A neural implementation of Bayesian inference based on predictive
... To perform simulations with a hierarchical model, equations 1, 2 and 3 were evaluated for each processing stage in turn (starting from the lowest stage in the hierarchy), and this process was repeated to iteratively update the neural activations in each processing stage at each time-step. If the inp ...
... To perform simulations with a hierarchical model, equations 1, 2 and 3 were evaluated for each processing stage in turn (starting from the lowest stage in the hierarchy), and this process was repeated to iteratively update the neural activations in each processing stage at each time-step. If the inp ...
Pansynaptic Enlargement at Adult Cortical
... dyes with similar absorption and emission peaks to the AF488 and AF568 used to fill neurons (Supplementary Fig. S3A,B). The size of the PSF is usually measured by the full-width half-maximum (FWHM) and increases with imaging wavelength. Therefore, the signal from the AF568 dye limits the resolution a ...
... dyes with similar absorption and emission peaks to the AF488 and AF568 used to fill neurons (Supplementary Fig. S3A,B). The size of the PSF is usually measured by the full-width half-maximum (FWHM) and increases with imaging wavelength. Therefore, the signal from the AF568 dye limits the resolution a ...
Genetic Ablation of Orexin Neurons in Mice Results in Narcolepsy
... Brains of orexin/ataxin-3 mice showed a temporal progression of apparent loss of orexin-containing neurons as determined by anti-orexin immunostaining. At postnatal day 5 we were not able to detect any differences in the number of orexin-containing neurons in orexin/ ataxin-3 mice and their wild-typ ...
... Brains of orexin/ataxin-3 mice showed a temporal progression of apparent loss of orexin-containing neurons as determined by anti-orexin immunostaining. At postnatal day 5 we were not able to detect any differences in the number of orexin-containing neurons in orexin/ ataxin-3 mice and their wild-typ ...
Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
... areas: the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and reticular formation. In the visceral nervous system, cortical centers play a minor role in central control. The two cortical centers, the ventrobasal frontal lobe and the rhinencephalic cortex (medial surface of frontal and temporal lobes), function main ...
... areas: the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and reticular formation. In the visceral nervous system, cortical centers play a minor role in central control. The two cortical centers, the ventrobasal frontal lobe and the rhinencephalic cortex (medial surface of frontal and temporal lobes), function main ...
File
... The autonomic nervous system regulates activities that are involuntary, or not under conscious control. For instance, when you start to run, the autonomic nervous system speeds up your heart rate and blood flow to the skeletal muscles, stimulates the sweat glands, and slows down the contractions of ...
... The autonomic nervous system regulates activities that are involuntary, or not under conscious control. For instance, when you start to run, the autonomic nervous system speeds up your heart rate and blood flow to the skeletal muscles, stimulates the sweat glands, and slows down the contractions of ...
Microevolution of neuroendocrine mechanisms
... parental generation (Heideman et al. 1999a). In the 10th and subsequent generations, occasional individuals (5–10%) with a fully responsive phenotype occur in the NR line, and occasional individuals (5–10%) with a fully nonresponsive phenotype occur in the R line (Heideman, unpublished data). In t ...
... parental generation (Heideman et al. 1999a). In the 10th and subsequent generations, occasional individuals (5–10%) with a fully responsive phenotype occur in the NR line, and occasional individuals (5–10%) with a fully nonresponsive phenotype occur in the R line (Heideman, unpublished data). In t ...
Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse Huazheng
... of mammalian species, but have not been comprehensively studied in the mouse. We have mapped these cells in the mouse using retrograde tracing after large unilateral Fluoro-Gold (FG) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in the C1 and C2 spinal cord segments. We have identified over 30 cell gr ...
... of mammalian species, but have not been comprehensively studied in the mouse. We have mapped these cells in the mouse using retrograde tracing after large unilateral Fluoro-Gold (FG) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in the C1 and C2 spinal cord segments. We have identified over 30 cell gr ...
Identification of the Neuropeptide Transmitter Proctolin in Drosophila
... immunocytochemistry it is possibleto map the specific muscle fibers innervated by specializedpeptidergic motoneurons.With this method, Witten and O’Shea(1985) surveyed the legmuscles of the cockroach and identified musclebundles innervated by a specific peptidergic motoneuron. We reasonedthat if sim ...
... immunocytochemistry it is possibleto map the specific muscle fibers innervated by specializedpeptidergic motoneurons.With this method, Witten and O’Shea(1985) surveyed the legmuscles of the cockroach and identified musclebundles innervated by a specific peptidergic motoneuron. We reasonedthat if sim ...
Simulating in vivo-like Synaptic Input Patterns in Multicompartmental
... Synaptic input in vivo Neurons in the mammalian central nervous system typically receive synaptic inputs from many other neurons. For example, each individual human cerebellar Purkinje neuron is estimated to receive more than 100,000 excitatory synaptic contacts from granule cells, and additional co ...
... Synaptic input in vivo Neurons in the mammalian central nervous system typically receive synaptic inputs from many other neurons. For example, each individual human cerebellar Purkinje neuron is estimated to receive more than 100,000 excitatory synaptic contacts from granule cells, and additional co ...
self-organising map
... •The model of Willshaw & von der Malsburg was proposed as an effort to explain the retinotopic mapping from the retina to the visual cortex. •Two layers of neurons with each input neuron fully connected to the output neurons layer. •The output neurons have connections of two types among them: •Short ...
... •The model of Willshaw & von der Malsburg was proposed as an effort to explain the retinotopic mapping from the retina to the visual cortex. •Two layers of neurons with each input neuron fully connected to the output neurons layer. •The output neurons have connections of two types among them: •Short ...
Role of the Human Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Control of
... cortical region where a cognitive / motor “command”, coming from a different cortical region (e.g., prefrontal cortex), is being modulated and “funneled” to the motor system. We further propose that this modulation takes place within distinct, motor output-specific subregions of the ACC, thus emphas ...
... cortical region where a cognitive / motor “command”, coming from a different cortical region (e.g., prefrontal cortex), is being modulated and “funneled” to the motor system. We further propose that this modulation takes place within distinct, motor output-specific subregions of the ACC, thus emphas ...
A Dendritic Disinhibitory Circuit Mechanism for Pathway
... and SOM interneurons5,7,10–13 . These studies generally found that VIP neurons are activated, and ...
... and SOM interneurons5,7,10–13 . These studies generally found that VIP neurons are activated, and ...
Nerves and how they work File
... • Depolarisation at one node passes current to next node without any loss of current as the neuron is so well insulated • This apparent ‘leaping’ of the current is called saltatory conjunction • As a result, rapid conduction velocity in myelinated neurons ...
... • Depolarisation at one node passes current to next node without any loss of current as the neuron is so well insulated • This apparent ‘leaping’ of the current is called saltatory conjunction • As a result, rapid conduction velocity in myelinated neurons ...
Meaningful auditory information enhances perception of visual
... Recent physiological studies on monkey have revealed neurons in the ventral premotor cortex (area F5) that show the characteristics of mirror neurons along with specific sensitivity to audiovisual stimuli. Mirror neurons respond both when a monkey observes an action as well as when he makes a simila ...
... Recent physiological studies on monkey have revealed neurons in the ventral premotor cortex (area F5) that show the characteristics of mirror neurons along with specific sensitivity to audiovisual stimuli. Mirror neurons respond both when a monkey observes an action as well as when he makes a simila ...
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
... neurons in the lateral part of the orbitofrontal cortex, and showed that this was the secondary taste cortex in that it receives a major projection from the primary taste cortex and not from the thalamic taste relay nucleus (VPMpc) (Baylis et al., 1994). More medially, there is an olfactory area (Ro ...
... neurons in the lateral part of the orbitofrontal cortex, and showed that this was the secondary taste cortex in that it receives a major projection from the primary taste cortex and not from the thalamic taste relay nucleus (VPMpc) (Baylis et al., 1994). More medially, there is an olfactory area (Ro ...
The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons 15
... from these ganglia and travel to their target organs. Parasympathetic ganglia lie far from the CNS, in or near the organs innervated; therefore, the postganglionic axons are quite short. 3. Sympathetic fibers branch profusely, whereas parasympathetic fibers do not. Such extensive branching allows ea ...
... from these ganglia and travel to their target organs. Parasympathetic ganglia lie far from the CNS, in or near the organs innervated; therefore, the postganglionic axons are quite short. 3. Sympathetic fibers branch profusely, whereas parasympathetic fibers do not. Such extensive branching allows ea ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... Fig 5.12 (A) Recognition performance of 15 subjects who had to identify the presence of an animal in a visual scene (presented for only 20 ms) versus their mean reaction time. (B) Event-related potential averaged over frontal electrodes across the 15 subjects. ...
... Fig 5.12 (A) Recognition performance of 15 subjects who had to identify the presence of an animal in a visual scene (presented for only 20 ms) versus their mean reaction time. (B) Event-related potential averaged over frontal electrodes across the 15 subjects. ...
Neural correlates of stimulus–response and response–outcome
... outcome, but rather its specific identity. Finally, in both regions we found correlates of the available action–outcome contingencies reflected in the baseline activity of many neurons. These results suggest that differences in information content in these two regions may not determine the different ...
... outcome, but rather its specific identity. Finally, in both regions we found correlates of the available action–outcome contingencies reflected in the baseline activity of many neurons. These results suggest that differences in information content in these two regions may not determine the different ...
Topographic maps in human frontal and parietal cortex
... (e.g., central versus peripheral) that are mapped continuously with the IPS. Further investigation is needed to determine the functional significance of the parcellation of the representation of tactile and visual information in PPC. Functional response characteristics of topographic parietal maps A ...
... (e.g., central versus peripheral) that are mapped continuously with the IPS. Further investigation is needed to determine the functional significance of the parcellation of the representation of tactile and visual information in PPC. Functional response characteristics of topographic parietal maps A ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... Fig 5.12 (A) Recognition performance of 15 subjects who had to identify the presence of an animal in a visual scene (presented for only 20 ms) versus their mean reaction time. (B) Event-related potential averaged over frontal electrodes across the 15 subjects. ...
... Fig 5.12 (A) Recognition performance of 15 subjects who had to identify the presence of an animal in a visual scene (presented for only 20 ms) versus their mean reaction time. (B) Event-related potential averaged over frontal electrodes across the 15 subjects. ...
2nd year - FORTH-ICS - Foundation for Research and Technology
... (Gallese et al, Attention and Performance, 334-355, 2002). The consequent suggestion was that the double-duty operation (action-execution and action-observation) is performed by a small circuit which is constituted by a few cortical areas such as area F5 of the ventral premotor cortex, area 7b/PF of ...
... (Gallese et al, Attention and Performance, 334-355, 2002). The consequent suggestion was that the double-duty operation (action-execution and action-observation) is performed by a small circuit which is constituted by a few cortical areas such as area F5 of the ventral premotor cortex, area 7b/PF of ...
exuberance in the development of cortical
... Figure 2 | Transient structures present during thalamocortical development. a | Embryonic anterior neural tube. A section through the dashed line is shown in panel b. b | The left side of the embryonic brain showing projections from the developing cortex, including from the subplate and the ventral ...
... Figure 2 | Transient structures present during thalamocortical development. a | Embryonic anterior neural tube. A section through the dashed line is shown in panel b. b | The left side of the embryonic brain showing projections from the developing cortex, including from the subplate and the ventral ...
Neuronal Processing of Chemical Information in Crustaceans Chapter 7
... such as amino acids. The dichotomy in sensilla structure is reflected in the organization of the associated CNS pathways. Olfactory receptor neurons selectively innervate a synaptic region in the midbrain, the olfactory lobe, which is organized into dense substructures called glomeruli. As is typica ...
... such as amino acids. The dichotomy in sensilla structure is reflected in the organization of the associated CNS pathways. Olfactory receptor neurons selectively innervate a synaptic region in the midbrain, the olfactory lobe, which is organized into dense substructures called glomeruli. As is typica ...
Patterns of sensory intermodality relationships in the cerebral cortex
... sensory modalities was observed. In contrast, in areas located along the medial aspect of the hemisphere, cells connected to different sensory modality representations tended to be segregated from each other. Postsubicular cortex (areas 48/49) contained both intermingled and segregated groups of cel ...
... sensory modalities was observed. In contrast, in areas located along the medial aspect of the hemisphere, cells connected to different sensory modality representations tended to be segregated from each other. Postsubicular cortex (areas 48/49) contained both intermingled and segregated groups of cel ...
Three key sequences HDEV
... the rest of the body during the embryonic stage. they are less likely to thrash about wildly. Thus, By 8 weeks after conception, the head constitutes half the response to pain has become more specific. An older the entire length of the embryo. The brain develops more child or adult is also likely to ...
... the rest of the body during the embryonic stage. they are less likely to thrash about wildly. Thus, By 8 weeks after conception, the head constitutes half the response to pain has become more specific. An older the entire length of the embryo. The brain develops more child or adult is also likely to ...