Figure 12.1. Starting in the three-week-old embryo, the ectode ...
(jns-object). - The Computational Neurobiology Laboratory
... For natural movements, such as the motion of a rigid object or an active limb movement, many sensory receptors or muscles are involved, but the actual degrees of freedom are low because of geometric constraints in the physical world. For example, as illustrated in Figure 1, the rotation of an object ...
... For natural movements, such as the motion of a rigid object or an active limb movement, many sensory receptors or muscles are involved, but the actual degrees of freedom are low because of geometric constraints in the physical world. For example, as illustrated in Figure 1, the rotation of an object ...
NEOCORTEX
... of functional imaging studies in humans means that increasingly more is becoming known about the equivalent subdivisions of the human brain. In addition to the basic sensory and motor functions, the cortex appears to be particularly involved in highlevel functions, such as speech production and comp ...
... of functional imaging studies in humans means that increasingly more is becoming known about the equivalent subdivisions of the human brain. In addition to the basic sensory and motor functions, the cortex appears to be particularly involved in highlevel functions, such as speech production and comp ...
Figure 15.9
... • Stress ↑ sympathetic system ↑ fight-or-flight response. • ↑ production of ATP. • Dilation of the pupils. • ↑ heart rate and blood pressure. • Dilation of the airways. • Constriction of blood vessels that supply the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. ...
... • Stress ↑ sympathetic system ↑ fight-or-flight response. • ↑ production of ATP. • Dilation of the pupils. • ↑ heart rate and blood pressure. • Dilation of the airways. • Constriction of blood vessels that supply the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. ...